Appendix:Proto-Pakanic reconstructions
The following list of 213 reconstructed Proto-Pakanic forms is from Hsiu (2016).
List edit
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Pakanic | Pre-Pakanic | Bolyu | Bugan (Nala) | Bugan (Manlong) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hand | *ti | tjɔ3ti3; ti3 | tie⁵⁵ | tje⁴⁴ | |
| 2 | left | *ɕit | < *cit | ɕit7 | pə⁰ɕi̱⁵⁵ | pɯ⁵⁵ɕi̱⁵⁵ |
| 3 | right | *cam | tɕəm3 | pə⁰ɕa⁵⁵ | pɯ⁵⁵ɕa⁵⁵ | |
| 4 | foot | *ʑoŋʔ | < *ɟoŋʔ | ʑɔŋ3 | ʑuŋ³¹ | ʑo̱ŋ⁵⁵ |
| 5 | walk, to | *ɲaʔ | ɲe6 | ɲa̱⁵⁵ | ɲa̱³¹ | |
| 6 | skin | *ɓuŋ | < *ɓur | mbuŋ3 | buŋ⁵⁵/³¹ | mboŋ⁵⁵ |
| 7 | belly | *puŋʔ | puŋ4ɕi5 | ɕe⁴⁴po̱ŋ²⁴ | ||
| 8 | bone | *ʑaʔ | < *ɟaʔ | pau4ʑe3 | ɕa³⁵ | ʑa̱²⁴ |
| 9 | intestines | *ɕɛ | < *cɛ | laːi6ɕi5 | ŋguaŋ¹³ɕɛ¹³ | ŋguaŋ²⁴ɕe²⁴ |
| 10 | liver | *ɓuːŋ | mbuːŋ3 | bou³¹ | mbou³¹ | |
| 11 | breast | *ɲinʔ | ɲin5 | nɛ³⁵ | nɛ̱⁵⁵ 'milk' | |
| 12 | fear, to | *ʑu | < *ju | ʑu6 | ɕɔ³³ | ɕo⁴⁴ |
| 13 | blood | *saːm | saːm5 | sɑ³³ | sa⁴⁴ | |
| 14 | head | *ɓuʔ | mbu3 | pə⁵⁵bop³¹ | mbo̱u³¹ | |
| 15 | hair (of head) | *suk | suk7mbu3 | sa̱ŋ⁵⁵ | sa̱ŋ³¹mbo̱u³¹ | |
| 16 | feather | *suk | suk7 | sa̱ŋ³⁵ | sa̱ŋ³¹ | |
| 17 | nose | *maŋʔ | lɔŋ2mi6 | pə⁵⁵mã̱³¹ | pɯ⁵⁵maŋ³¹ | |
| 18 | smell, to (detect odor) | *tseŋʔ | < *ceŋʔ | tsan5 | tsa̱n³⁵ | tse̱ŋ²⁴ |
| 19 | mouth | *tɔk | lɔŋ2tɔk7 | tũ̱i⁵⁵ | to̱ŋ³¹ | |
| 20 | tongue | *lim | lɔ6lim4 | pə⁵⁵lai³³ | pu⁵⁵lei⁴⁴ | |
| 21 | laugh, to | *mjoʔ | mi1 | mi̱o³¹ | mjo̱³¹ | |
| 22 | weep, to | *ʑaːm | < *jaːm | ʑaːm4 | ʑɑ³³ | ʑa⁴⁴ |
| 23 | vomit, to | *ʔuːk | ʔu:k7 | a̱u⁵⁵ | a̱u³¹ | |
| 24 | spit, to | *ɓjoʔ | < ɓroʔ | mbjɔ3 | mde̱¹³ | bdei²⁴ |
| 25 | eat, to | *tsɔʔ | < *cɔʔ | tsɔ3 | tso̱u³¹ | tsṵ³¹ |
| 26 | cook, to | *taŋ | taŋ3 | taŋ³¹ | taŋ³¹ | |
| 27 | bite, to | *canʔ | < *camʔ | tɕən5 | tsa̱¹³ | tɕa̱²⁴ |
| 28 | ear | *caːiʔ | lɔ6tɕjaːi3 | pə⁵⁵tsɛ³⁵ | pɯ⁵⁵tɕɛ̱²⁴ | |
| 29 | eye | *mat | ɬaːi5mat8 | pə⁵⁵mɛ̱³³ | pɯ⁵⁵mɛ̱³¹ | |
| 30 | sleep, to | *ɲaŋʔ | ɲəŋ4 | naŋ³³ | na̱ŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 31 | dream | *boː | paːu2 | mbo³¹ | mbo³¹ | |
| 32 | sit, to | *ɲam | ʑam5 | ɲa³³ | ɲa⁴⁴ | |
