Appendix:Proto-Austroasiatic reconstructions
The following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms are from Sidwell (2024) and Sidwell & Rau (2015).
Lists
editSidwell (2024)
editThe following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms are from Sidwell (2024).
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Austroasiatic (morphological) |
Proto-Austroasiatic (phonological) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | head louse | *ciʔ | *ciʔ |
| 2 | blood | *ɕaːm, *mɕaːm | *ɕaːm, *mə.ˈɕaːm |
| 3 | nose | *muːh, *muːɕ | *muːh, *muːɕ |
| 4 | crab | *ktaːm | *kə.ˈtaːm |
| 5 | weave (v.) | *taːɲ | *taːɲ |
| 6 | child | *koan | *koan |
| 7 | nephew | *k<m>oan | *kə.ˈmoan |
| 8 | thigh | *bluːˀ | *bə.ˈluːˀ |
| 9 | fish (n.) | *kaʔ | *kaʔ |
| 10 | leaf | *slaʔ | *sə.ˈlaʔ |
| 11 | crow | *kʔaːkˀ | *kə.ˈʔaːkˀ |
| 12 | bone | *cʔaːŋ | *cə.ˈʔaːŋ |
| 13 | eagle, hawk | *klaːŋ | *kə.ˈlaːŋ |
| 14 | wilderness, forest | *briːˀ | *bə.ˈriːˀ |
| 15 | hand, arm | *tiːˀ | *tiːˀ |
| 16 | bird | *ciːm | *ciːm |
| 17 | cooked, ripe | *ciːnˀ | *ciːnˀ |
| 18 | four | *puənˀ | *puənˀ |
| 19 | deep | *ɟruːˀ | *ɟə.ˈruːˀ |
| 20 | eat (v.) | *ca(ː)ʔ | *ca(ː)ʔ |
| 21 | weep (v.) | *jaːmˀ | *jaːmˀ |
| 22 | yawn (v.) | *sŋaːpˀ, *sŋʔaːpˀ | *sə.ˈŋaːpˀ, *səŋ.ˈʔaːpˀ |
| 23 | bamboo shoots | *tɓaŋ | *tə.ˈɓaŋ |
| 24 | eye | *matˀ | *matˀ |
| 25 | hail (n.) | *priəl | *pə.ˈriəl |
| 26 | root | *ʔriəɕ | *ʔə.ˈriəɕ |
| 27 | day | *tŋiːˀ | *tə.ˈŋiːˀ |
| 28 | fly (n.) | *roaj | *roaj |
| 29 | dream (n., v.) | *ʔmpoːˀ | *ʔəm.ˈpoːˀ |
| 30 | dog | *cɔʔ | *cɔʔ |
| 31 | breathe (v.); heart (beat) | *ɕəːmˀ, *ɕɨːmˀ | *ɕəːmˀ, *ɕɨːmˀ |
| 32 | hair | *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ | *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ |
| 33 | suck(le) (v.) | *ɓuːˀ | *ɓuːˀ |
| 34 | leg, foot | *ʄɨːŋ | *ʄɨːŋ |
| 35 | sweep (v.) | *poːɕ, *paːɕ, *piːɕ | *poːɕ, *paːɕ, *piːɕ |
| 36 | rain (n., v.) | *gmaːˀ | *gə.ˈmaːˀ |
| 37 | thorn | *ɟrla(ː)ʔ | *ɟər.ˈla(ː)ʔ |
| 38 | distant | *cŋaːjˀ | *cə.ˈŋaːjˀ |
| 39 | water | *ɗaːkˀ | *ɗaːkˀ |
| 40 | python | *tlan | *tə.ˈlan |
| 41 | bitter | *ʦaŋˀ | *ʦaŋˀ |
| 42 | fly (v.) | *par, *pər | *par, *pər |
| 43 | fruit | *pleʔ | *pə.ˈleʔ |
| 44 | pestle | *ɟ<nr>eːˀ | *ɟən.ˈreːˀ |
| 45 | three | *peːˀ | *peːˀ |
| 46 | earth | *teːˀ | *teːˀ |
| 47 | you (singular) | *miːˀ, *meːˀ | *miːˀ, *meːˀ |
| 48 | heel | *kɗəːlˀ | *kə.ˈɗəːlˀ |
| 49 | one | *muəjˀ, *moːjˀ | *muəjˀ, *moːjˀ |
| 50 | hole, perforate (v.) | *luh | *luh |
| 51 | drunk | *ɓuːl | *ɓuːl |
| 52 | grandmother | *jaʔ | *jaʔ |
| 53 | beckon (v.) | *gwaːcˀ | *gə.ˈwaːcˀ |
| 54 | tongue | *lntaːkˀ | *lən.ˈtaːkˀ |
| 55 | two | *ɓaːr | *ɓaːr |
| 56 | pluck, harvest (v.) | *kacˀ | *kacˀ |
| 57 | shoot (v.) | *paɲˀ | *paɲˀ |
| 58 | year | *c<n>am, *c<n>ɨm | *cə.ˈnam, *cə.ˈnɨm |
| 59 | arrow | *kam | *kam |
| 60 | thatching grass | *plaŋ | *pə.ˈlaŋ |
| 61 | mother | *meʔ | *meʔ |
| 62 | rat, mouse | *kneːˀ | *kə.ˈneːˀ |
| 63 | that, they | *giːˀ | *giːˀ |
| 64 | banyan, ficus | *ɟriːˀ | *ɟə.ˈriːˀ |
| 65 | this | *niːˀ | *niːˀ |
| 66 | husked rice | *rŋkoːˀ | *rəŋ.ˈkoːˀ |
| 67 | cover (v.) | *kɨpˀ, *kɔpˀ | *kɨpˀ, *kɔpˀ |
| 68 | sour | *ɟuʔ, *ɟɔʔ | *ɟuʔ, *ɟɔʔ |
| 69 | bathe (v.) | *ɕuːm | *ɕuːm |
| 70 | pimple | *muːnˀ | *muːnˀ |
| 71 | wipe (v.) | *ɟuːtˀ | *ɟuːtˀ |
| 72 | male, father | *kuːɲˀ | *kuːɲˀ |
| 73 | path | *kraʔ | *kə.ˈraʔ |
| 74 | skin (n., v.) | *saːkˀ | *saːkˀ |
| 75 | wind, air | *kjaːl; *kjɔʔ | *kə.ˈjaːl; *kə.ˈjɔʔ |
| 76 | bran, husk | *skaːmˀ | *sə.ˈkaːmˀ |
| 77 | dry weather/season | *p-raŋ | *pə.ˈraŋ |
| 78 | swell (v.) | *ʔaɕ | *ʔaɕ |
| 79 | gall, bile | *kmatˀ, *kmɨtˀ | *kə.ˈmatˀ, *kə.ˈmɨtˀ |
| 80 | otter | *bɕeʔ | *bə.ɕeʔ |
| 81 | new | *tmeːˀ | *tə.ˈmeːˀ |
| 82 | serow, mountain goat | *kiəɕ | *kiəɕ |
| 83 | centipede | *kʔiːpˀ | *kə.ˈʔiːpˀ |
| 84 | taro | *sroʔ | *sə.ˈroʔ |
| 85 | shellfish, snail | *klɔʔ | *kə.ˈlɔʔ |
| 86 | stone | *tmɔʔ | *tə.ˈmɔʔ |
| 87 | scrape, comb (v.) | *kuːtˀ, *kwatˀ | *kuːtˀ, *kə.ˈwatˀ |
| 88 | cough (v.) | *kʔɔkˀ | *kə.ˈʔɔkˀ |
| 89 | body louse | *ʔmrəɲˀ | *ʔəm.ˈrəɲˀ |
| 90 | speak, make sound (v.) | *roʔ | *roʔ |
| 91 | squirrel | *prɔːkˀ | *pə.ˈrɔːkˀ |
| 92 | monitor lizard | *trkɔːtˀ | *tər.ˈkɔːtˀ |
| 93 | Calotes lizard | *Ckuəj | *Cə.ˈkuəj |
| 94 | name (n.) | *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh | *ɟə.ˈmuh, *ɟə.ˈmɨh |
| 95 | submerge (v.) | *lɨpˀ, *luːpˀ | *lɨpˀ, *luːpˀ |
| 96 | grandchild | *cuʔ | *cuʔ |
| 97 | run (away) (v.) | *duːˀ | *duːˀ |
| 98 | shallow | *kɗaːl, *kɗɨːl | *kə.ˈɗaːl, *kə.ˈɗɨːl |
| 99 | breast | *tuːh, *tuːɕ | *tuːh, *tuːɕ |
| 100 | launder (v.) | *puːh | *puːh |
| 101 | fart (v.) | *pɕuːm | *pə.ɕuːm |
| 102 | winnow (v.) | *guːmˀ | *guːmˀ |
| 103 | winnow (v.) | *ʔuːm | *ʔuːm |
| 104 | underneath | *kruːm | *kə.ˈruːm |
| 105 | urine, urinate (v.) | *nuːm | *nuːm |
| 106 | inside; belly | *kluːŋ, *kluəŋ | *kə.ˈluːŋ, *kə.ˈluəŋ |
| 107 | fire, firewood | *ʔuːɕ | *ʔuːɕ |
| 108 | rub, wipe (v.) | *(g)suːtˀ | *(gə.ˈ)suːtˀ |
| 109 | mother | *maʔ | *maʔ |
| 110 | house | *ɲaːˀ | *ɲaːˀ |
| 111 | scoop, bale (v.) | *saːcˀ | *saːcˀ |
| 112 | bean | *ɓaːj | *ɓaːj |
| 113 | sweet | *ŋaːm | *ŋaːm |
| 114 | strike with hand (v.) | *dah | *dah |
| 115 | snake | *bsaɲ | *bə.ˈsaɲ |
| 116 | block, cover (v.) | *dal | *dal |
| 117 | right (side) | *tam | *tam |
| 118 | pick, pluck (v.) | *lɛːh | *lɛːh |
| 119 | lick (v.) | *liəmˀ, *liːmˀ | *liəmˀ, *liːmˀ |
| 120 | elbow | *kiəŋ | *kiəŋ |
| 121 | blow, winnow (v.) | *ɟ<mr>iər | *ɟəm.ˈpiər |
| 122 | middle | *ɗiːˀ | *ɗiːˀ |
| 123 | go around, return (v.i.) | *wiːr | *wiːr |
