Appendix:Proto-Ersuic reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Ersuic reconstructions is from Yu (2012: 225-245).
List edit
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Ersuic |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | a while | *tɕʰu¹ |
| 2 | above, on top of | *wutɕʰa |
| 3 | accustomed to, in the habit of | *tʰendzo |
| 4 | adult | *tsʰokʰwæ |
| 5 | age | *tsipʰrjo / tsʰipʰrjo² |
| 6 | air, breath, steam | *sẽ¹ |
| 7 | alive | *dentsʰu¹ |
| 8 | all / the whole | *kwɑ / kɑ² |
| 9 | allow | *tsʰwo¹ |
| 10 | and | *læ¹ |
| 11 | animal fat / oil | *zu¹ |
| 12 | ant | *berA / burA |
| 13 | appear, come out | *hko¹ |
| 14 | armpit | *legija¹ |
| 15 | arrive | *præ¹ |
| 16 | ashes | *li¹ |
| 17 | ask / question | *meŋkʰje |
| 18 | aunt | *æniu¹ |
| 19 | axe | *butsʰɑ¹ |
| 20 | baby | *-zæzæ² |
| 21 | back | *gwEmæ² |
| 22 | bamboo | *hĩ² |
| 23 | bamboo steamer | *mpʰru |
| 24 | bark (of dog) | *lolo / lulu¹ |
| 25 | barley | *mwEdzæ¹ |
| 26 | barley (highland) | *ʃu² |
| 27 | basket (for straining) | *batʂi / batʂe |
| 28 | be (copula) | *ʑʷi¹ |
| 29 | bean / soybean / pea | *tupri¹ |
| 30 | beans / peas | *nopri¹ |
| 31 | bear (fruit) | *sæ¹ |
| 32 | bear (n.) | *xui / ŋui¹ |
| 33 | beard / moustache | *stiumui² |
| 34 | beautiful | *mpʰjo |
| 35 | bed | *tʂʰɑ / tʂʰi² |
| 36 | bee, honey | *bi² |
| 37 | beggar | *hkwohkwosu¹ |
| 38 | believe / trust | *ndʒelje¹ |
| 39 | belly | *diupʰæ¹ |
| 40 | big / large | *keke |
| 41 | bird, sparrow | *xwɑjo¹ |
| 42 | give birth to (e.g. piglets) | *dzi¹ |
| 43 | bite | *kri¹ |
| 44 | bitter, salty | *dekʰra¹ |
| 45 | black | *denwɑ¹ |
| 46 | bladder | *biususu¹ |
| 47 | blind | *(mja)ko² |
| 48 | feel bloated (stomach) | *debro¹ |
| 49 | block (the wind) | *kʰetsʰɑ¹ |
| 50 | blood | *ʂiu¹ |
| 51 | blow (away) | *demwo¹ |
| 52 | blow (one’s nose) | *kʰui¹ |
| 53 | blow (the trumpet) | *ntʂʰɑ |
| 54 | blow (wind) | *li / le¹ |
| 55 | boat | *gu¹ |
| 56 | boatman | *guku¹ |
| 57 | boil (of water) | *detsu¹ |
| 58 | bolt (of cloth) | *pʰjo |
| 59 | bone | *riku / rikʰu¹ |
| 60 | borrow (money) | *ɕʷiu¹ |
| 61 | borrow (tools) | *hjẽ¹ |
| 62 | bow (weapon) | *sjelje |
| 63 | bow / arrow | *mrɑ¹ |
| 64 | bowl | *kʰo |
| 65 | bracelet | *letʂu¹ |
| 66 | braid / plait | *tsjẽpʰrje¹ |
| 67 | brains | *nwo¹ |
| 68 | branch / twig | *sẽkæle¹ |
| 69 | break open, broken | *nepʰɑ¹ |
| 70 | breast, milk | *dʒaniu¹ |
| 71 | breastfeed / suckle | *ku |
| 72 | bridge | *dzjẽ¹ |
| 73 | bright | *bɑ² |
| 74 | broom | *ʂɑtsʰje |
| 75 | brother | *mopʰæ¹ |
| 76 | bucket (of water) | *kezi¹ |
| 77 | buckwheat | *ŋgi¹ |
| 78 | burn | *debræ¹ |
| 79 | burn, singe | *mpʰri¹ |
| 80 | bury | *bugi¹ |
| 81 | busy | *bibi¹ |
| 82 | butter | *me¹ |
| 83 | butterfly | *kɑlɑ / kælæ² |
| 84 | buy | *ɣui¹ |
| 85 | calf (common) | *ŋuijo |
| 86 | calf (yak) | *ndojo¹ |
| 87 | can, be able | *pʰæ¹ |
| 88 | cane / vine | *brɑ¹ |
| 89 | careful / cautious | *zæzæmu¹ |
| 90 | carry load (pack animals) | *ŋgi¹ |
| 91 | carry on the back | *debæ¹ |
| 92 | carry with pole, lift up | *dentɕʰu |
| 93 | cat | *mutsi¹ |
| 94 | catch | *mi¹ |
| 95 | catch (in mouth) | *pja¹ |
| 96 | catch / grab / hold | *htʃew¹ |
| 97 | catch fire (a house) | *ɕʷu¹ |
| 98 | cattle (common, female) | *ŋuimæ |