| 33 | stand, to | *ɲɔʔ | nau2 | ɲɔ̱⁵⁵/¹³ | ɲo̱³¹ | |
| 34 | male; man | *pauʔ | qa0puɔ3 | pə⁵⁵pau⁵⁵ | pɯ⁴⁴po̱u³¹ | |
| 35 | female; woman | *mau | qa0muɔ4 | pə⁵⁵mou³³ | pɯ⁴⁴mou⁴⁴ | |
| 36 | house | *ɲɔʔ | ɲɔ2 | ɲu⁵⁵ | ɲo̱u⁵⁵ | |
| 37 | name | *maŋ | mi6 | pə⁵⁵maŋ³³ | maŋ³¹ | |
| 38 | rope | *caʔ | tɕʰɔ6ʔɔ5 | tɕa³³ | tɕa̱⁴⁴ | |
| 39 | needle | *gaːp | qaːp8 | ŋga̱⁵⁵ | ŋga²⁴ | |
| 40 | hunt, to | *ɕuʔ | tsi4hu1 | tsɔ̱³¹ɕɔ̱³⁵ | dou⁴⁴ɕua̱²⁴ | |
| 41 | shoot, to | *taŋʔ | tɯ2 | taŋ³¹ | te̱i²⁴ | |
| 42 | pound, to | *tan | < *tam | tan5 | tɑn³⁵ | ten²⁴ |
| 43 | throw, to | *vaŋ | vəŋ2 | pʰan³¹ | pʰen³¹ | |
| 44 | fall, to | *lat | lat8 | la̱i⁵⁵ | lɛ̱i³¹ | |
| 45 | dog | *tsɔ | < *cɔ | tsu5 | tsau³³ | tsau⁴⁴ |
| 46 | bird | *sanʔ | san5 | sau³³ | sa̱u⁴⁴ | |
| 47 | egg | *tʰam | tʰam1 | tʰam³³ | tʰen⁵⁵ | |
| 48 | wing | *kaŋ | qaŋ3 | kaŋ⁵⁵mba̱n³⁵ | kaŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 49 | meat | *ɕjo | < *cjo | ɕjɔ5 | ɕu³³ | ɕou⁴⁴ |
| 50 | oil | *ɲi | ɲi4 | ɲi³³ | ɲi⁴⁴ | |
| 51 | louse | *ben | pi5 | mban³³ | mbɛn⁴⁴ | |
| 52 | mosquito | *ɲau | ɕaːp7ʑau5 | ɲa³¹ | ɲua³¹ | |
| 53 | fish | *kɔ | qɔ5 | se⁵⁵qou³³ | ɕi̱³¹kou⁴⁴ | |
| 54 | leaf | *lɔʔ | lɔ6ʔɔ5 | lo̱u¹³ | lo̱u²⁴ | |
| 55 | root | *ɣiʔ | < *riʔ | ʑi6 | ɣa̱ɯ¹³ | ɣɯ²⁴ |
| 56 | water | *ɗa | nde5 | da³⁵ | nda²⁴ | |
| 57 | salt | *mjaːn | mjaːn1 | mia³¹ | mja³¹ | |
| 58 | sky | *kɔ | qɔ3 | pə⁰qou⁵⁵ | pu⁴⁴ku⁴⁴ | |
| 59 | month | *maːi | maːi1 | mai⁵⁵ | mei⁴⁴ | |
| 60 | star | *bɔʔ | pau4 | bɔ⁵⁵mo³³ | mbo̱⁴⁴mo⁴⁴ | |
| 61 | rain | *kʰɔ | qɔ3muɔ2; nde5qo3 | kʰou³⁵ | kʰau⁵⁵ | |
| 62 | wind | *tʰaŋ | qa3təŋ3 | tʰaŋ³⁵ | tʰaŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 63 | heavy | *maːiʔ | maːi1 | mo̱³¹ | mo̱³¹ | |
| 64 | light | *taːnʔ | taːn4 | ndɑ̱³³ | nda̱⁴⁴ | |
| 65 | smoke | *kui | se5kui5 | kui³³ | kui⁴⁴ | |
| 66 | ash | *ɓouʔ | mbai3 | bo̱u³¹se³¹ | mbo̱u³¹ | |
| 67 | big | *tʰɔ | tʰau1 | tʰɔ³¹ | tʰo³¹ | |
| 68 | thin | *lap | lap10 | la̱⁵⁵ | lã̱³¹ | |
| 69 | thick | *man | man1 | mən³¹ | mən³¹ | |
| 70 | narrow | *kɔŋ | kɔŋ3 | kʰy⁵⁵ | kʰui⁴⁴ | |
| 71 | sick | *ku | qu3 | kɔ³¹ | ko³¹ | |
| 72 | good | *laːɯ | laːu2 | lɯ³¹ | lɯ³¹ | |