| 124 | mushroom | *ptiːɕ | *pə.ˈtiːɕ |
| 125 | turmeric | *ʔrmiːtˀ | *ʔər.ˈmiːtˀ |
| 126 | red (ant) | *ksuːˀ | *kə.ˈsuːˀ |
| 127 | frog, toad | *ʔrɔkˀ | *ʔə.ˈrɔkˀ |
| 128 | post, pillar | *ɟraŋ, *ɟrɔŋ | *ɟə.ˈraŋ, *ɟə.ˈrɔŋ |
| 129 | lack, cease (v.) | *ʔətˀ | *ʔətˀ |
| 130 | penis | *lɔːcˀ, *loːcˀ | *lɔːcˀ, *loːcˀ |
| 131 | plant seed (v.) | *ɟ<m>ɔːlˀ | *ɟə.ˈmɔːlˀ |
| 132 | wasp, hornet | *ʔɔːŋ | *ʔɔːŋ |
| 133 | mosquito | *mɔːs | *mɔːs |
| 134 | finish, decrease (v.) | *hoːcˀ, *hɔːcˀ | *hoːcˀ, *hɔːcˀ |
| 135 | wade, swim (v.) | *loːjˀ, *lɔːjˀ | *loːjˀ, *lɔːjˀ |
| 136 | scatter, sprinkle (v.) | *roːj, *rɔːj | *roːj, *rɔːj |
| 137 | six | *truʔ, *pruʔ | *tə.ˈruʔ, *pə.ˈruʔ |
| 138 | whistle (v.) | *huəcˀ | *huəcˀ |
| 139 | knot (v.) | *kuətˀ | *kuətˀ |
| 140 | belly, stomach | *kɗɨlˀ | *kə.ˈɗɨlˀ |
| 141 | mound, hill | *b<n>ɨm | *bə.ˈnɨm |
| 142 | perch, stay overnight (v.) | *dɨm, *ɗam | *dɨm, *ɗam |
| 143 | bury (v.) | *tɨpˀ | *tɨpˀ |
| 144 | bow, nod (v.) | *ŋukˀ, *ŋɔkˀ | *ŋukˀ, *ŋɔkˀ |
| 145 | corpse, ghost | *g<m>uːcˀ | *gə.ˈmuːcˀ |
| 146 | sting (of ant) (v.) | *suːcˀ | *suːcˀ |
| 147 | ant | *s<m>uːcˀ | *sə.ˈmuːcˀ |
| 148 | leech (land type) | *plɨːm | *pə.ˈlɨːm |
| 149 | long | *ɟlɨːŋ, *ɟlɨŋ | *ɟə.ˈlɨːŋ, *ɟə.ˈlɨŋ |
| 150 | ripe (colored) | *C<n>ɗuːm | *Cən.ˈɗuːm |
| 151 | pull off/out (v.) | *rɨtˀ, *rətˀ | *ruːtˀ |
| 152 | locative | *ha | *ha |
| 153 | grandfather | *taːˀ | *taːˀ |
| 154 | uncle | *wa(ː)ʔ | *wa(ː)ʔ |
| 155 | father | *ɓa(ː)ʔ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ |
| 156 | paddy rice | *ɓa(ː)ʔ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ |
| 157 | span of hand (n., v.) | *cɗa(ː)ʔ | *cə.ˈɗa(ː)ʔ |
| 158 | tiger | *kla(ː)ʔ | *kə.ˈla(ː)ʔ |
| 159 | coals | *rŋa(ː)ʔ | *rə.ˈŋa(ː)ʔ |
| 160 | fig tree | *lwa(ː)ʔ | *lə.ˈwa(ː)ʔ |
| 161 | sprinkle, scatter, splash (v.) | *Craːcˀ | *Cə.ˈraːcˀ |
| 162 | scratch (v.) | *kaːcˀ | *kaːcˀ |
| 163 | tiger spirit | *rwaːjˀ | *rə.ˈwaːjˀ |
| 164 | hawk up phlegm (v.) | *khaːkˀ | *kə.ˈhaːkˀ |
| 165 | open, reveal (v.) | *laːkˀ | *laːkˀ |
| 166 | open, gape (v.) | *ʔaːŋ | *ʔaːŋ |
| 167 | daylight (n., v.) | *raːŋˀ | x? |
| 168 | comb (v.) | *gaːɕ | *gaːɕ |
| 169 | comb, harrow (v.) | *g<r>aːɕ | *gə.ˈraːɕ |
| 170 | comb (v.) | *caːɕ | *caːɕ |
| 171 | comb, scrape (v.) | *caːɕ | *cə.ˈraːɕ |
| 172 | mistake, miss (target) (v.) | *lacˀ, *p-lacˀ | *lacˀ, *pə.ˈlacˀ |
| 173 | flesh | *sacˀ | *sacˀ |
| 174 | cut off (v.) | *racˀ | *racˀ |
| 175 | star | *smʔaɲ, *smʔɨɲ | *səmˈʔaɲ, *səmˈʔɨɲ |
| 176 | carry on back/slung (v.) | *ɓakˀ | *ɓakˀ |
| 177 | trap (v.) | *ɗakˀ | *ɗakˀ |
| 178 | turn, return (v.i.) | *wal, *waːl | *wal, *waːl |
| 179 | boil (v.i.), simmer | *tam, *t<n>am | *tam, *tə.ˈnam |
| 180 | female | *kan | *kan |
| 181 | toast, roast (v.) | *ʔaŋ | *ʔaŋ |
| 182 | bite (v.) | *kapˀ | *kapˀ |
| 183 | pinch, grip (v.) | *tkapˀ | *tə.ˈkapˀ |
| 184 | attach (v.) | *capˀ | *capˀ |
| 185 | grass | *(kn)ɓatˀ | *(kən.ˈ)ɓatˀ |
| 186 | cut (v.) | *katˀ | *katˀ |
| 187 | moon | *khe(ː)ʔ | *kə.ˈhe(ː)ʔ |
| 188 | break off (v.t.) | *pɛːh | *pɛːh |
| 189 | left (side) | *weːˀ | *weːˀ |
| 190 | spread a mat (v.) | *beːl | *beːl |
| 191 | sky | *pleːŋ | *pə.ˈleːŋ |
| 192 | lie down, sleep (v.) | *tiəkˀ | *tiəkˀ |
| 193 | cucumber | *kiəl | *kiəl |
| 194 | chicken | *ʔiər | *ʔiər |
| 195 | fall (v.) | *C-lih | *Cə.ˈlih |
| 196 | sated | *bhiːʔ | *bə.ˈhiːˀ |
| 197 | sick, sickness | *ɟiːˀ | *ɟiːˀ |
| 198 | return, go back (v.) | *wiːŋ | *wiːŋ |
| 199 | cricket | *Criːtˀ | *Cə.ˈriːtˀ |
| 200 | smear on (v.) | *liːtˀ, *leːtˀ | *liːtˀ, *leːtˀ |
| 201 | bamboo tube/joint | *(k)ɗiŋ | *(kə.ˈ)ɗiŋ |
| 202 | younger sibling | *ɓoʔ | *ɓoʔ |
| 203 | carry on back | *ɓɔ(ː)ʔ | *ɓɔ(ː)ʔ |
| 204 | cut, chop (v.) | *kɔːh, *koːh | *kɔːh, *koːh |
| 205 | hit, slap (v.) | *pɔh | *pɔh |
| 206 | hook(ed), bent | *wɔkˀ | *wɔkˀ |
| 207 | fell (trees) (v.) | *kəl | *kəl |
| 208 | cover, shut (v.) | *tləpˀ | *tə.ˈləpˀ |
| 209 | seven | *pɔh, *pəɕ | *pɔh, *pəɕ |
| 210 | tree (trunk) | *Clɔːŋ | *Cə.ˈlɔːŋ |
| 211 | barking deer | *poːɕ, *puəɕ | *poːɕ, *puəɕ |
| 212 | porcupine | *ɟkəːɕ, *ɟkɨːɕ | *ɟə.ˈkəːɕ, *ɟə.ˈkɨːɕ |
| 213 | choke, vomit (?) (v.i.) | *ʔoːlˀ, *ʔuəlˀ | *ʔoːlˀ, *ʔuəlˀ |
| 214 | winnowing basket | *kɗoːŋ | *kə.ˈɗoːŋ |
| 215 | eat (v.) | *hoːpˀ | *hoːpˀ |
| 216 | ear | *Ctoːr | *Cə.ˈtoːr |
| 217 | rub, stroke (v.) | *poːtˀ, *pɔːtˀ | *poːtˀ, *pɔːtˀ |
| 218 | drink, suck (v.) | *ɲuʔ | *ɲuʔ |
| 219 | emerge (v.) | *muəkˀ, *mɔːkˀ | *muəkˀ, *mɔːkˀ |
| 220 | tie, bind (v.) | *bɨkˀ, *bokˀ | *bɨkˀ, *bokˀ |
| 221 | pull, pull out (v.) | *tɨkˀ | *tɨkˀ |
| 222 | hear (v.) | *cmVŋ | *cə.ˈmVŋ |
| 223 | dam, block (v.) | *dapˀ | *dapˀ |
| 224 | cover (v.) | *ɗɨpˀ | *ɗɨpˀ |
| 225 | round, roll (v.) | *lun, *lɔːn | *lun, *lɔːn |
| 226 | seize, catch (v.) | *rupˀ | *rupˀ |
| 227 | dirty | *kmuːˀ | *kə.ˈmuːˀ |
| 228 | lift (v.) | *jɨːkˀ | *jɨːkˀ |
| 229 | assemble (v.) | *ruːm | *ruːm |
| 230 | collection, accumulation | *tuːm | *tuːm |
| 231 | cover (v.) | *ɗuːpˀ | *ɗuːpˀ |
| 232 | bubble, froth (v.) | *ɓuːh, *ɓuːɕ | *ɓuːh, *ɓuːɕ |
| 233 | drink, sip (v.) | *huːtˀ | *huːtˀ |
| 234 | bee | *suːtˀ | *suːtˀ |
| 235 | termite | *ʔŋruːɲ | *ʔəŋ.ˈruːɲ |
| 236 | tail | *sntaʔ | *sən.ˈtaʔ |
| 237 | person | *m-raʔ | *ʔəm.ᵇraʔ |
| 238 | sand | *skaːcˀ | *sə.ˈkaːcˀ |
| 239 | scatter (v.) | *raːj | *raːj |
| 240 | cut (v.) | *Craːj | *Cə.ˈraːj |
| 241 | curled, twisted | *kraːɲ, *kraɲ | *kraːɲ, *kraɲ |
| 242 | split (v.) | *paːkˀ | *paːkˀ |
| 243 | walk, step (v.) | *Cwaːk | *Cə.ˈwaːk |
| 244 | peacock | *mraːkˀ | *mə.ˈraːkˀ |
| 245 | call out, shout (v.) | *raːkˀ | *raːkˀ |
| 246 | bow (n.) | *ʔaːkˀ | *ʔaːkˀ |