| 99 | cattle, cow | *ŋui² |
| 100 | catty (=1/2 kilogram) | *krɑ |
| 101 | cave / hole | *riwu¹ |
| 102 | chaff / bran | *pʰrɑ² |
| 103 | charcoal | *mexui¹ |
| 104 | chase after, drive out / expel | *tʃæ¹ |
| 105 | cheek | *mbere² |
| 106 | chest | *kwo |
| 107 | chew | *htɑhtɑ² |
| 108 | chicken | *rwɑ¹ |
| 109 | child | *jakrɑ |
| 110 | chin | *mehĩ² |
| 111 | Chinese (Han) | *ndzɑ² |
| 112 | chip (the rim) | *pi² |
| 113 | choke | *ntɕʰo |
| 114 | choose / pick | *ntsʰi¹ |
| 115 | chop / hew | *dzẽ¹ |
| 116 | chopsticks | *ndʒu |
| 117 | circular (planar), round | *wɑwɑ¹ |
| 118 | circular (spherical) | *ljelje¹ |
| 119 | classif. garments | *pʰja |
| 120 | classif. long items | *kæ |
| 121 | classif. one of pair (hand, eye) | *pʰwo |
| 122 | classif. rooms | *tsʰwɑ |
| 123 | classif. sheet / small object | *pʰɑ |
| 124 | classif. small round obj. | *pri |
| 125 | classif. trees / flat obj. | *pu |
| 126 | claw / talon | *dzidzi / dzɑdzɑ¹ |
| 127 | clean | *ʃoʃo¹ |
| 128 | clear (weather) / sunny | *mende |
| 129 | clever | *ntʂʰæntʂʰæ² |
| 130 | climb (a mountain) | *lwo |
| 131 | close | *tɑ |
| 132 | close (the mouth) | *muimui¹ |
| 133 | cloth | *wurA / wærA¹ |
| 134 | clothing / garment | *gæme¹ |
| 135 | cloud, fog | *tɕe¹ |
| 136 | coarse, rough, wide (in diameter) | *bje¹ |
| 137 | coax / fool | *ndʑʷundʑʷu¹ |
| 138 | cockscomb | *(rwa)ŋwoŋwo¹ |
| 139 | cold (weather, water) | *dempʰje¹ |
| 140 | collapse / fall down | *nedʒo¹ |
| 141 | collect, harvest, put away | *tɕitæ¹ |
| 142 | comb | *tsjẽʂi¹ |
| 143 | comb (v.) | *ʂi² |
| 144 | come | *læ¹ |
| 145 | connect / join | *kʰetsu |
| 146 | consult / discuss | *dedulæ² |
| 147 | cook / boil | *tʃew¹ |
| 148 | cool (pleasantly) | *mbje |
| 149 | coral | *pjo |
| 151 | cough | *detsʰe² |
| 152 | count | *htje |
| 153 | count (numbers), calculate | *sundʒa² |
| 154 | cover / hide from view | *xe |
| 155 | crawl (of insects) | *ʒje¹ |
| 156 | crawl, climb | *bebe¹ |
| 157 | crazy person, lunatic | *rdumo² |
| 158 | cross (a river) | *gu |
| 159 | crow | *kwɑli¹ |
| 160 | crow (of cocks) | *ŋo¹ |
| 161 | cry, weep | *ŋu¹ |
| 162 | cucumber | *tɕukʰwɑ² |
| 163 | curved / crooked / bent | *kʰokʰo¹ |
| 164 | cut (meat) | *tʃʰi |
| 165 | cut (paper, cloth) | *pætɕe¹ |
| 166 | cut up (vegetable) | *netɕʰo¹ |
| 167 | dance | *tso |
| 168 | dance (n.) | *(rV)li¹ |
| 169 | dare | *htʂew |
| 171 | dark, get | *meŋkʰwo |
| 172 | daughter, woman | *zjeji / zijo² |
| 173 | daughter-in-law | *lemæ |
| 174 | dawn (the day) | *tsʰo |
| 175 | day after tomorrow | *ngeso / ndʒiso¹ |
| 176 | day before yesterday | *ʂoniu² |
| 177 | day, day’s (work) | *niu |
| 178 | daytime | *niu(mæ)lɑwu¹ |
| 179 | deaf | *nembo |
| 180 | deaf person | *nɑmbo² |
| 181 | decrease, reduce | *neni¹ |
| 182 | deep | *nene |
| 183 | deer (river) | *lɑ² |
| 184 | dew | *ʂo¹ |
| 185 | die, dead | *tʰeʂiu¹ |
| 186 | difficult, hard | *ŋgi |
| 187 | dig / scoop out / excavate | *mbwo |
| 188 | dilute / add water | *lu |
| 189 | direction / orientation | *pʰjo |
| 190 | ditch / gully (“water-ditch”?) | *lo |
| 191 | divide / share (things) | *mbimbi² |
| 192 | do / make | *mu¹ |
| 194 | dodge, make way, retreat | *ŋenja¹ |
| 195 | dog | *tɕʷʰiu² |
| 196 | donkey | *ku(liu)¹ |