| 73 | night | *paːiʔ | qa4paːi5 | po⁵⁵ | po̱³¹ | |
| 74 | daytime | *han | qa3han1 | o³³hɛ⁵⁵ | ɯ⁴⁴hɛ⁵⁵ | |
| 75 | year | *namʔ | nam1 | nam⁵⁵ | he̱i³¹ | |
| 76 | this | *ni | ni3 | ni³³ | nei⁴⁴ | |
| 77 | that | *ɗɔʔ | ndɯ3 | dɔ̱¹³ | ||
| 78 | near | *ta | to3 | ta³¹ | dã³¹ | |
| 79 | I | *ʔoːʔ | ʔaːu3 | ɔ³¹ | o̱³¹ | |
| 80 | you (sg.) | *mɯ | mi2 | mɯ³¹ | mɯ³¹ | |
| 81 | he/she | *ʔi | ʔi3 | i³¹ | i³¹ | |
| 82 | we (excl.) | *pai | pai3 | pɛ³¹ | pɛ³¹ | |
| 83 | you (pl.) | *maːi | maːi2 | mi³¹ | mei³¹ | |
| 84 | who? | *ɓai | mbai5 | bɛ³⁵ | mbɛ²⁴ | |
| 85 | one | *mo | mə2 | mə⁵⁵; bɔ⁵⁵ | bo⁴⁴ | |
| 86 | two | *ɓi | mbi3 | biɔ³¹; bi³¹ | mbjo³¹ | |
| 87 | three | *paːi | paːi3 | ptse³¹ | pi³¹ | |
| 88 | four | *puːn | puːn5 | pau³³ | pau⁴⁴ | |
| 89 | five | *mi | me4 | mi³³ | mi⁴⁴ | |
| 90 | six | *pjuʔ | < *pruʔ | piu5 | pi̱o³³ | pjo̱³¹ |
| 91 | seven | *peiʔ | pei3 | po̱u³¹ | po̱u³¹ | |
| 92 | eight | *saːmʔ | saːm5 | sã³³ | sa̱⁴⁴ | |
| 93 | nine | *ɕinʔ | < *cinʔ | ɕən5 | ɕi³³ | ɕi̱⁴⁴ |
| 94 | ten | *maːn | < *maːl | maːn2 | mã³¹ | ma³¹ |
| 95 | hundred | *ʑɔ | < *ɟɔ | mə0ʑɔ2 | ʑiu³¹ | ʑou³¹ |
| 96 | gold | *hiʔ | hi3 | hi̱³⁵ | he̱i²⁴ | |
| 97 | iron | *luːn | luːn2 | lou³³ | lou⁴⁴ | |
| 98 | pig | *tan | tan5 | tau³³ | tau²⁴ | |
| 99 | tiger | *kuiʔ | kui5 | tə̱⁵⁵qɔ̱³³tʰɔ⁵⁵ | tɯ⁵⁵qo̱⁴⁴ | |
| 100 | horse | *laŋʔ | ljiŋ2 | lã³¹; laŋ³¹ | la̱ŋ³¹ | |
| 101 | cattle | *laiʔ | lai1 | li⁵⁵ | le̱i⁵⁵ | |
| 102 | pangolin | *ɓoːʔ | mbaːu3 | bo³¹ | mbo̱³¹ | |
| 103 | ant | *ɣen | < *gen | ɣan2 | ɣen³¹ | ɣeŋ³¹ |
| 104 | grasshopper | *dzaːn | < *dzaːr < *caːr | muɔ4tsjaːn4 | ndza³³ | ɲdʑa⁴⁴se̱n³¹ |
| 105 | tree | *saːɯʔ | saːu3 | saɯ³¹ | sɯ̱³¹ | |
| 106 | sugarcane | *ʔɔŋ | ʑe3pai3 | ʔɔŋ¹³ | oŋ²⁴pjo²⁴ | |
| 107 | bamboo shoot | *ɓaŋʔ | mbɔŋ3 | baŋ³¹ | mba̱ŋ³¹ | |
| 108 | vegetables | *tʰuʔ | tu3 | tʰu⁵⁵ | tʰu̱⁴⁴ | |
| 109 | face | *pʰja | ɬe1 | ptsʰa³³ | pʰtsʰa⁴⁴ | |
| 110 | die, to | *pja:t | ɬiːt7 | ptsa⁵⁵ | ptsa̱³¹ | |
| 111 | fruit | *pjeːiʔ | ɬa:i5ʔɔ5 | ptse̱³³ | ptsei⁴⁴ | |
| 112 | snake | *kaŋ | ɬaŋ3 | qaŋ³⁵ | qaŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 113 | steal, to | *ɕenʔ | < *cenʔ | ɕən5 | se̱n³⁵ | ɕin²⁴ |