| 247 | clearing (for swidden) (n., v.) | *raːm, *rɨːm | *raːm, *rɨːm |
| 248 | molar tooth | *tʔaːm | *tə.ˈʔaːm |
| 249 | wide | *waːŋ | *waːŋ |
| 250 | call out (v.) | *kraːw | *kə.ˈraːw |
| 251 | sparrow, swift | *racˀ, *rəcˀ | *racˀ, *rəcˀ |
| 252 | break, sever (v.) | *tacˀ | *tacˀ |
| 253 | excrement | *ʔacˀ | *ʔacˀ |
| 254 | you (plural) | *pɛːʔ | *pɛːʔ |
| 255 | string, cord | *ksɛːʔ | *kə.ˈsɛːʔ |
| 256 | explode, strike (lightning) (v.) | *Ctah | *Cə.ˈtah |
| 257 | cold | *tkatˀ | *tə.ˈkatˀ |
| 258 | hang (v.) | *wakˀ | *wakˀ |
| 259 | brood, incubate (v.) | *Cʔnam, *Cʔnɨm | *Cəʔ.ˈnam, *Cəʔ.ˈnɨm |
| 260 | he/she/it | *ʔan | *ʔan |
| 261 | bamboo rat | *tkan | *tə.ˈkan |
| 262 | walling/fencing material | *Cdaŋ | *Cə.ˈdaŋ |
| 263 | thin | *staŋ | *sə.ˈtaŋ |
| 264 | joint, stem | *taŋ | *taŋ |
| 265 | layer (v.) | *tapˀ | *tapˀ |
| 266 | charcoal | *kʦaɕ, *kcah | *kə.ˈʦaɕ, *kə.ˈcah |
| 267 | whip (v.) | *Cmbatˀ | *Cəm.ˈbatˀ |
| 268 | dry up (v.) | *Cŋatˀ | *Cə.ˈŋatˀ |
| 269 | twist (v.) | *waɲˀ | *waɲˀ |
| 270 | tick (n.) | *tŋke(ː)ʔ | *təŋ.ˈke(ː)ʔ |
| 271 | turn (v.) | *wiəl | *wiəl |
| 272 | incline, slant (v.) | *ciəŋ, *ceːŋ | *ciəŋ, *ceːŋ |
| 273 | mouth, jaw | *miəŋˀ | *miəŋˀ |
| 274 | spread, extend (v.) | *ɗiər, *ɗiːr | *ɗiər, *ɗiːr |
| 275 | slip, smooth (v.) | *liər, *liːr | *liər, *liːr |
| 276 | go around, avoid (v.) | *wiər | *wiər |
| 277 | wring (v.) | *wiətˀ | *wiətˀ |
| 278 | tighten, cram (v.) | *criətˀ | *cə.ˈriətˀ |
| 279 | this person | *ʔiːˀ | *ʔiːˀ |
| 280 | turn, spin (v.) | *wiːˀ | *wiːˀ |
| 281 | nerve, sinew, vein | *ʔrsiːˀ, *ʔrseːˀ | *ʔər.ˈsiːˀ, *ʔər.ˈseːˀ |
| 282 | old | *Criːm | *Cə.ˈriːm |
| 283 | full | *biŋ, *biːŋ | *biŋ, *biːŋ |
| 284 | neck | *kɔːˀ | *kɔːˀ |
| 285 | this | *nɔʔ | *nɔʔ |
| 286 | penis | *lɔːˀ | *lɔːˀ |
| 287 | hit (v.), coincide (v.) | *trɔ(ː)ʔ | *tə.ˈrɔ(ː)ʔ |
| 288 | chop, hoe (v.) | *ɓɔkˀ | *ɓɔkˀ |
| 289 | belch (v.) | *Cʔə(ː)ʔ | *Cə.ˈʔə(ː)ʔ |
| 290 | wave, shake (v.) | *wekˀ, *wɔkˀ, *wakˀ | *wekˀ, *wɔkˀ, *wakˀ |
| 291 | stump, trunk | *Cŋəl | *Cə.ˈŋəl |
| 292 | wink, blink (v.) | *ɲəpˀ | *ɲəpˀ |
| 293 | belly | *poŋ, *poːŋ | *poŋ, *poːŋ |
| 294 | swell, inflate (v., adj.) | *poŋ, *poːŋ | *poŋ, *poːŋ |
| 295 | swallow, gulp (v.) | *ŋɔːcˀ | *ŋɔːcˀ |
| 296 | drink (v.) | *ʔɔːkˀ | *ʔɔːkˀ |
| 297 | assemble, unite (v.) | *rɔːm | *rɔːm |
| 298 | tail | *ɗɔːŋ | *ɗɔːŋ |
| 299 | path, road | *glɔːŋ | *gə.ˈlɔːŋ |
| 300 | immerse, drown (v.i.) | *lɔːŋ | *lɔːŋ |
| 301 | watch (v.) | *rɔːŋ | *rɔːŋ |
| 302 | millet | *skɔːj | *sə.ˈkɔːj |
| 303 | slip (off, down) (v.) | *loːcˀ, *luːcˀ | *loːcˀ, *luːcˀ |
| 304 | bend head back (v.) | *ŋəːkˀ | *ŋəːkˀ |
| 305 | scrape, shave (v.) | *koːr, *kɔːr | *koːr, *kɔːr |
| 306 | wrinkled, shrivelled | *ɲuːtˀ | *ɲuːtˀ |
| 307 | fern | *ʦuːɲ | *ʦuːɲ |
| 308 | scrape, shave (v.) | *kuəɕ | *kuəɕ |
| 309 | winnow, fan (v.) | *pɨkˀ | *pɨkˀ |
| 310 | thick | *Cɓɨl | *Cə.ˈɓɨl |
| 311 | hole, cavity | *bɨŋ, *boŋ | *bɨŋ, *boŋ |
| 312 | stand (v.) | *ʄɨŋ | *ʄɨŋ |
| 313 | horn | *krɨŋ | *kə.ˈrɨŋ |
| 314 | thunder | *gɨr | *gɨr |
| 315 | thin, lean | *rgɨj | *rə.ˈgɨj |
| 316 | young, youngster | *kɲum, *kɲɔːm | *kə.ˈɲum, *kə.ˈɲɔːm |
| 317 | gather, associate (v.) | *kom | *kom |
| 318 | eel | *ʔnduŋ | *ʔən.ˈduŋ |
| 319 | evening, dark | *jupˀ | *jupˀ |
| 320 | rest (v.) | *rluːˀ | *rə.ˈluːˀ |
| 321 | sit (v.) | *kɔ(ː)ʔ, *ku(ː)ʔ | *kɔ(ː)ʔ, *ku(ː)ʔ |
| 322 | hill, mountain | *bruʔ | *bə.ˈruʔ |
| 323 | tree, wood | *ɟɕɨːˀ, *ɟɕeːˀ | *ɟə.ɕɨːˀ, *ɟə.ɕeːˀ |
| 324 | creeper, vine | *ɟmɨːˀ | *ɟə.ˈmɨːˀ |
| 325 | dust | *buːh | *buːh |
| 326 | knee | *Ckuːl | *Cə.ˈkuːl |
| 327 | hold in mouth (v.) | *ɓuːm | *ɓuːm |
| 328 | warm | *ʔuːr, *ʔoːr | *ʔuːr, *ʔoːr |
| 329 | descend (v.) | *ɟuːr | *ɟuːr |
| 330 | loose, lax | *thuːr | *tə.ˈhuːr |
| 331 | scrape (v.) | *kruːɕ | *kə.ˈruːɕ |
| 332 | enter (v.) | *muːtˀ | *muːtˀ |
| 333 | fight (v.) | *tma(ː)ʔ | *tə.ˈma(ː)ʔ |
| 334 | scratch (w. claws/nail) (v.) | *kwaːcˀ | *kə.ˈwaːcˀ |
| 335 | ask (v.) | *smaːɲ | *sə.ˈmaːɲ |
| 336 | we two | *ʔaːj | *ʔaːj |
| 337 | tear, split (v.) | *haːkˀ | *haːkˀ |
| 338 | eight | *tNɕaːm | *təN.ɕaːm |
| 339 | extend (v.) | *laːm | *laːm |
| 340 | throw (v.) | *gwaːŋ | *gə.ˈwaːŋ |
| 341 | possess (v.) | *maːŋ | *maːŋ |
| 342 | open (v.), opening | *paːŋ | *paːŋ |
| 343 | cold | *Cŋaːr, *ŋar | *Cə.ˈŋaːr, *ŋar |
| 344 | spread flat (v.) | *laːtˀ | *laːtˀ |
| 345 | penis, scrotum | *klaːw | *kə.ˈlaːw |
| 346 | twist (v.) | *wacˀ | *wacˀ |
| 347 | mosquito | *(s/c)macˀ | *(s/c)ə.ˈmacˀ |
| 348 | pierce, chisel (v.) | *cacˀ | *cacˀ |
| 349 | crack open/apart (v.) | *dacˀ, *ɗacˀ | *dacˀ, *ɗacˀ |
| 350 | pinch, pluck (v.) | *kɗacˀ | *kə.ˈɗacˀ |
| 351 | remember (v.) | *kah | *kah |
| 352 | fat, oil | *klaɲ, *kləɲ | *kə.ˈlaɲ, *kə.ˈləɲ |
| 353 | hiccough (v.) | *cʔakˀ | *cə.ˈʔakˀ |
| 354 | break, split (v.) | *pakˀ | *pakˀ |
| 355 | stab (v.) | *cakˀ (*ʦakˀ ?) | *cakˀ (*ʦakˀ ?) |
| 356 | hold in mouth (v.) | *ɓam | *ɓam |
| 357 | wind, coil (v.) | *wan | *wan |
| 358 | hole in natural environment | *ɟraŋ | *ɟə.ˈraŋ |
| 359 | male (animal) | *kwaŋ | *kə.ˈwaŋ |
| 360 | cover (v.) | *ɗapˀ | *ɗapˀ |
| 361 | pinch, grip (v.) | *gapˀ | *gapˀ |
| 362 | fasten (v.) | *kapˀ | *kapˀ |
| 363 | fit, suffice (v.) | *gapˀ | *gapˀ |
| 364 | seize, catch (v.) | *capˀ | *capˀ |
| 365 | civet | *car | *car |
| 366 | thunder(bolt) | *taɕ | *taɕ |
| 367 | grasp (v.) | *ɓatˀ | *ɓatˀ |
| 368 | pierce, insert | *catˀ | *catˀ |
| 369 | strike, beat (v.) | *ɗatˀ | *ɗatˀ |
| 370 | snap, sever (v.) | *tatˀ | *tatˀ |
| 371 | penis | *kle(ː)ʔ | *kə.ˈle(ː)ʔ |
| 372 | look at (v.t.) | *meːl | *meːl |