| 197 | door | *ŋgæ¹ |
| 198 | dove | *lolu² |
| 199 | doze / nod off | *(ji) mui¹ |
| 200 | dragon | *(ji)mbru² |
| 201 | draw water | *kʰe |
| 202 | dream | *jimɑ¹ |
| 203 | drink | *tɕʰe¹ |
| 204 | drop (of oil) | *ntʰwɑ |
| 205 | drop / fall | *nedʐæ¹ |
| 206 | drum | *(n)dzɑ¹ ? |
| 207 | drunk, be | *tʰejo |
| 208 | dry | *dedʐu¹ |
| 209 | dry (clothes) | in the sun*kʰwo¹ |
| 210 | dry by fire, toast | *re¹ |
| 211 | dung, manure | *lɑ¹ |
| 212 | dust | *pʰulje¹ |
| 213 | dye | *detsu¹ |
| 214 | each / respective / individual | *suniu |
| 215 | eagle / hawk | *hke¹ |
| 216 | ear | *nɑ² |
| 217 | ear / spike | *(n)dʑi(u)² |
| 218 | earth, ground | *sɑ-² |
| 219 | earthworm | *niuŋkʰwɑ bedi |
| 220 | east | *ʂæ² |
| 221 | easy | *ɣuiɣui |
| 222 | eat | *dzi² |
| 223 | egg | *rwatɕo¹ |
| 224 | eggplant | *(ŋ)gætsi¹ |
| 225 | eight | *rdi¹ |
| 226 | elbow | *lekrwa² |
| 227 | elder brother / sibling | *æja¹ |
| 228 | enemy (personal) | *gæwu |
| 229 | enough | *dzẽ |
| 231 | exchange | *deŋgui¹ |
| 232 | expensive | *pʰekʰwæ¹ |
| 233 | extinguish, put out fire | *tʰepʰo¹ |
| 234 | extract / take out | *tsʰo¹ |
| 235 | eye | *rdose¹ |
| 236 | face | *mja² |
| 237 | fall (rain) | *ʑiu¹ |
| 238 | far / distant | *(ri)ʂɑ¹ |
| 239 | fart | *htʃiukrɑ² |
| 240 | fast / quick / early | *ntʃʰiu² |
| 241 | fat | *detsʰu¹ |
| 242 | father | *æbæ² |
| 243 | fathom | *liu |
| 244 | fear, be afraid | *deke¹ |
| 245 | feather, hair (of body) | *mui² |
| 246 | feces | *htʃiu² |
| 247 | feed | *tsi¹ |
| 248 | fence (bamboo / twig) | *tʂʰe |
| 249 | fetch / draw (water) | *ʃæ |
| 250 | few / little | *nini¹ |
| 251 | fields (wheat etc.) | *ri¹ |
| 252 | fight | *kækæ¹ |
| 253 | filter / strain | *tswɑ |
| 254 | finger | *lesẽ |
| 255 | finish | *tʰetsʰæ¹ |
| 256 | fire | *me¹ |
| 257 | fit, can hold | *tʰwɑ¹ |
| 258 | five | *ŋrɑ² |
| 259 | flavorful | *detʂʰe |
| 260 | flea | *ntsʰoɬiu¹ |
| 261 | flip over, reverse | *ŋepʰwo¹ |
| 262 | flock (of sheep) | *bru |
| 263 | flour | *ju¹ |
| 264 | flower | *metɕo |
| 265 | flute | *ɬɑ¹ |
| 266 | fly (n.) | *behẽ / behĩ |
| 267 | fly (v.) | *bjẽbjẽ¹ |
| 268 | food | *dzæpu¹ |
| 269 | foot | *lipʰew¹ |
| 270 | foot, leg | *liŋgje / leŋge² |
| 271 | footprint / track | *tɕuru |
| 272 | forehead | *kæpælæ |
| 273 | forest | *sẽlɑ¹ |
| 274 | forge, strike (iron) | *htsu |
| 275 | forget | *tʰeme² |
| 276 | fortune / luck | *pʰukʰæ² |
| 277 | four | *ʐiu² |
| 278 | fox | *dʒumæ¹ |
| 279 | fragrant (smell) | *dehẽ¹ |
| 280 | friend | *ndzew¹ |
| 281 | friend / amiable | *ndzewbjẽ² |
| 282 | frog, toad | *pimæ¹ |
| 283 | front | *ʂæpʰo / ʂopʰo¹ |
| 284 | frost | *kriu(ju)¹ |
| 285 | fruit | *sẽse¹ |
| 286 | full | *debrɑ¹ |
| 287 | full, satiated | *deɣwæ¹ |
| 288 | gall bladder | *kriu² |
| 289 | garbage / debris | *kɑpe¹ |
| 290 | garden (plot) | *xutʂʰe¹ |
| 291 | garlic | *xui¹ |
| 292 | ghost / spirit | *tʂʰæ¹ |
| 293 | gift / present | *ntsʰeɬiu |
| 294 | give | *kʰje¹ |
| 295 | gnaw / nibble | *ntʃʰi / ntʃʰe¹ |
| 296 | go | *ji¹ |
| 297 | go / leave (past) | *dwɑ¹ |
| 298 | goat | *tsʰẽ¹ |
| 299 | gold | *ni¹ |
| 300 | good | *lje¹ |
| 301 | goose (wild) | *dʒu² |
| 302 | grab / seize / catch | *ntʂʰe |
| 303 | grandchild | *litʰo / lotʰo¹ |
| 304 | grandfather | *æpu |
| 305 | grass | *ʐu¹ |