| 114 | excrement | *ʔiʔ | ʔi5 | a̱i³³ | ai⁴⁴ | |
| 115 | urine | *t-caːŋ | tjaːŋ4 | tsʰə³¹ | tɕʰɯ³¹ | |
| 116 | fart | *saːŋ | sjaːŋ5 | sa³³ | sa⁴⁴ | |
| 117 | snow | *cimʔ | qa3tɕim5 | te⁵⁵tsi³³ | ti⁵⁵tɕi̱⁴⁴ | |
| 118 | field | *tiʔ | mat8ti3 | ta̱ɯ³⁵ | tɯ̱²⁴ | |
| 119 | well | *loŋ | lɔŋ2nde5 | luŋ³³da³⁵ | loŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 120 | flea | *mjo | mjɔ2 | miou³¹ | mjau³¹ | |
| 121 | taro | *xɔ | < *rɔ | muɔ4hu5; ɬaːi5hu5 | ɲa³³xau³³ | ɲa⁴⁴hau⁴⁴ |
| 122 | melon | *tanʔ | ɬaːi5tan5 | te⁵⁵ta̱n³³ 'pumpkin' | ti⁵⁵den⁴⁴ | |
| 123 | bean | *tuk | tuk8 | toŋ⁵⁵ | ndo̱ŋ³¹ | |
| 124 | mushroom | *pʰaːŋ | pʰjaːŋ6 | pʰa³³ | pʰa⁴⁴ | |
| 125 | lips | *ban | pan2 | man³¹ | men³¹ | |
| 126 | navel | *sanʔ | lɔŋ2san5 | pə⁵⁵san³³ | pɯ⁵⁵se̱n⁴⁴ | |
| 127 | road | *koŋ | kɔ5 | ho⁵⁵tɕu³³ | xoŋ⁴⁴tɕou⁴⁴ | |
| 128 | fox | *kʰaːn | qaːn5 | tei⁵⁵qʰa⁴⁴ | ||
| 129 | sweet | *lim | lim5 | lɛi³³ | lai⁴⁴ | |
| 130 | sour | *p-cat | tsjat7 | ptsɛ³¹ | pje³¹ | |
| 131 | bitter | *caŋʔ | tɕaŋ5 | tsaŋ³³ | tsa̱ŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 132 | spicy | *ɲam | ɲam2 | ŋo⁴⁴ | ||
| 133 | salty | *ŋam | ŋam2 | ŋa³³ | ŋa⁴⁴ | |
| 134 | drunk | *caŋ | ɕaːn3tɕjuŋ5 | ɕa³¹ | ɕa³¹ | |
| 135 | medicine | *suʔ | su3 | sɔ³¹ | so̱³¹ | |
| 136 | door | *coŋʔ | tɔk7tɕɔŋ2 | ŋa⁵⁵ʑu̱ŋ³¹ | ŋa⁴⁴ɲdʑoŋ³¹ | |
| 137 | pillar | *ɣaŋ | < *raŋ | muɔ4ɣaŋ2 | ɣaŋ³¹ | ɣaŋ³¹ |
| 138 | trousers | *pɛʔ | pi3 | pɛ̱¹³ | pɛ̱²⁴ | |
| 139 | shoes | *nauʔ | nau6 | na̱u⁵⁵ | na̱u³¹ | |
| 140 | cloth | *nen | nən4 | nen³³ | nen⁴⁴ | |
| 141 | clothing | *peʔ | pʰje1 | pɯ̱⁵⁵lio̱³¹ | bi⁴⁴ | |
| 142 | umbrella | *laŋ | ljiŋ1 | laŋ⁴⁴ | ||
| 143 | arrow | *ɓa | mbɔ3 'bow' | sa⁵⁵ | nau⁴⁴mbou⁴⁴ | |
| 144 | suona | *limʔ | le3ljim5 | le̱n³¹ | ||
| 145 | dinner | *paːiʔ | qʰe1paːi5 | tso̱u⁵⁵po̱³¹ | po³¹ | |
| 146 | speech | *to | tɔ2 | to⁵⁵ | to⁴⁴ | |
| 147 | grave | *lap | lap8 | mə⁰lo̱u³¹ | mu⁴⁴lau³¹ | |
| 148 | strength | *ɣək | < *rək | ɣək8 | ɣo⁴⁴ | |
| 149 | beam | *tsoʔ | < *coʔ | ʑe3tso3 | tso̱u¹³ɲiu¹³ 'beam wood' | tso²⁴ɲo̱u⁵⁵ |
| 150 | village | *gɔ | qɔ2 | ŋqu³³ | ŋgu⁴⁴ | |