| 373 | trample, tread (v.) | *leːn, *liːn | *leːn, *liːn |
| 374 | dark | *ŋetˀ | *ŋetˀ |
| 375 | we (incl.) | *hiːˀ, *hɛːˀ | *hiːˀ, *hɛːˀ |
| 376 | good | *liəm | *liəm |
| 377 | form a row (v.) | *riəŋ | *riəŋ |
| 378 | taut, stretch (v.) | *tiəŋ | *tiəŋ |
| 379 | go around, avoid (v.) | *wiəŋ | *wiəŋ |
| 380 | wing, fin | *s<n>iəŋ | *sə.ˈniəŋ |
| 381 | tighten, squeeze (v.) | *riətˀ | *riətˀ |
| 382 | excrement | *ʔicˀ | *ʔicˀ |
| 383 | evil, unlucky | *criːˀ | *cə.ˈriːˀ |
| 384 | individual/whole | *ɗiːˀ | *ɗiːˀ |
| 385 | self, reflexive | *ɗiːˀ, *ɗeːˀ | *ɗiːˀ, *ɗeːˀ |
| 386 | round | *wiːl | *wiːl |
| 387 | rotate (v.) | *wir | *wir |
| 388 | dry | *rɔʔ | *rɔʔ |
| 389 | peck, pierce (v.) | *cɔh | *cɔh |
| 390 | what | *mɔh | *mɔh |
| 391 | this | *nɔh | *nɔh |
| 392 | hook (v.) | *ɓɔkˀ, *ɓuəkˀ | *ɓɔkˀ, *ɓuəkˀ |
| 393 | stab, pierce (v.) | *cɔkˀ | *cɔkˀ |
| 394 | claw (v.) | *kwɔkˀ | *kə.ˈwɔkˀ |
| 395 | take (v.) | *ʔjɔkˀ | *ʔə.ˈjɔkˀ |
| 396 | prick, pierce (v.) | *cɔkˀ | *cɔkˀ |
| 397 | stop, stay (v.) | *də(ː)ʔ | *də(ː)ʔ |
| 398 | open (v.) | *pəh | *pəh |
| 399 | civet | *cɔŋ, *cəŋ | *cɔŋ, *cəŋ |
| 400 | stem, trunk | *təŋ | *təŋ |
| 401 | occasion, moment | *kəpˀ | *kəpˀ |
| 402 | inhale, sniff (v.) | *hətˀ | *hətˀ |
| 403 | extinguish (v., adj.) | *lətˀ | *lətˀ |
| 404 | full | *bəɲ | *bəɲ |
| 405 | twist (v.) | *wəɲ | *wəɲ |
| 406 | flower (n., v.) | *poh | *poh |
| 407 | pound (v.) | *ɓokˀ | *ɓokˀ |
| 408 | black | *Cjoŋ | *Cə.ˈjoŋ |
| 409 | bend (v.) | *koŋ | *koŋ |
| 410 | hole in the ground | *tloŋ | *tə.ˈloŋ |
| 411 | overflow, pour, drip (v.) | *roacˀ | *roacˀ |
| 412 | choke on (v.) | *khɔːkˀ | *kə.ˈhɔːkˀ |
| 413 | support, prop (v.) | *dɔːl | *dɔːl |
| 414 | carry on head (v.) | *dɔːl, *duəl | *dɔːl, *duəl |
| 415 | crawl, creep (v.) | *lɔːr, *loːr | *lɔːr, *loːr |
| 416 | fall, drip (v.) | *ɟɔːtˀ | *ɟɔːtˀ |
| 417 | mouth, tooth | *mɔːɲ | *mɔːɲ |
| 418 | prop (up) (v.) | *kəːl, *kɨːl | *kəːl, *kɨːl |
| 419 | fin | *cəːr | *cəːr |
| 420 | swallow (v.) | *kləːtˀ | *kə.ˈləːtˀ |
| 421 | scatter, sprinkle (v.) | *rəːj | *rəːj |
| 422 | cheek, jaw | *tmo(ː)kˀ | *tə.ˈmo(ː)kˀ |
| 423 | hill, mound | *doːl, *duəl | *doːl, *duəl |
| 424 | angle (n.), bend (v.) | *koːn | *koːn |
| 425 | red | *roːŋ | *roːŋ |
| 426 | lips | *toːr, *doːr | *toːr, *doːr |
| 427 | wart | *tɔːtˀ | *tɔːtˀ |
| 428 | follow, accompany | *toːj | *toːj |
| 429 | rot (v.) | *pʔuːs | *pə.ˈʔuːs |
| 430 | sever, break (v.) | *puətˀ, *poːtˀ | *puətˀ, *poːtˀ |
| 431 | cloud | *rmɨl | *rə.ˈmɨl |
| 432 | plant, sow (v.) | *tɨːl | *tɨːl |
| 433 | warm | *cʔɨmˀ | *cə.ˈʔɨmˀ |
| 434 | rotate, spin (v.) | *Cleːŋ | *Cə.ˈleːŋ |
| 435 | much, many | *glɨŋ | *gə.ˈlɨŋ |
| 436 | cover (v.) | *Crɨpˀ | *Cə.ˈrɨpˀ |
| 437 | put on, wear (v.) | *sɨpˀ | *sɨpˀ |
| 438 | shake (v.i.) | *jɨr | *jɨr |
| 439 | alive, raw | *rɨɕ | *rɨɕ |
| 440 | cut (v.) | *gɨtˀ | *gɨtˀ |
| 441 | loosen, untie (v.) | *luh | *luh |
| 442 | beak | *cɓɔh, *cɓuːˀ | *cə.ˈɓɔh, *cə.ˈɓuːˀ |
| 443 | hole | *luŋ | *luŋ |
| 444 | fall, drop (v.) | *ruŋˀ | *ruŋˀ |
| 445 | burn (v.tr.) | *tuːtˀ | *tuːtˀ |
| 446 | thatch grass | *spuːˀ, *spɔːˀ | *sə.ˈpuːˀ, *sə.ˈpɔːˀ |
| 447 | paddy rice | *srɔ(ː)ʔ | *sə.ˈrɔ(ː)ʔ |
| 448 | burn (v.tr.) | *guːcˀ | *guːcˀ |
| 449 | ribs, flank | *trɨːkˀ | *tə.ˈrɨːkˀ |
| 450 | scoop up, root up (v.) | *tɨːkˀ | *tɨːkˀ |
| 451 | home, clan territory | *ɗuːŋ | *ɗuːŋ |
| 452 | poke, pierce (v.) | *cuːkˀ | *cuːkˀ |
| 453 | nest | *Csuːm | *Cə.ˈsuːm |
| 454 | give, offer (v.) | *ʄuːn, *ʄoːn | *ʄuːn, *ʄoːn |
| 455 | bunch, cluster | *buːŋˀ | *buːŋˀ |
| 456 | window | *puːŋ, *poaŋ | *puːŋ, *poaŋ |
| 457 | fear (v.) | *tuːŋ, *tuəŋ | *tuːŋ, *tuəŋ |
| 458 | fall (v.) | *guːr | *guːr |
| 459 | push in/through (v.) | *luːr | *luːr |
| 460 | heart | *nuːɕ, *nɔːɕ | *nuːɕ, *nɔːɕ |
| 461 | cut short (v.) | *gutˀ | *gutˀ |
| 462 | blow (on, through) (v.) | *puːtˀ, *pəːtˀ | *puːtˀ, *pəːtˀ |
| 463 | tooth | *muɲ, *məɲ | *muɲ, *məɲ |
| 464 | flower | *bka(ː)ʔ | *bə.ˈka(ː)ʔ |
| 465 | step (v.) | *tpaːkˀ | *tə.ˈpaːkˀ |
| 466 | scratch (w. claws/nail) (v.) | *kwaːtˀ | *kə.ˈwaːtˀ |
| 467 | fire | *ŋal | *ŋal |
| 468 | carry on shoulder (v.) | *klam | *kə.ˈlam |
| 469 | egg | *ktam | *kə.ˈtam |
| 470 | shut (v.) | *caŋ | *caŋ |
| 471 | ear; hear (v.) | *taŋ, *təŋ | *taŋ, *təŋ |
| 472 | turtle | *kapˀ | *kapˀ |
| 473 | rainbow | *briəŋ | *bə.ˈᵈriəŋ |
| 474 | liver | *gre(ː)ɕ | *gə.ˈre(ː)ɕ |
| 475 | small | *kɗiətˀ | *kə.ˈɗiətˀ |
| 476 | flow (v.) | *Cliːŋ | *Cə.ˈliːŋ |
| 477 | rub, stroke (v.) | *biːtˀ | *biːtˀ |
| 478 | grind (grain) (v.) | *griːtˀ | *gə.ˈriːtˀ |
| 479 | fat, grease | *lʔɔːɕ | *lə.ˈʔɔːɕ |
| 480 | burn, ignite (v.) | *cɔŋ | *cɔŋ |
| 481 | wing | *prəcˀ | *pə.ˈrəcˀ |
| 482 | have in mouth (v.) | *ɓəm | *ɓəm |
| 483 | suck (v.) | *ɲɔːkˀ | *ɲɔːkˀ |
| 484 | spill (v.) | *lɔːkˀ | *lɔːkˀ |
| 485 | egg | *pnləːŋˀ | *pən.ˈləːŋˀ |
| 486 | head | *ɓoːkˀ | *ɓoːkˀ |
| 487 | shadow | *smoːl | *sə.ˈmoːl |
| 488 | dangle, swing (v.) | *ɗoːj | *ɗoːj |
| 489 | gather up (v.) | *cotˀ | *cotˀ |
| 490 | copulate (v.) | *tuəkˀ | *tuəkˀ |
| 491 | spit (v.) | *ɓəcˀ, *ɓɛːcˀ | *ɓəcˀ, *ɓɛːcˀ |
| 492 | cook (v.) | *ɗɨŋ, *ɗuŋ | *ɗɨŋ, *ɗuŋ |
| 493 | emit smell (v.) | *sʔɨr | *sə.ˈʔɨr |
| 494 | pull (v.) | *tɨtˀ | *tɨtˀ |
| 495 | sick | *cuːˀ | *cuːˀ |
| 496 | worm | *tɟuːˀ, *tɟoːˀ | *tə.ˈɟuːˀ, *tə.ˈɟoːˀ |
| 497 | eat (v.) | *cuːm | *cuːm |
| 498 | keep, put (v.) | *ʔuːn | *ʔuːn |
| 499 | suck, drink (v.) | *sruːpˀ | *sə.ˈruːpˀ |
| 500 | skin (n.) | *huːr | *huːr |
Sidwell & Rau (2015)
editThe following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015:340-363), and correspond to the 100-item Swadesh list.