| 306 | grind | *dʐe¹ |
| 307 | grow, grow up | *kʰwæ¹ |
| 308 | gruel / porridge | *tsʰɑwɑ¹ |
| 309 | guard / defend | *ʂu¹ |
| 310 | guest | *wra¹ |
| 311 | guide, lead (the way) | *ʃu¹ |
| 312 | gum (“tooth-red”) | *xuini¹ |
| 313 | hail | *mpsʰu¹ |
| 314 | hair | *tsjẽ¹ |
| 315 | hair / down | *dʒu |
| 316 | half | *hke |
| 317 | hand | *lepʰew¹ |
| 318 | handful (of rice) | *ntʂʰe¹ |
| 319 | hang | *pja¹ |
| 320 | happy / excited | *tʰegew² |
| 321 | hard | *kwɑkwɑ¹ |
| 322 | hat | *mbo¹ |
| 323 | hatch / incubate | *hẽ¹ |
| 324 | have, exist (animate) | *dʒo¹ |
| 325 | have, exist (container) | *dʐiu¹ |
| 326 | have, exist (general / abstract) | *niu¹ |
| 327 | have, exist (immovable) | *hã¹ |
| 328 | have, exist (money) | *bo¹ |
| 329 | have, exist (movable) | *dʒwɑ¹ |
| 330 | head | *wilje / wulje² |
| 331 | heap (e.g. of dung) | *bje |
| 332 | hear | *tʰegri¹ |
| 333 | heart | *sini / htimi¹ |
| 334 | heavy | *dede¹ |
| 335 | help | *ɣwoɣwo¹ |
| 336 | hemp | *tse² |
| 337 | herd, put out to pasture | *hkui¹ |
| 338 | hide (something) | *tʰekiʃi¹ |
| 339 | hide oneself | *khempʰe |
| 340 | high / tall | *mbro |
| 341 | hill / mountain | *mbje¹ |
| 342 | hit (a person) | *dekæ² |
| 343 | hit, kill | *si¹ |
| 344 | hoe | *dzepi / dzopʰi¹ |
| 345 | hold (a pen) | *hte¹ |
| 346 | hole | *hko¹ |
| 347 | home | *jã¹ |
| 348 | honest / well-behaved | *dĩbæ |
| 349 | hoof | *ŋ(u)kʰwɑ |
| 350 | hook | *ŋkʰo¹ |
| 351 | horizontal | *gjegje |
| 352 | horn | *ru(bu) / du¹ |
| 353 | horse | *m(b)ro² |
| 354 | host / master | *nɑ- |
| 355 | hot | *tsʰæ² |
| 356 | hot / spicy | *deju¹ |
| 357 | house | *jẽ¹ |
| 358 | how many | *tʃʰiu² |
| 359 | hug / embrace | *detwɑ¹ |
| 360 | human being, person | *tsʰo¹ |
| 361 | hundred | *ʑa¹ |
| 362 | hungry | *ŋæ² |
| 363 | hunt | *mumbæ¹ |
| 364 | I | *æ¹ |
| 365 | ice | *mpʰje¹ |
| 366 | incense (bark of cypress? tree) | *hpwo² |
| 367 | industrious / hardworking | *mpʰwompʰwo |
| 368 | infect | *tu¹ |
| 369 | insect / worm | *bedi¹ |
| 370 | inside | *kʰepʰe / kʰupʰo¹ |
| 371 | intestine | *ɣeniu / ɣoniu¹ |
| 372 | iron | *ʃje¹ |
| 373 | itch | *dekri |
| 374 | jar (earthen) | *gje¹ |
| 375 | joint | *tsʰi¹ |
| 376 | jump | *hto / htæ |
| 377 | key | *kʰoji |
| 378 | kick | *dego¹ |
| 379 | kidney | *mbiulje² |
| 380 | kill (a person) | *ŋgrɑ² |
| 381 | kill / slaughter (an animal) | *ntʃʰi² |
| 382 | kind, type | *rbæ |
| 383 | knee | *pjembje |
| 384 | kneel | *hke¹ |
| 385 | knife | *bɑtʂɑ / butʂɑ |
| 386 | knock / strike | *tsʰutsʰu¹ |
| 387 | know how to, be capable of | *ndʒo¹ |
| 388 | kowtow, make obeisance to | *pʰja² mu |
| 389 | ladder | *ɬjeki¹ |
| 390 | ladle | *ji¹ |
| 391 | lake | *ŋkʰwæ² |
| 392 | lame person | *kɑpi² |
| 393 | last night | *jahãŋkʰwo¹ |
| 394 | last year | *ja(ji)hĩ¹ |
| 395 | laugh / smile | *ri¹ |
| 396 | lay (eggs) | *tɕo¹ |
| 397 | lazy | *mætʰu |
| 398 | leader / chieftain / headman (Mand. ‘土司 tǔsī’) | *(d)ʑapu |
| 399 | leaf | *sẽpʰja¹ |
| 400 | leak | *ntsʰe² |
| 401 | learn, teach | *soso¹ |
| 402 | leech | *mbi¹ |
| 403 | left (side) | *leji¹ |
| 404 | left over / remain | *gwɑ² |
| 405 | leopard / panther | *ndzi¹ |
| 406 | letter, book | *ndʒiundʑi¹ |
| 407 | lick / lap | *dege¹ |
| 408 | lid / cover | *xexe² |