| 151 | drum | *buŋʔ | puŋ2lai6 | bam³⁵ | mbe̱n²⁴ | |
| 152 | gong | *tsanʔ | tsuŋ2tsan2 | tse̱i⁴⁴ | ||
| 153 | blow, to | *pʰu | pʰu1 | pʰɔ³¹ | pʰɔ³¹ | |
| 154 | burn, to (intr.) | *ɗɔʔ | ndau5 | tɔ̱¹³ | to̱⁴⁴ (of fire); ndo⁴⁴ (of mountains) | |
| 155 | green | *ɕaŋ | < *caŋ | ɕaŋ3 | ɕaŋ³¹ | ɕaŋ³¹ |
| 156 | bed | *ɲaŋʔ | kɔ5ɲəŋ4 | hɔŋ¹³naŋ³³ | xɔŋ⁵⁵na̱ŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 157 | pond, pool | *kau | nde5ɣau2 | kʰɯ³⁵ 'large pond' | kau³¹ | |
| 158 | cave | *loŋ | lɔŋ2tɔ5 | loŋ³³ | loŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 159 | muntjac | *koŋ | kɔŋ5 | tɕioŋ³³ | tɕoŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 160 | eagle | *laːŋʔ | muɔ4ljaːŋ4 | lou³⁵ | lo̱u²⁴ | |
| 161 | centipede | *xaŋ | < *raŋ | hə6 | se³¹xaŋ⁵⁵; ptsi³¹xaŋ⁵⁵; pə⁰ta⁵⁵ | pi³¹haŋ⁵⁵ |
| 162 | claw | *cjoʔ | tjai6 | bia̱ŋ³⁵; pə⁰tɕiu⁵⁵ | pu⁴⁴tɕo̱³¹ | |
| 163 | ginger | *cɯŋʔ | tɕəŋ3 | tsʰɯ¹³ | tɕʰɯ̱²⁴ | |
| 164 | millet | *saŋ | saŋ5 | saŋ³³ | saŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 165 | ears (of grain) | *kaːn | qaːn5 | qa²⁴ | ||
| 166 | thorn | *pɔk | pɔk7 | paŋ⁵⁵ | pa̱ŋ³¹ | |
| 167 | body | *ɓaŋ | mbu3mbaːi5 | baŋ³³ | mbaŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 168 | chin | *keːŋ | laːp8qeːŋ5 | la⁰kə³³ | ti³¹kɯ⁴⁴ | |
| 169 | fist | *bau | pau4tsʰap10 | tje⁴⁴mbou⁴⁴ | ||
| 170 | chest | *nuʔ | qɔ4ni6 | ha⁵⁵nu̱³¹ | xa̱⁵⁵nou³¹ | |
| 171 | stomach | *ɗoŋ | ndan3 | tai³¹ | loŋ⁵⁵ | |
| 172 | pus | *tuŋʔ | tuŋ3 | tɔ̱ŋ³⁵ | toŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 173 | orphan | *nɔ | qa0nɔ6 | ɲa³³nou³³ | ɲa⁴⁴nou⁴⁴ | |
| 174 | blanket | *paːmʔ | paːm2 | pa̱²⁴ | ||
| 175 | axe | *kun | kʰun1 | bou³¹kan¹³ | ken⁴⁴ | |
| 176 | plow | *coŋ | tɕɔŋ2 | tɕuŋ³³ | tɕoŋ⁴⁴ | |
| 177 | drill | *tsoŋ | < *coŋ | tsɔŋ2 | tsoŋ⁵⁵ | tsoŋ⁴⁴ |
| 178 | basket | *ɗaːiʔ | ndaːi5 | ta̱i³¹ | ||
| 179 | candle | *kɔ | qaːn2qɔ3 | qou³⁵ | ku²⁴ | |
| 180 | ink | *mak | mak8 | ma̱ŋ³¹ | ||
| 181 | lick, to | *lɛmʔ | ljim4 | lɛ¹³ | lɛ̱²⁴ | |
| 182 | twist, to (a rope) | *pʰja | pʰjaːi1 | pʰja³¹ | ||
| 183 | wring, to (a towel) | *pat | pjit7 | pa̱³⁵ | pa̱³¹ | |