Comparisons
editComparison of Proto-Austroasiatic with lower-level reconstructions, all of which are by Sidwell & Rau (2015), except for Proto-Mon-Khmer (Shorto 2006):
| No. | Gloss | p-Austroasiatic | p-Munda | p-Khasian | p-Palaungic | p-Khmuic | p-Vietic | p-Katuic | p-Bahnaric | p-Khmeric | p-Pearic | p-Monic | p-Aslian | Nancowry | #Shorto (2006) p-Mon-Khmer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | all | *klɔʔ ‘all’; *tum ‘all’ | - | *-rɔɁ | *hac | *l(o/ɔ)ːc | - | - | - | *grɔp | *ʔɨːs | (OM klɔʔ, tøm) | - | ki, ri, tum | #198 *klɔʔ ‘all’; #1344 *t1um ‘collection, accumulation’ |
| 2 | ashes | *bɔh, *buːh ‘ashes’ | - | *tpǝj | - | *bɔh | *p-lɔː, *ɓuːɲ | *ɲɛ(ː)ʔ | *buːh | *pheːh | *bɔh | *ptiŋ | - | - | #2034 *buh/*buːh/*buəh ‘ash, powdery dust’ |
| 3 | bark (of tree) | *-pɔːk ‘bark’ | - | *sneːʔ | *klɔʔ | *-pɔːk, *c(-)lɔʔ | *-pɔh, *k-ɗoːk | *ʔndrɔh, *ʔnɗɔh | *hmɔːk | *smpɔːk | *tkɔːˀ | *cŋkuar | *kətɯːʔ | - | #466 *sɔːk ‘to peel’; #1568 *cnkuər; *(c)nka(ː)r ‘integument’ |
| 4 | belly | *buŋ ‘belly’; *kluŋ ‘middle’; *wiəŋ ‘belly’ | **(sə)laɟ | *-pɔʔ | *kɗəl, *kluŋ | *poːŋ | *buŋˀ, *p-loːŋˀ | *buŋ | *klaːk | *buŋ | *guŋ | *bu(ː)ŋ | *ʔɛc | wiaŋ | #624 *buŋ[ ]; *buːŋʔ ‘belly’; #735 *kluːŋ; *[k]luəŋ ‘middle, belly’; #776 *rwiə(ŋ) ‘stomach, intestines’ |
| 5 | big | - | **məraŋ | *heʔ | *ɗiŋ, *ɗaːŋ | - | *roːŋˀ | *krɨs, *griːh | *tih | *luoŋ ~*ruoŋ | *tak | *ɟnɔːk | - | karuʔ | #569 *(d)a(i)ŋ; *(d)iːŋ; *(d)əːŋ ‘large’; #1996 *t1ih ‘large’ |
| 6 | bird | *ciːm, *ceːm ‘bird’ | - | *ksim | *ciːm | *ciːm | *-ciːm, *ʔoːˀ | *ceːm | *ceː₂m | - | *ciːˀm | *kɲciam | *cɛːm | sicua | #1324 *cim; *ciːm; *ciəm; *caim; *cum ‘bird’ |
| 7 | to bite | *kap ‘to bite’; *kat ‘to bite’ | **kaˀp | *kap, *kʰat; *kiːt | *gak | *kɛːt, *krəc | *g/kamˀ, *kaːt | *kap | *kap | *tkiːr~*tkɛːr; *kat | *tap | *kɯt | *kap | kap; (kat Car) | #1231 *kap; *kaːp ‘to bite’; #964 *giːt; *giət ‘to bite, to itch, scratch’; #957 *kiːt; *kiət; *kət ‘to bite, to itch’ |
| 8 | black | - | **kE(n)dE | *jɔŋ | *jam, *laŋ | *siəŋ | - | *koːm, *kajoŋ, *kajuaŋ | *ʔɲoːŋ | *kmaw | *caˀŋ | *lcɔk; (OM dəmjɯŋ) | - | ʔul | #653 *djuŋ; *djuːŋ ‘black, dark’; #654 *sjuəŋ ‘black’; #140 *kmuːʔ; *kmuəʔ; *kməʔ ‘dirty’ |
| 9 | blood | *saːm ‘to bleed’; *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm ‘to bleed’ | **məjam | *snaːm | *snaːm | *maː₁m | *ʔa-saːmˀ, *t-muːˀ | *ʔahaːm | *bhaːm | *ɟhaːm | *pNhaːm | *chim | *mahaːm | wa | #1430 *ɟhaːm; *ɟhiːm ‘blood’ |
| 10 | bone | *cʔaːŋ ‘bone’ | **ɟaːˀŋ | *cʔɛːŋ | *c(n)ʔaːŋ | *ɟʔaː₁ŋ | *tʃ-ʔaːŋ, tʃɨəŋ | *ʔŋhaːŋ | *kʦɨːŋ | *cʔəŋ | *klɔːŋ | *ɟ(l)uːt | *ɟəʔaːŋ | kasuʔ | #488 *cʔaːŋ; *cʔaiŋ; *cʔi[ ]ŋ ‘bone’ |
| 11 | breast | *toːh ‘breast’ | - | *buɲ, *-buː | *tuːs | - | - | *toh | *toh | *tɔh | *j̊ɔk, *tuh | *tɔh | - | tuah | #1999 *t1ɔh ‘breast’ |
| 12 | to burn (vt.) | *coːh ‘to ignite’; *tɔːt, *tuːt ‘to ignite’; *guːc ‘to burn’ | **gEˀp | *tʰaŋ | *guːc | *haʔ, *pɔːk | *kuːm | *ceh, *kaːt, *-rɔh | *caːw, *coh | *tut, *ʔus | *pɔːs, *tuːt | *tuːr | *tɔːt, *coːm | cal, suah | #544 *t1aŋ ‘to roast, bake’; #549 *t1uːŋ ‘to light’; #805 *guc; *guːc ‘to burn’; #1004 *t1ut; *t1uːt to light’; #1984 *cuh; *cuəh ‘to kindle, blow into flame’ |
| 13 | claw/nail | *-rsiːm ‘finger-nail’ | **rəmAj | *trsim | *rnsiːm | *tnmɔːŋ | *k-toːŋ, *kr-sam | *knrias | *krʔniəh | *krcɔːk | *ktraːˀs | *(c/s)nliam | *cə(n)ruas | kisuah | #1422 *lsiːm; *sliəm ‘finger-nail’; #1874 *knʔiəs ‘nail, claw’ |
| 14 | cloud | *rməl ‘cloud’; *ʔuːt ‘cloud(y)’ | **tərIˀp | *lʔɔʔ, *lnpɛm | *pʔəːm, *ʔuːt | *ʔa₁p | *k-məl | *lmɨl, *taluk | *rməl, *ʦuk | *-(b/w)ɔːk | *juːr | - | - | mifãja | #277a *lʔɔk; *lʔɔːk ‘cloudy, opaque’; #945 *ʔut; *ʔuːt ‘cloud’; #1305 *[m]ʔəːm ‘cloud’; #1811 *[ ]mhuəl; *[ ]mhəl ‘cloud’ |
| 15 | cold | *tkat ‘cold’; *ŋi(ə)t ‘cold’ | **raŋ | *kɟam | *l̥aːŋ, *kat | *tkat, *ŋar, *ŋiər | *k-naːc, *mɛːlʔ, *t-maːc | *cŋiat, *kɔːk | *ŋiːt, *tkat | *rŋaː(r) | *saˀc | *tkat | *səŋɛc | hoaŋ | #1589a *[r]ŋar; *rŋa[ar] ‘cold’; #962 *tkat; *tkiət; *tkuət ‘cold’; #976 *cŋiːt; *cŋiət; *cŋait ‘cold’ |
| 16 | to come/arrive | *truh ‘to arrive’ | - | *laːr, *wan | *truh, *ʔiŋ | *wa₁l | *laːjˀ | *təʔ/*tək | *bɨh | *mɔːk | *jip | *(c/t-)loːŋ | - | sua, dak | #2079 *t1luːh; *t1ləh ‘to come, arrive’ |
| 17 | die (of a person) | *kceːt ‘to die’ | **gOˀj | *jap | *jam | *saː₁n | *k-ceːt | *kceːt | *ceː₃t | *slap | *hoːc | *kcət | *kəbɨs | kapah | #987 *kc[ə]t to die’; #1218 *haːn to die’; #1266a *yap; *yaːp to die, be extinguished’ |
| 18 | dog | *cɔːʔ ‘dog’ | **sOˀt | *ksəw | *cɔʔ | *cɔʔ | *ʔa-cɔːʔ | *ʔacɔː | *cɔː | *cɔː, *ckɛː | *cɔː | *clur | *cuəʔ | ʔam | #41 *cɔʔ ‘dog’ |
| 19 | to drink (water) | *ʔuək ‘to drink’; *hoːc ‘to suck, drink’ | **uˀt, **uˀk | *diʔ | *r̥uːp, *tiəŋ | - | *ʔɔːŋˀ, *ɲuːˀ | *ŋɔːc | *hoːc, *hu(ː)c | *phik | *taːˀl | *soːŋ | - | top | #63 *ɲuːʔ ‘to suck up, drink’; #268 *ʔuək ‘to drink’; #780 *suːŋ ‘to suck, drink’; #1106 *hut; *huːt; *huət; *huc; *huːc; *huəc ‘to suck, drink’ |
| 20 | dry (adj./stat.) | *raɲ ‘dry’ | **(ə)sAr | *raw, *r(n)kʰəːŋ | *cʔɔɲ, *hɔŋ | *-ras, *raɲ | *kʰoː | *sʔəːt, *ʔŋgɔh | *raɲ, *rɔː | *praŋ | *bah, *jeːˀs | *ckas | *tiːl | jəh | #160 *rɔʔ; *rɔs, *srɔs ‘dry’; #493 *[b]ʔoːŋ; *[b]hoːŋ ‘dry’; #913 *raɲ ‘dry’; #1970 *ckəh ‘dry’; #2086 *s[ɔ]h; *səh ‘dry’ |
| 21 | ear | *-toːr ‘ear’ | **lutur, **luˀt | *ckoːr | *hjoːk | *-toːr | *saːj | *ktoːr | *pɨt, *toːr | *(t/c)rciək | *prlaːŋ | *ktuar | *ʔəntaŋ | naŋ | #319 *tr(-)t1iək ‘ear’; #555 *kt1əŋ; *kt1aŋ ‘to hear’; #1621 *kt2uːr; *kt2uər ‘ear’ |
| 22 | earth/soil | *tiʔ ‘earth’ | **ʔOte | *kteʔ | *kteʔ | *pte₁ʔ | *tət | *ktiak | *t(n)ɛh | *tiː | *teːˀ | *tiːʔ | *[ʔa]tiɛʔ | du | #64 *t1iʔ; *t1ih; *t1iəh ‘earth, ground’ |