| 409 | life | *kutsʰje¹ |
| 410 | lifetime | *te zu |
| 411 | light (a fire, a light) | *ntsʰo¹ |
| 412 | light (weight) | *gwogwo¹ |
| 413 | like / love | *gæ / gja¹ |
| 414 | liquor | *ɣo¹ |
| 415 | liquor (yellow rice / millet / Shaoxing) | *wɑre / ɣɑre¹ |
| 416 | listen | *bæni¹ |
| 417 | liter, container (measuring, 1-liter-volume) | *læ |
| 418 | live / reside | *ji / ʑi¹ |
| 419 | liver | *ntsʰɑ¹ |
| 420 | lock | *ŋkʰo¹ |
| 421 | long | *ʂɑ |
| 422 | lose / mislay, throw away | *pʰi¹ |
| 423 | loud | *mbrɑ¹ |
| 424 | louse | *ʂewmæ¹ |
| 425 | low / short | *nini |
| 426 | lower (the head) | *neŋgwo |
| 427 | lower part / lower reaches | *ŋɑpʰo¹ |
| 428 | lung | *ntsʰu² |
| 429 | mace (=0.1 tael) | *tetsje |
| 430 | maggot | *bulo |
| 431 | magpie | *tʃʰatʃʰa¹ |
| 432 | make the bed | *kʰwo¹ |
| 433 | make, fix, repair | *ntsʰæ¹ |
| 434 | many / much | *mje / mja |
| 435 | mark / sign / boundary line | *ntsʰæ |
| 436 | marry (a woman) | *ʃu² |
| 437 | mat | *wægæ |
| 438 | meal | *dzæ |
| 439 | means / way | *ri² |
| 440 | measles | *mpʰrjo¹ |
| 441 | meat | *ʃi² |
| 442 | medicine | *hpje² |
| 443 | meet / come across | *kʰedʑudʑu² |
| 444 | melon / gourd | *sẽŋgæ¹ |
| 445 | melt, dissolve | *nelje / neɬje¹ |
| 446 | middle | *goɬæ² |
| 447 | midnight | *ŋkʰwohke² |
| 448 | millstones | *ratʰɑ¹ |
| 449 | mirror | *mjalo¹ |
| 450 | mix / blend / mingle | *detʂʰu¹ |
| 451 | mole | *ʂinwɑ |
| 452 | money | *bædʐje¹ |
| 453 | monkey | *gætʃu¹ |
| 454 | moon | *ɬæpʰe¹ |
| 455 | morning | *tɑso¹ |
| 456 | mortar | *tsumu / tsumo² |
| 457 | mosquito (relatively small) | *ʂwɑ |
| 458 | mother | *æmæ¹ |
| 459 | mouse | *gojo¹ |
| 460 | mouth | *stiupe¹ |
| 461 | move | *tʃʰitʃʰi¹ |
| 462 | mud | *tʃʰulje¹ |
| 463 | muddy / turbid | *tʃʰu¹ |
| 464 | mule | *htæ¹ |
| 465 | multicolored / patterned (cloth) | *bu¹ |
| 466 | mushroom | *hẽ¹ |
| 467 | musk | *lɑhẽ / lahõ |
| 468 | mute | *kɑ² |
| 469 | mute, dumb, stupid | *zikæ |
| 470 | nail | *ledzi / letsɑ² |
| 471 | name | *mi¹ |
| 472 | narrow | *ʐuʐu² |
| 473 | navel | *tʃwɑpu¹ |
| 474 | near | *(ri)ni¹ |
| 475 | neck | *ht(w)ɑrA² |
| 476 | needle | *ɣrɑ / ge¹ |
| 477 | neg. imp. | *tʰæ¹ |
| 478 | nephew (brother’s son) | *zjendʑu / zindʑu² |
| 479 | nest (bird) | *(xwɑjo)ntʃʰo¹ |
| 480 | new | *si |
| 481 | next year | *sohĩ¹ |
| 482 | night, evening | *ŋkʰwo¹ |
| 483 | nine | *ŋge² |
| 485 | no problems, leisurely | *tosi mæni |
| 486 | noon | *ndʒo² |
| 487 | nose | *stim(b)u¹ |
| 488 | now | *ɑmja / ɑmjo / æmi |
| 489 | obtain, get | *rA¹ |
| 490 | official (government) | *ndzomo² |
| 491 | old | *le¹ |
| 492 | old / elderly | *tʰemo / momo¹ |
| 493 | old lady | *mɑmo |
| 494 | old man | *tsʰomo |
| 495 | on (the wall) | *tɕʰa¹ |
| 496 | one | *te¹ |
| 497 | oneself | *niuniu² |
| 498 | onion / scallion | *xuibu¹ |
| 499 | open | *dexwɑ / dehkwɑ¹ |
| 500 | orphan | *tʃʰiujo² |
| 501 | other person(s) | *ndzew¹ |
| 502 | otter | *ʂe¹ |
| 503 | outside | *njapʰo / njopʰo¹ |
| 504 | owe / lose (money), suffer (illness); hit (a target) | *zo¹ |
| 505 | pad | *lu |
| 506 | paddy fields | *(ju / ʑu)xwɑ¹ |
| 507 | pair | *dʐe |
| 508 | palm | *lepʰja¹ |
| 509 | pants / trousers | *ʑa¹ |
| 510 | patch (clothing) | *pwEpwE² |
| 511 | peach | *jVsi¹ |
| 512 | pear | *lirV¹ |