| 184 | run, to | *kʰaːt | qaːt8 | qʰa̱i⁵⁵ | qʰe̱i³¹ | |
| 185 | carry on back, to | *paʔ | pe5 | pa̱³³/³⁵ | pua²⁴ | |
| 186 | sell, to | *seːi | saːi3 | se³¹ | sei³¹ | |
| 187 | steam, to | *kʰoː | qʰaːu4 | kʰau³¹ | ||
| 188 | scoop, to (water) | *kʰoːʔ | qaːu3 | kʰo̱²⁴ | ||
| 189 | wash, to | *laːi | laːi4 | le¹³ | li⁴⁴ | |
| 190 | comb, to | *tsi | tse4 | tsi³¹ | tɕi³¹ | |
| 191 | weave, to (basket) | *taːn | taːn3 | da³¹ | ||
| 192 | answer, to | *ʔoʔ | ʔiu3 | o̱³¹ | ||
| 193 | borrow, to (money) | *ɗan | ndan5 | nda²⁴ | ||
| 194 | give, to | *ti | tɔ5 | ta̱³⁵ti⁵⁵ | ti⁵⁵ | |
| 195 | divide, to | *sanʔ | san5 | sa̱i³⁵ | sei²⁴ | |
| 196 | go, to | *ʑɔʔ | < *ɟɔʔ | ʑu2 | jau³¹ | ʑa̱u³¹ |
| 197 | soak, to | *taŋ | təŋ3 | daŋ²⁴ | ||
| 198 | float, to | *buʔ | pu2 | mbou³¹ | po̱u³¹ | |
| 199 | split, to (intr.) | *ɓɛnʔ | mbjɔ5 | mbɛ̱n⁴⁴; bjaŋ²⁴ | ||
| 200 | turn, spin, to | *vanʔ | pin³³ | va̱n³⁵ | ve̱n³¹ | |
| 201 | lay, to (egg) | *ten | tu4 | tʰen³¹ | ||
| 202 | tall | *ɣoʔ | < *roʔ | ʑɔu4 | ɣo³³ | ɣo̱⁴⁴ |
| 203 | deep | *kau | ɣau2 | kou³¹ | kau³¹ | |
| 204 | straight (not crooked) | *pjoʔ | pjai3 | pio³¹ | pjo̱³¹ | |
| 205 | gray | *luːk | luːk8 | lu³¹ | ||
| 206 | raw (meat) | *ʔɔ | ʔau5 | ɔ³³; ɲu³³ | o⁴⁴ | |
| 207 | stinky | *tseŋʔ | < *ceŋʔ | tsan5 | tsa̱n³³ | tse̱ŋ⁴⁴ |
| 208 | classifier (general) | *buːŋ | puːŋ3 | mbou⁴⁴ | ||
| 209 | pair | *tsom | < *com | tsɔu4 | tsam³³ | tsen²⁴ |
| 210 | double | *caːŋ | tɕjaːŋ2 | tɕaŋ⁵⁵ | ||
| 211 | just now | *cɯŋ | tɕəŋ5mbaːi5 | tɕɯ³¹ | ||
| 212 | also, too | *le | le2 | lɛ²⁴ | ||
| 213 | no, not | *mau | mau4 | mə⁵⁵ | mɯ⁵⁵ |
References edit
- Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. A preliminary reconstruction of Proto-Pakanic. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Li, Xulian [李旭练]. 1999. A Study of Lai (Bolyu) [倈语硏究]. Beijing: Minzu University Press [中央民族大学出版社].
- Li, Yunbing [李云兵]. 2005. A study of Bugeng [Bugan] [布赓语研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
- Li, Jinfang [李锦芳]. 2006. Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China [西南地区濒危语言调查研究]. Beijing: Minzu University.