| 23 | to eat | *caːʔ ‘to eat’ | **ɟOm | *saː, *baːm, *baːŋ | *caːʔ, *cɔːm, *haːp | *caː | *ʔan | *caː | *caː | *cie | *caː | *caːʔ | *caːʔ | ŋok | #8 *caʔ ‘to eat’ |
| 24 | egg | *p(n)ləːŋ ‘egg’; *-tap ‘egg’; *ktam ‘egg’ | **(ə)tAˀp | *pnlǝŋ | *(k)tam | *kʔloŋ | *k-ləːŋˀ, *t-luːrˀ | *tarial | *ktap | - | *tuŋ | (OM təmˀaj) | *pənlɯːŋ | hujaʔ | #751 *pləŋ[ ]; *pləːŋʔ ‘egg’; #1253 *[k]t1ap ‘egg’; #1348a *kt1əm ‘egg’ |
| 25 | eye | *mat ‘eye’ | **maˀt | *-mat | *ʔŋaːj | *mat | *mat | *mat | *mat | *pnɛːk | *mat | *mat | *mat | mat | #1045 *mat ‘eye’ |
| 26 | fat/grease/oil | *pri(ə)ŋ ‘fat, oil’; *klaɲ ‘fat, oil’ | **sunum | *kʰlɛɲ, *lɁɔt | *lʔəːs, *priəŋ | *kləɲ | *məh | *ʔnsɛːŋ | *p(n)riːŋ | *klaɲ | *pɨːs | *kliŋ | - | tãc | #702 *priiŋ; *priəŋ; *pru[ə]ŋ ‘oil, fat’; #928 *kləɲ ‘oil, fat, grease’; #1879 *lʔus ‘fat, grease’ |
| 27 | feather | - | **bəlEˀt | *-nɛːr | *suk | *-soːk, *ksuːl | *-loːŋ, *-suk | *sok | *sɔk | *slaːp | *suk | *(s/c)niəŋ, *sɔːk | *sɔːk | pujol | #1291 *slaːp ‘wing’ |
| 28 | fire | *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs ‘fire’ | **səŋal | *smɛn, *diŋ | *ŋal | *ʔoːs | *g/kuːs | *ʔuːs | *ʔuɲ, *ʔuːs | *ʔus | *pliːw | *(k/p)[ ]mat | *ʔɔːs | camal | #1872 *[ ]ʔus ‘fire’ |
| 29 | fish (n.) | *kaʔ ‘fish’ | **ka, **kadO(ŋ) | *kʰaː | *kaʔ | *kaʔ | *ʔa-kaːˀ | *ʔakaː | *kaː | *triː | *meːˀl | *kaːʔ | *kaːʔ | ka | #16 *kaʔ ‘fish’ |
| 30 | fly (v.) | *par ‘to fly’; *həːr ‘to fly’ | **pEr | *hɛːr | *pər, *sjuːl | *paːr | *pər | *par | *par | *həːr | *hɨːr | *par | - | hɛh | #1633 *par ‘to fly’; #1683 *hər; *həːr ‘to fly’; #1783 *sjuːl; *sjuəl ‘to fly through the air’ |
| 31 | foot | *ɟəːŋ ‘foot, leg’ | **ɟəːˀŋ | *kɟat | *ɟəːŋ | *ɟə(ː)ŋ | *ɟiːŋ, *ciɲ | *ʄɨɨŋ | *ɟəːŋ, *ɟɨŋ | *ɟəːŋ | *ɟɨŋ | *ɟuŋ | *ɟuŋ | lah | #538(I) *ɟuŋ; *ɟuəŋ; *ɟəŋ; *ɟəːŋ ‘foot, leg’ |
| 32 | full (vessel) | *biːŋ; *beːɲ ‘full’ | - | *dap | *nək, *ktam | *biŋ | *ɓ-lam | *bəɲ, *ɓiːŋ | *ɓeː₄ɲ | *beːɲ | *bɔːŋ | *piŋ | *təbiŋ | pus | #907 *dpəɲ; *[d]pu[ə]ŋ; *tbiɲ; *tbiːɲ; *tbiəɲ; *tbəɲ ‘full’ |
| 33 | give | *ʔam ‘to give’; *ʔa(ː)n ‘to give’; *ʔVːj ‘to give’ | **ʔam | *ʔaːj | *ɗɛh | *ʔan | - | *ʔoːn, *ɗɔŋ | *ʔam, *ʔaːn | ʔoːj | *ʔɨs | *kul | *ʔuək | kuam | #1119 *ʔun; *ʔuːn; *ʔuən; *ʔan; *ʔaːn ‘to give’; #1434 *ʔaːjh ‘to give’ |
| 34 | good | *ləʔ, *lʔɔʔ ‘good’ | - | *miat | *ləʔ, *-lɔk, *rak, *-rVːm | *liəm | *-hawˀ | *liam, *ʔɔː | *liəm | lʔɔː | toːˀn | *thiːc | *bəʔet | hõc | #193 *ləʔ ‘good’; #443 *[d1]lak ‘good’; #1401 *liəm ‘good’ |
| 35 | green | *kciʔ ‘young, green’; *-ŋaːr ‘green’ | - | *ŋaːr, *ɟrŋam | *sŋaːl, *ɲ(ɛ/iə)r | *ɟŋaːr | - | *(t)moŋ | - | *kciː | *weːt | - | - | ɲau | #47 *kciʔ ‘young, green’; #1559b *tʔiːr; *tʔər ‘blue, green’; #1585 *jŋaːr *jŋ[ɔː]r ‘green’ |
| 36 | hair (of head) | *suk, *sɔːk ‘hair’ | **suˀk | *suɁ, *sɲuɁ | *suk | *glə/iʔ | *-suk | *sok | *sɔk | *suk | *suk | *sɔːk | *sɔːk | jeh | #467 *suk; *suːk; *suək; *sək ‘hair’ |
| 37 | hand | *tiːʔ ‘hand, arm’ | **tiːˀ | *ktiː | *tiːʔ | *tiʔ | *siː | *ʔatiː | *tiː | *təj | *tiː | *təj | - | taj | #66 *t1iːʔ ‘hand, arm’ |
| 39 | to hear/listen | *ktəŋ ‘to hear’; *rməŋ ‘to hear’; *saŋ ‘to hear’ | **ajɔm | *bnaː, *sɲiaw | *ʔŋar, *m̥əŋ | *hmɲɛŋ | *saːj | *s(ə/a)ŋ | *-təŋ, *tmɨŋ | *stap | *saŋ | *grmɯŋ | *kəjɔŋ | jaŋ | #555 *kt1əŋ; *kt1aŋ ‘to hear’; #646 *rməŋ ‘to hear’; #649 *kj[ə]ŋ ‘to hear’; #1586 *[t1]ŋər ‘to listen, hear’ |
| 40 | heart | *(p)nɔːs ‘heart’; *ris ‘liver’ | **(gə)rE, **ʔim | *noːt, *klɔŋ-snaːm | *nɔːs | *srɲuːm | *seːmʔ, *toːŋ, *ɲiːm | *-cial | *nɔːs, *nuːs | *klim | - | *gris | - | tow | #1912 *puːs; *puəs ‘heart’; #1924 *ris; *riːs ‘liver’ |
| 41 | horn | *draŋ ‘horn’; *krəŋ ‘horn’ | **dəraŋ | *reŋ | *krəŋ | *ɟnra₁ŋ | *k-rəŋ, *t-kɔːj | *(ʔa)kiː, *tŋkɔːj | *ʔəkɛː | *sneːŋ | *soːc, *sroːc | *draŋ | - | hintop | #21 *tnkeʔ ‘horn’; #699 *d2raŋ ‘horn’ |
| 42 | I | *ʔaɲ ‘I’ | **(n)iɲ | *ʔɔː, *ŋaː | *ʔ(o/u)ʔ | *ʔaɲ | *soː | *kɨɨ, *kəw, *ʔŋkɔʔ | *ʔaj, *ʔaɲ, *ʔɨɲ | *ʔaɲ | *ʔiɲ | *ʔ(w)əj | *jɛːʔ | cɯa | #2 *ʔiːʔ ‘person’ |
| 43 | to kill | *krceːt ‘to die’ | **(bə)ɡOˀɟ | *pnjap | *pjam | - | *k-ə-ceːt | *kɲceːt | *kceː₃t | *psiət, *smlap | *pNhoːc | *k-r-cət | - | fah | #987 *kc(ə)t ‘to die’ |
| 44 | knee | *-kuːl ‘knee’ | - | *-suː | *groːŋ, *taːŋ | *knuːn | *t-kuːlˀ | *trkoːl | *-kuːl, *kruŋ, *krəŋ | - | *-nuːl, *mkuːr | *kɓɔŋ | *kərual | kɔj-kanɔŋ | #486 *kʔɔŋ ‘knee’; #543a *t2a(ː)ŋ ‘knee’; #1706 *[ ]kuːl ‘knee’ |
| 45 | know | *naŋ ‘to know’ | - | *naŋ, *tiːp | *nap, *sɔŋ, *ŋaːn | - | - | *cɔːm | - | *cih, *sgal | *kah | *liap, *tɯm | - | kah | #592 *[ ]n1[əː]ŋ ‘to know’; #1716 *ɟgal ‘to recognize’; #1973 *dk[a]h ‘to remember’ |
| 46 | leaf | *slaʔ ‘leaf’ | **Olaːˀ | *slaː | *l̥aʔ | *hlaʔ, *c(-)lɔʔ | *s-laːˀ | *salaː | *slaː | *slik | *-laːˀ | *slaːʔ | *səlaːʔ | raj | #230 *slaʔ ‘leaf’ |
| 47 | to lie (down) | *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; *ɓic ‘to lie down, sleep’ | **gətiˀc | *dɛm | - | - | - | *ɓic | *kuj, *ɓic | *tiek | *bic | *taŋ | - | tiak | #305 *tiːk; *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; #797 *ɓic; *ɓiəc ‘to lie down, sleep’ |
| 48 | liver | *kləːm ‘liver’; *ris ‘liver’ | **(ga)rE, **ʔim | *noːt | *ktɔːm | *lɔːm | *lɔːm | *lɔːm | *kləːm | *tləːm | *lɔːm | *gris | *[gə]rɛːs | ʔati | #1411 *t1ləːm; *t1luəm ‘liver’; #1924 *ris; *riːs ‘liver’ |
| 49 | long | *ɟroŋ, *ɟrɔŋ ‘high, long’; *ɟləːŋ, *ɟliːŋ ‘long’ | **ɟəlƏŋ | *ɟrɔŋ | *laŋ, *han | *loːŋ | *-joːn, *jaːr | *kajɨːŋ | *ɟəro(ː)ŋ | *wɛːŋ | *goŋ | *ɟliːŋ | - | caliŋ | #537 *ɟ[o]ŋ; *ɟ(oː)ŋ ‘long, high’; #690 *ɟruŋ; *ɟruːŋ; *ɟruəŋ; *ɟrəŋ ‘high, long’; #740 *ɟliːŋ; *ɟla(i)ŋ ‘long’ |