| 513 | peck at (of a chicken) | *ntʰontʰo¹ |
| 514 | peck, unit of dry measure for grain (=1 decaliter) | *pɑ |
| 515 | pen in (sheep) | *gje² |
| 516 | pepper (hot) / chili | *hõ¹ |
| 517 | permit / allow | *wæ¹ |
| 518 | pestle | *-ŋgrɑ² |
| 519 | pheasant (long-tailed) | *ŋgwæ¹ |
| 520 | pheasant (short-tailed) | *tsexwo¹ |
| 521 | pick up | *deŋgwo¹ |
| 522 | pig | *ɣwo¹ |
| 523 | pillar / column | *dzæpʰæ¹ |
| 524 | pillow | *ŋgje² |
| 525 | pine | *tɕʰopu² |
| 526 | pitiable / pitiful | *ɕaŋæ² |
| 527 | plant ash | *ʑu |
| 528 | play | *gægæ¹ |
| 529 | plow (n.) | *du¹ |
| 530 | plow / till (v.) | *lɑ¹ |
| 531 | pluck (flowers) | *kʰui¹ |
| 532 | point / tip | *wutɕu |
| 533 | poison | *dʑu¹ |
| 534 | porcupine | *pʰru |
| 535 | pour (water) | *ʂɑ |
| 536 | pregnant | *mæntʂʰew |
| 537 | press (with palm or finger) | *zẽ¹ |
| 538 | pricked (on a thorn) | *ndzu |
| 539 | pull / drag / lead (a cow) along | *dentsʰɑ¹ |
| 540 | pull down (a house), untie | *netʃʰo¹ |
| 541 | pull up (weeds) | *tsẽ |
| 542 | puncture (something) | *nedʐu |
| 543 | pus | *piu¹ |
| 544 | push / shove | *tʰedʑo¹ |
| 545 | put (into a container) | *nekwo¹ |
| 546 | put in order / arrange | *dʐwɑ |
| 547 | quake (earth) | *ʑo¹ |
| 548 | rabbit | *myidzi² |
| 549 | rain | *rgwæ¹ |
| 550 | rainbow | *mekʰɑ¹ |
| 551 | raw / uncooked | *dzjẽdzjẽ |
| 552 | red | *deni¹ |
| 553 | relatives | *ɣuini / ɣuindzA¹ |
| 554 | release / set free | *tʰele¹ |
| 555 | remember | *kʰentsʰæ |
| 556 | rescue / save | *ŋeʂu¹ |
| 557 | rest | *breni¹ |
| 559 | return, go back | *dʑʷew¹ |
| 560 | rib | *-ro |
| 561 | rice (cooked) | *kʰæ |
| 562 | rice (paddy), seedling (rice) | *dzæ¹ |
| 563 | rice (uncooked) | *ntʃʰew¹ |
| 564 | rich | *djemo¹ |
| 565 | ride (a horse) | *ndze¹ |
| 566 | right (side) | *letɕu¹ |
| 567 | right / correct | *kʰedu¹ |
| 568 | ring | *leŋgui² |
| 569 | rinse (the mouth) | *ʐwæʐwæ |
| 570 | ripe, cooked, done | *dehĩ¹ |
| 571 | rise / get up | *degwo¹ |
| 572 | road | *ri¹ |
| 573 | rob / loot | *liu¹ |
| 574 | rock | *rikʰwæ¹ |
| 575 | roll | *lɑlɑ¹ |
| 576 | roll, turn (cause to) | *ɬɑ¹ |
| 577 | root | *mbre¹ |
| 578 | rope / string | *brɑ¹ |
| 579 | rot | *netʃʰiu¹ |
| 580 | run | *pjẽ |
| 581 | run away / escape | *pʰo¹ |
| 582 | rust | *kʰeŋkʰwæ |
| 583 | s / he | *tʰe¹ |
| 584 | saddle | *mbroʑa |
| 585 | saliva | *dʑiki¹ |
| 586 | salt | *tsʰi² |
| 587 | scald / burn | *mbu¹ |
| 588 | scales, steelyard | *krɑ² |
| 589 | scoop up (water) / ladle | *kui¹ |
| 590 | scratch | *(n)tʂʰo¹ |
| 591 | search, look for | *htʃæ / ʂæ¹ |
| 592 | see | *kʰendo¹ |
| 593 | seed | *ge¹ |
| 594 | sell | *ŋkʰæ¹ |
| 595 | send (a message) | *swɑ¹ |
| 596 | send / dispatch (a person) | *pwEki / pwEtɕi |
| 597 | separate, other | *kʰækʰæ¹ |
| 598 | set (of the sun) | *netɕʰiu / netɕiu¹ |
| 599 | seven | *sini / stẽ² |
| 600 | sew (up) | *ndʐe² |
| 601 | shadow | *rAne / rAnɑ¹ |
| 602 | shake / shiver | *ŋgrɑŋgrɑ¹ |
| 603 | sharp, pointed | *ntʰwɑ¹ |
| 604 | sharpen, whet (a knife) | *desu¹ |
| 605 | shave (the head) | *ru¹ |
| 606 | sheep | *jõ¹ |
| 607 | shoe | *zi¹ |
| 608 | shoot, fire a shot | *tʂʰe¹ |
| 609 | short | *dɑdɑ² |
| 610 | shoulder | *ɣwebje / ɣwobje¹ |
| 611 | shout | *kwo² |
| 612 | shout, yell | *rA / ɣwA |
| 613 | shrivel up / wither | *nekwo¹ |
| 614 | shy / bashful | *mbuʂew |
| 615 | Sichuan pepper | *tsʰu |
| 616 | sick, ache | *deni¹ |
| 617 | sickle | *dzjẽ |
| 618 | side, direction | *pʰwo |
| 619 | sieve / sifter | *ɑntʂʰæ² |
| 620 | silk / satin | *ŋkʰwo¹ |
| 621 | silver | *ŋui¹ |
| 622 | sing | *gæ¹ |
| 623 | sister | *hjẽmæ¹ |
| 624 | sit down | *ʑi¹ |
| 625 | six | *tʂʰu² |
| 626 | skin | *ŋgriupje¹ |
| 627 | skinny | *hkwɑ |
| 628 | skinny, get thin | *ŋæ¹ |
| 629 | skirt | *(n)tʃʰæ |
| 630 | sky | *me / mo |
| 631 | slanted / askew | *tʰeɕʷiulɑ |
| 632 | sleep, lie down | *kʰejo |
| 633 | slippery (road) | *dendʐew¹ |
| 634 | slow / clumsy | *diwæ¹ |
| 635 | small | *jiji¹ |
| 636 | smell | *hẽhẽ¹ |
| 637 | smoke | *meŋkʰe² |
| 638 | smooth / glossy / sleek | *hĩhĩ |
| 639 | snake | *beri² |
| 640 | snap (thread) | *tsẽ |
| 641 | snare / trap | *wæ¹ |
| 642 | snot | *hti(u) ‘nose’ |
| 643 | snot (liquid) | *stiu(d)zære¹ |
| 644 | snow | *ʑu¹ |
| 645 | soak / steep | *ndʒo¹ |
| 646 | soft | *njonjo² |
| 647 | soldier, army | *mo |
| 648 | son | *jizæ¹ |
| 649 | son-in-law | *mopæ² |
| 650 | sore / boil | *mjari / meri¹ |
| 651 | soul / spirit | *rAɬæ¹ |
| 652 | sound | *tʂʰe¹ |
| 653 | sour | *detʃew¹ |
| 654 | spacious | *didi |
| 655 | span (thumb to finger) | *dʒwæ |
| 656 | speak, say | *dʑi¹ |
| 657 | speech, language, dialect | *hwõ |
| 658 | speech, phrase, words | *gui¹ |
| 659 | spider | *(h)kɑra(wɑ)² |
| 660 | spirit, deity | *ɬæ |
| 661 | sputum, phlegm | *tsʰekʰɑ¹ |
| 662 | square / rectangular | *ʐiudu² |
| 663 | squeeze (for milk) | *ntsʰew |
| 664 | squirrel | *kætʃa |
| 665 | stable, steady | *nɑ |
| 666 | stand | *kʰendʑa¹ |
| 667 | star | *kri¹ |
| 668 | be startled / afraid | *ni² |
| 669 | steal | *mpʰru¹ |
| 670 | steam (v.) | *mpʰru¹ |
| 671 | step / stride | *mbi |
| 672 | step on / stamp / tread | *kotsV¹ |
| 673 | sting (of wasps) | *ndzɑ¹ |
| 674 | stinky, fishy-smelling | *deŋrɑ¹ |
| 675 | stir-fry | *ndzæ¹ |
| 676 | stone | *lo¹ |
| 677 | stone, rock | *lo(bwo)¹ |
| 678 | story | *jajihĩ² |
| 679 | stove (cooking) / range (kitchen) | *tsukʰæ |
| 680 | straight | *tɕutɕu |
| 681 | straw (rice) | *dzæbu¹ |
| 682 | strength (physical) | *htʂomo² |
| 683 | stretch out (the arm) | *hwõ¹ |
| 684 | strike (the table) | *mpʰjo² |
| 685 | stutterer | *lɑmo |
| 686 | sun | *niumæ¹ |
| 687 | swallow | *nemi¹ |
| 688 | sweat | *tʂu¹ |
| 689 | sweep | *pʰja |
| 690 | sweet | *detʃʰiu¹ |
| 691 | swell (of tissue) | *dere¹ |
| 692 | tael (=50 grams) | *lo |
| 693 | tail | *mukr(w)V¹ |
| 695 | tasty / delicious | *mri¹ |
| 696 | tea | *dʒa¹ |
| 697 | tears (“eye-water”) | *mjare¹ |
| 698 | temple | *ɬæwo |
| 699 | ten | *tɕʰetɕʰe¹ |
| 700 | ten (bound), -ty | *zi |
| 701 | ten thousand | *mbwo² |
| 702 | tender, young (plant) | *zæzæ¹ |
| 703 | tendon | *bru² |
| 704 | testicle | *zulje¹ |
| 705 | tether (a cow) | *kʰepʰui¹ |
| 706 | thick | *rdurdu |
| 707 | thigh | *-pʰja |
| 708 | thin | *bi¹ |
| 709 | thin (in diameter) / fine | *tsʰjetsʰje¹ |
| 710 | thing, tool | *(pʰe)ŋgwo² |
| 711 | think / idea / opinion | *ndʑindʑa² |
| 712 | thirsty | *deʃo |
| 713 | this side / here | *kwopʰo |
| 714 | this year | *tsʰehĩ¹ |
| 715 | thorn / splinter | *ntʃʰiu¹ |
| 716 | thousand; ten cents | *htũ² |