| 50 | louse (head) | *ciːʔ ‘louse’ | **siːˀ | *ksiː | *ciʔ | *ceʔ | *ciːˀ | *ʔɲcəj | *ciː | *ciː | *ciː | *caj | *cɛ(ː)ʔ | sej | #39 *ciːʔ ‘louse’ |
| 51 | man/husband | - | **kOrOˀ | *cnraŋ | *-mən | *-brɔʔ, *gle₁ʔ | *ʔoːŋ, *p-ʄoːŋ | *-law, *ʔndruːs, *kajaːk, *kajɨək | *(t/k)nəw | *ɟmoːl | *(c/k)lɔːŋ | *maːŋ | *kə(n)siːr | koɲ | #1859 *t1l(ə)w(ʔ) ‘male’; #692 *t2nraːŋ ‘man, male’ |
| 52 | many | *gləŋ ‘much, many’ | - | *boːn | *həŋ | - | - | *klɨŋ | - | - | *lɔː | *gləŋ | - | - | #737 *gluŋ; *gl(i)ŋ ‘much, many’ |
| 53 | meat/flesh | *sac ‘flesh’ | **ɟəlU(Uˀ) | *dɔʔ, *mim | *-neʔ, *jaŋ | *sac, *ʔah | *k-ɲuk, *ʔa-mɔːŋ, *-siːt, *k-hɛːk | *sac | *sac | *sac | *pɔːm, *ɟuːc | *c-w-aːʔ | - | ʔæha | #871 *sac ‘edible substance, fruit, meat’; #1956 *ʔah ‘flesh, meat’ |
| 54 | moon | *khaj ‘moon’ | **harkE, **aŋaj | *bnəj | *kheʔ, *kiər | *kiʔ | *p-lɔːŋ, *b-laŋ | *ksaj | *khaj | *khɛː | *kaːŋ | *kntuːʔ | *gəcɛːʔ | kahe | #1542 *khəjʔ ‘moon’ |
| 55 | mountain/hill | *bruːʔ ‘hill, mountain’; *bnəm ‘hill’; *du(ə)l ‘hill’; *-mɔl ‘mountain’ | **bəru(uˀ) | *loːm, *pdeŋ | *gɔːŋ, *mɔl, *pnəm, *puk, *raŋ, *ɗər | *muːl | *b-ruːˀ, *doːl | *ɓruː, *koh | *bnɨm, *gəw | *bnɔm; *duol | *nɔːŋ | (OM dəɗɔc, døl) | *bənɨ(ː)m | henjuan | #182 *bruːʔ ‘hill’; #1369 *bn2uːm; *bn2əm ‘hill’; #1626 *(d)(o)r ‘hill’; #1738 *bt1ul; *bt1uːl; *bt1uəl ‘swelling, mound, hill’; #1741 *dul (& *duəl?) ‘hill’; #1775 *[ɟ]m[ɔ]l ‘mountain’ |
| 56 | mouth | *paːŋ ‘mouth, opening’; *mɔːɲ ‘mouth’; *smuər ‘nose, beak’ | **təmOˀt | *lmɔr, *kteːn | *mɔːɲ, *tuːɲ | *miəŋ, *tnoːs | *kaːŋˀ, *mɛːŋˀ, *-moːm | *kaːŋ | *smuər, *ɓər | *mat | *(c)kaː | *paːŋ | - | ʔanap; ʔualfaŋ | #605 *paːŋ ‘mouth, opening’; #911 *miɲ[ ]; *miəɲʔ; *muːɲ[ ]; *muəɲ[ ] ‘mouth’; #1001 *t1ət ‘mouth’; #1655 *smuər ‘nose, beak’; #2020 *t1n1ɔh ‘mouth’ |
| 57 | name | *-məh ‘name’ | **ɲUm | *prtuːc | *muːs | *-məh | - | *prnɨh, *-rmɨh | *cnəʔ | *ɟmɔh | - | (OM cəmùʔ) | - | liaŋ | #147 *[hj]muʔ ‘name’ |
| 58 | neck | *kɔʔ ‘neck’; *-kɔːŋ ‘nape’; *-lɔːŋ ‘throat’ | **kO, **gOˀk | *rdaŋ | *koːk, *kɔ(ː)ŋ | *kɔːk | *koh, *kɛːl, *t-giːˀ | *tkɔːŋ | *-l(n)ɔŋ, *kɔːʔ | *kɔː | *kɔːk | *kɔːʔ | *ləŋɛ(ː)ʔ | ʔuŋloŋa | #17 *kɔʔ; (*kɔʔkɔʔ >) *kɔ(ː)k ‘neck’; #505 *tk(ɔː)ŋ’ (nape of) neck’; #744 *t1luŋ; *t1luːŋ; *t1luəŋ ‘throat’ |
| 59 | new | *tmiːʔ ‘new’ | **təmI | *tʰmaːj | *tmeʔ | *-meʔ | *ɓəːjˀ | *tmɛː | *ʔnaːw | *tmiː | *blaː | *t[ ]miːʔ | *[s]paːj | tijəh | #144 *t1miʔ ‘new’ |
| 60 | night | *cəːm ‘night’; *-tam ‘night’ | **(m)ədiˀp | *məːt | *cəːm, *m̥əːʔ | - | *teːm | *s(n)ɗa(ː)w | *-maŋ | *jɔp | *klɛːˀŋ | *prtam | - | ram; (hatam Car) | #264 *m[h][ɯə]ʔ; *m[h][ɯə]h ‘evening, night’; #1328 *[c][ɯə]m ‘night’; #1352 *btɔm ‘night’ |
| 61 | nose | *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs ‘nose’ | **muːˀ | *kʰmut | *muːs, *kɗəʔ | *m(u/ɔ)h | *muːs | *moh | *muh | *crmuh | *-toːt, *mu(ː)s | *(cə)-mɔh | *mɔːh | muah | #2045 *muh; *muːh; *muːs ‘nose’ |
| 62 | not | *ʔət ‘used up, lacking’; *ʔam ‘not’ | **əˀt | *ʔəm, *tɔʔ | *ʔaŋ | - | - | *ʔən, *ʔɨːn | *paʔ | *ʔət~*ʔɔt~*ʔit | *ʔih | (OM kah, kə) | - | hat | #943 *ʔət; *ʔəːt; *[ʔ]it ‘used up, finished, lacking’; #1118 *ʔɔn ‘ small in quantity’; #1297 *ʔam ‘not’ |
| 63 | one | *diʔ ‘one’; *muəj, *moːj ‘one’ | **mOOˀj | *-wiː, *ciː | *muːj, *moːh, *diʔ | *moːj | *moːc | *muoj | *muəj | *muoj | *moːˀj | *mwaj | *[m/n]uaj | hĩan | #86 *ɗiːʔ; *ɗiːs; *ɗuːʔ; *ɗuːl ‘one’; #1495 *muːj; *muəj; *muːɲ ‘one’ |
| 64 | person/human | *ʔiːʔ ‘person’; *mraʔ ‘person’ | **kOrOˀ | *bruː | *ɓiʔ, *ʔiʔ, *ʔuʔ | *k-muʔ, *kmraʔ | *-riː, *ɗeː | *bnuːs, *kuːj | *bŋaːj | *ʔnak | *kɟɨm | *mnus | *səmaːʔ | pajuh | #2 *ʔiːʔ ‘person’; #60 *ɲaʔ; *ɲah ‘person’; #139 *k[n]muʔ ‘person, human being’; #183 *mraʔ ‘person’; #1455 *[m]ŋaːj ‘person, human being’ |
| 65 | rain | *gmaʔ ‘rain’; *briːʔ ‘sky, rain’ | **gəma | *slap | *sᵊlɛʔ, *ɟuŋ | *kmaʔ | *k-maː | *maː, *tɨŋ, *ɓɔː | *ʔmɨː | *pliəŋ | *gmaːˀ | *brəj | *ləsəm | mih | #127 *miʔ; *mih; *miːw ‘rain, to rain’; #141 *gmaʔ ‘rain’; #180 *briːʔ ‘sky, rain’; #539 *juːŋ ‘rain, to rain’ |
| 66 | red | *-saw ‘red’ | **ɟəŋAˀt | *saːw | *roːŋ | *-rVɲ, *thuəɲ | *tɔh, *koːl | *broːŋ, *ksəw | *ɓroːŋ | *krhɔːm | *ŋar | (OM bərket) | - | ʔak | #688 *[ɟ]rɔːŋ ‘red’; #788 *[t]huːŋ; *thuːɲ’ red’; #1977a *guːh ‘red’; #1865 *ks[aw]ʔ ‘red’ |
| 67 | road, path | *kraʔ ‘road, way’; *ɗeːŋ, *ɗiəŋ ‘road, way’; *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ ‘road, way’; *glɔːŋ ‘road, way’ | **kOrA | *lntiː | *kraʔ, *ɗeːŋ | *gruəŋ | *k-raːˀ | *krnaː | *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ | *gnlɔːŋ | *kraː | *trəw, *glɔːŋ | *noːŋ | kaji | #162 *kraʔ ‘road, way’; #590 *rɗiŋ; *rɗiəŋ ‘road, track’; #698 *truːŋ; *truəŋ ‘path, road’; #736 *glɔːŋ ‘path, road’ |
| 68 | root (of a tree) | *riəs ‘root’ | **rEˀt | *traːj, *tʰəːt | *riəs | *riəs | *k-riɛs | *rias | *riəh | *ris | *reːs | *ris | *rʔiɛs ~ ʔriɛs | jiah | #1927 *ris; *riəs; *rəs; *rʔiəs ‘root’ |
| 69 | round (object) | *wi(ə)l ‘round’ | - | *pnlun | *ʔmər | - | - | - | *(t)wil, *pɔːm | *wiel, *rwiəl, *rwɔŋ | *moːl | - | - | tual | #1201a *luːn; *luən ‘round, to roll’; #1653 *m[ ]uːr; *m[ ]ər ‘to roll up’; #1794 *wil; *wiːl; *wiəl(ʔ); *wəl; *wal; *wail ‘to turn’ |
| 70 | sand | *ksa(ː)c ‘sand’ | **kEˀt | *cʔiap | *smaːc | *kaːc | *t-kaːc, *-rɛh | *skaɲ, *cuah | *braːs | *ksac | *(g)laːŋ | *p-m-tɯl | - | jaja | #874 *ksac; *ksaːc ‘sand’; #1737 *bnt1iːl ‘sand’ |
| 71 | see | *jɔl ‘to see’ | **(n)El | *pɛc, *Ɂjiː | *jɔ(ː)t, *jəːʔ | - | *ɗaːm | *taloːj | *saw, *ʦaw | *jɔl, *ghəːɲ | *daŋ | *maj | *daŋ | hew | #158 *[s]jəːʔ; *[s]ʔəːj ‘to see’; #1696 *jɔl, *ʔɔl ‘to see’ |