| 717 | thread (a needle) | *su¹ |
| 718 | three | *sjẽ² |
| 719 | three days from now | *miso |
| 720 | throat | *myihkwo¹ |
| 721 | throw / hurl / toss | *tsʰje¹ |
| 722 | thumb | *lemæ¹ |
| 723 | thunder | *megi² |
| 724 | Tibetan | *pʰui¹ |
| 725 | tie up, bind | *tsɑ¹ |
| 726 | tiger | *læ¹ |
| 727 | tight / taut | *kʰesu¹ |
| 728 | tile | *ŋgo² |
| 729 | tired, fatigued | *nebre¹ |
| 730 | tobacco / cigarette | *ji¹ |
| 731 | today | *tæniu¹ |
| 732 | tomb | *mo¹ |
| 733 | tomorrow | *soniu² |
| 734 | tomorrow night / evening | *somwoŋkʰwo |
| 735 | tongs (fire) | *kæmbæ¹ |
| 736 | tongue | *ht(s)ipi² |
| 737 | tonight | *t(w)ɑh(w)ã¹ |
| 738 | tooth | *xui¹ |
| 739 | topple / tear down (a wall) | *nedʑo |
| 740 | torch | *ʂu |
| 741 | tree | *sẽpu¹ |
| 742 | true | *tɑ¹ |
| 743 | trunk | *seŋgrɑ¹ |
| 744 | turn (a corner) | *putɕʷew / gutɕʷew |
| 745 | turn around | *ŋeleʂi¹ |
| 746 | kind of turnip (圆根 yuángēn) | *ŋe¹ |
| 747 | twenty | *netsʰi¹ |
| 748 | twist (hemp fibers) between the palms | *dego¹ |
| 749 | two | *ne¹ |
| 750 | uncle (mother’s brother) | *ɣwEmo / æɣwE¹ |
| 751 | under | *kʰuija |
| 752 | upper part | *gɑpʰo¹ |
| 753 | urine | *mbrɑ¹ |
| 754 | use | *zjẽ¹ |
| 755 | used / old | *pʰælæ¹ |
| 756 | vagina | *htɕi¹ |
| 757 | vat / jar | *tʂʰwæ |
| 758 | village | *xu¹ |
| 759 | vomit, spit | *mpʰi² |
| 760 | waist | *dʒu¹ |
| 761 | wait | *kʰelo¹ |
| 762 | wake up | *detɕa¹ |
| 763 | walk | *xui |
| 764 | walking stick | *(d)zibu¹ |
| 765 | wall (stone) | *lodʑu¹ |
| 766 | walnut | *kʰɑrV¹ |
| 767 | want (to go) | *debwo¹ |
| 768 | want / need | *hõ¹ |
| 769 | wash (clothes) | *tsʰe² |
| 770 | watch, look | *hto |
| 771 | water / soup | *re¹ |
| 772 | water, river | *dʒiu¹ |
| 773 | we | *ɑdo(ri)¹ |
| 774 | we (dual) | *ɑdzje / adzɑ¹ |
| 775 | wear (a bracelet) | *desæ¹ |
| 776 | wear (a garment) | *deɣui¹ |
| 777 | wear (a hat) | *detsu¹ |
| 778 | weave / knit | *de¹ |
| 779 | wedge | *ndzẽ¹ |
| 780 | weigh (v.) | *ndʒew |
| 781 | welcome, receive somebody | *tse |
| 782 | west | *niu¹ |
| 783 | wet | *dzjẽdzjẽ² |
| 784 | what | *(h)æne |
| 785 | wheat | *ʃæ¹ |
| 786 | when | *nikʰæ² |
| 787 | white | *deliu¹ |
| 788 | who | *se² |
| 789 | wide / broad | *(d)zi² |
| 790 | widow | *tʃʰiumæ |
| 791 | willow | *mbro¹ |
| 792 | win | *tʰekʰwɑ¹ |
| 793 | wind | *meli / mele² |
| 794 | wind (thread onto a keel) | *tɕo¹ |
| 795 | window | *pwondʐoŋgæ² |
| 796 | wing | *du(liu)¹ |
| 797 | winnow | *ɬje¹ |
| 798 | winnowing tray / basket | *lipʰi / læpʰi¹ |
| 799 | wipe (the table) | *pʰjapʰja¹ |
| 800 | wok (large, iron) / pan | *dʐiu¹ |
| 801 | wood / log | *sẽ¹ |
| 802 | work / labor | *belæ¹ |
| 803 | worry / be anxious | *sæmbæ² neɕi |
| 804 | wound | *lɑkʰɑ / lokʰɑ¹ |
| 805 | wrap (v.) | *kʰekuliu¹ |
| 806 | write | *riu¹ |
| 807 | yak | *rA |
| 808 | yak (male) | *bu¹ |
| 809 | yawn | *xɑ¹ mu |
| 810 | year | *diutʂʰe¹ |
| 811 | year after next | *ndʒihĩ² |
| 812 | year before last | *ʂo(ji)hĩ¹ |
| 813 | yellow | *ʂiu¹ (< Yi?) |
| 814 | yesterday | *janiu¹ |
| 815 | you | *ne / no² |
| 816 | you (pl.) | *neri |
| 817 | you two | *nedzje / nedzɑ¹ |
| 818 | young lad / chap | *mpʰrozæ¹ |
| 819 | younger sibling | *ninɑ¹ |
References edit
- Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.