| 73 | sit | *ŋgu(ː)j ‘to sit down’; *-kuːʔ ‘to sit, stay’ | **kO | *cɔŋ, *skəw | *moːk, *ɗeʔ | *jəːm | *ŋuːj | *tkuː | *ʔwaj | guj | *kɨl | - | - | kɯ̃ʔ | #283 *[ ]guk ‘to sit, remain, dwell’; #1448 *ŋguj ‘to sit down’; #1818 *tkaw[ʔ] ‘to sit, stay’ |
| 74 | skin | *huːr ‘skin’ | **usal | *sneːʔ | *n̥aːm, *huːr | *-puːr | *-taː, *k-roːt | *ʔŋkar | *ʔəkaːr | *spɛːk | *-loːˀ | *cnaːm | *kətɯːʔ | ʔok | #1370 *cn1aːm ‘skin’; #1568 *cnkuər; *[c]nka[a]r ‘integument’; #1687 *huːr ‘skin’; #1825 *kt(aw]ʔ ‘skin’ |
| 75 | sleep | *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; *ɓic ‘to lie down, sleep’ | **gətiˀc | *tʰiaʔ | *ʔiət | *cih | - | *ɓic | *kuj, *ɓic | *tiːk | *bic | *cŋkuj, *dəm, | *tiɛk | tiak | #305 *tiːk; *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; #797 *ɓic; *ɓiəc to lie down, sleep’ |
| 76 | small | *dit, *kɗi(ə)t ‘small’ | - | *-dit, *rit | *knɗiət, *ɓac | *ɲɛʔ | *ɗiːt | *kɛ(ː)t | *-dɛʔ | *tic, *cmaːr | *kic | - | *kanɛ(ː)t | ric, pẽc | #59 *ɲ(eː)ʔ ‘small’; #1016 *kɗit; *kɗiːt; *kɗiət ‘small’ |
| 77 | smoke (n.) | *ptoʔ | **mOˀk | *tdɛm | *təːʔ | *ptoʔ | *ɗuːp, *k-hɔːjˀ | *g(rn/ə)jɨək | *ʔɲuːj | (?*psɛːɲ) | *kmaː⁽ˀ⁾s | *jak | - | fus | #1828 *pt1(əw)ʔ ‘smoke’ |
| 78 | to speak, say | *ŋaːj ‘to speak’ | **sun, **gam, **kaj | *ʔɔŋ, *krɛn | *law, *rʔ(m)aːh, *ŋɛʔ | - | *coːlˀ | *paːj | *-nɔh | *srtiː | *ɲaːj | (OM gah) | *ca(ː)l | ʔujola | #1425 *hom ‘to speak’; #1457 *(s)ŋəːj ‘to speak’; #1964 *rʔah ‘to say, speak’ |
| 79 | to stand | *dək ‘to stand up’; *ɟə(ː)ŋ, *ɟuːŋ ‘to stand’; *taːw ‘to stand’ | **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə | *jəŋ | *ɟəːŋ | *dək | *təŋˀ | *tʄɨŋ, *tjɨŋ, *juor | *-jɔːŋ, *-juːŋ, *taːw, *dɨk | *ɟhɔːr | *taːl | *taːw | - | siak | #332 *(ɗ)ək ‘to stand up, to go up’; #538(Iː) *ɟəŋ; *ɟiŋ; *ɟiːŋ; *ɟuːŋ ‘to stand’; #1824 *taːw ‘to stand’ |
| 80 | star | *s(ʔ)maɲ ‘star’ | - | *smaɲ, *kʰloːr | *sʔməɲ, *krlaːŋ | *sməɲ | *k-raːw, *k-ɓeː | *bntuor, *smaɲ | *s(n)lɔŋ, *smaɲ | *pkaːj | *ksɨm | *s( )maɲ | - | maleca | #888 *smʔaɲ ‘star’ |
| 81 | stone | *tmɔʔ | **bərƏl, **sərEŋ | *smaːw | *cmoʔ, *rʔaːŋ | *glaː₁ŋ | *l-taːˀ, *b-ruːˀ | *tməw | *tməw | *tmɔː | *tmoːˀ | *tmɔːʔ | *təmɔʔ | maŋɛʔ | #146 *t2mɔʔ ‘stone’ |
| 82 | sun | *tŋiːʔ ‘sun, day’ | **siŋi(iˀ) | *sŋiː | *sŋiːʔ | *cŋi/eʔ | - | *ʔmɓaːŋ | *mat-tŋaj | *tŋaj | *(t/s)ŋiːˀ | *tŋaj | - | hɛŋ | #31 *t2ŋiːʔ ‘sun, day’ |
| 83 | to swim | *loːj ‘to swim, wade’ | - | *ɟnpaː, *ɟŋiː | *l̥oːj; *ŋɔj | *luːj | - | *loːj, *poh | *rɛː | *hɛːl(?) | *heːl | *ɓiːŋ | - | kical | #1456 *(l)ŋuj ‘to swim’; #1516 *lujʔ; *luːj[ ]; *luəj[ ]; *ləːj[ ] ‘to wade, to swim’ |
| 84 | tail | *sntaʔ ‘tail’; *-dɔːŋ ‘stalk, tail’ | **pata | *tdɔŋ, *-tʰaː | *-taʔ | *hntaʔ, *dɔːŋ | *d/tɔːj | *sɔːj | *tiəŋ | - | *paːs | *prtaːʔ | *sə[n]taːʔ | ret | #73 *bt1aʔ; *st1aʔ ‘tail’; #542 *t1iə(ŋ) ‘tail’; #585 *t1ɗɔːŋ ‘stalk, tail’ |
| 85 | that (dist.) | *tiːʔ ‘that (dist.)’; *tɔʔ ‘that (med.)’ | **han | *taj | *ʔeʔ, *tVj | *niʔ | - | *kiː, *ʔntih | *tɔʔ, *tɔː | *nɔh | *dan | *tɛːʔ | - | ʔane | #65 *t1iʔ; *t1iːʔ; *t1iəʔ ‘that yonder’; #66a *tɔʔ ‘that, there’; #1466 *t1uːj; *t1uəj; *t1aːj ‘that (yonder)’ |
| 86 | this (prox.) | *gi(ː)ʔ ‘3rd person’; *niʔ; * neʔ ‘this (prox.)’; *nɔ(ː)ʔ ‘this; here’ | **En | *niː | *gəːʔ, *niʔ, *ʔǝ(h) | *giː, *ʔeːʔ | *-niː | *neʔ, *neː | *nɛʔ, *nɛː | *nih | *ʔan | *-nɔːʔ | - | ne, nine | #26 *ge(ː)ʔ ‘deictic & 3 pronoun’; #91 *niʔ; *nih ‘this’; #92 *nɔʔ; *nɔh ‘this’ |
| 87 | thou/you | *miːʔ ‘you (sing.)’ | **(n)Am | *meː | *miːʔ | *ʔmɔː | *miː | *maj | *maj, *ʔih, *ʔaj | - | *boː | *beh | *heːʔ | me | #128 *mi(ː)ʔ; *miːh ‘you (sing.)’ |
| 88 | tongue | *lntaːk ‘tongue’ | **laːˀŋ | *tnleːc | *-taːk | *hntaːk, *lat | *laːs | *ʔntaːk | *lpiət | *ʔntaːt | *ktaːˀk | *klntaːk | *ləntaːk | kalitak | #320 *nt1aːk, *l(n)t1aːk ‘tongue’ |
| 89 | tooth | *lmVɲ ‘tooth’; *sraŋ ‘tooth’; *p(i)əŋ ‘tooth’ | **gənE | *lmɛɲ | *r̥aːŋ, *kaɲ, *piəŋ | *sraː₁ŋ | *k-saŋ | *knɛːŋ | *p(ɨ/ə)ŋ | - | *koːj | *ŋiak | *ləmoːɲ | kanap | #597 *gnaiŋ; *gniəŋ ‘tusk, eye-tooth’; #709 *sraŋ; *sra[a]ŋ ‘tooth, sharp projection’ |
| 90 | tree | *ɟhuːʔ, *ɟhiːʔ ‘tree, wood’; *tnəːm ‘trunk, stem, tree’ | **ɟiːˀ | *dɛːŋ | *khoʔ, *kseʔ | *cʔɔːŋ | *gawˀ, *g/kəl, *k-caːŋˀ | *ʔalɔːŋ | *ʔlɔːŋ | *ɟhəː | *neːˀm | *chuːʔ | *ɟəhuːʔ | ʔuɲiha | #254 *ɟhoːʔ; *ɟhəːʔ; *ɟheːʔ ‘tree, wood’; #491 *t2ʔɔːŋ ‘tree, wood’; #1343 *t2əm; *t2əːm; *t2am ‘plant, to grow; to begin’ |
| 91 | two | *ɓaːr ‘two’ | **baːˀr | *ʔaːr | *lʔaːr | *baːr | *haːr | *ɓaːr | *ɓaːr | *bier | *baːˀr | *ɓaːr | - | ʔã | #1562 *ɓaːr ‘two’ |
| 92 | to walk, go | **sEn | *diʔ | *həl, *leh | - | *d/tiː | *snɗaːw, *cɗɨaw | *ceː₃w | *təːr | *ceːw | *ʔa(ː)r | *ciːp | soŋ | #462 *swa(ː)k ‘to walk, travel’; #1202 *luən; *lən ‘to go, proceed’; #1821 *cəw ‘to come, go, to return’ | |
| 93 | warm/hot | *toʔ ‘hot’; *taɲ ‘hot’; *(s)ʔ(a/ə)m ‘warm’ | - | *sɁaːc, *cit | *cʔəm, *kVc | *waːr, *pɔːk | *p-ruŋˀ, *p-ɗ/ruŋˀ | *ʔatoʔ, *s(a/ŋ)ʔam | *toʔ | *ktaw | *tuːˀ | *k-m-taw | *bɨt | taɲ; haʔuaj | #70 *ktuːʔ ‘hot.; #897 *t1aɲ ‘hot’; #1307 *(s)ʔəm; *(s)ʔəːm; *(s)ʔuːm; *(s)ʔuəm; *[ ]həm ‘warm’ |
| 94 | water | *ɗaːk ‘water’ | **daːˀk | *ʔum | *ʔoːm | *ʔom | *ɗaːk | *ɗaːk, *ɗəːk | *ɗaːk | *tɨk | *daːk | *ɗaːk | *b[ə]teːw | riak | #274 *ɗaːk ‘water’; #1298 *ʔ(o)m ‘water’ |
| 95 | we (excl.) | *ʔiːʔ ‘we (incl.); *ʔjeːʔ ‘we (excl.)’ (*ʄeːʔ ?) | - | *ʔiː | *ʔjeʔ | *jiʔ | - | - | (*ʔjɨː ?) | - | *hɛːŋ | *pəj/*pw(ə)j | *ɟeːʔ | he | #1 *ʔiʔ; *hiʔ ‘we’; #150 *j(eː)ʔ ‘we’ |
| 96 | what? | *məh ‘what’ | - | - | *məh, *mVʔ | - | - | *ʔaməh | - | - | *cmpiːˀj | *(ɟ-)moːʔ | - | cin, cja, ka | #136 *m(o)ʔ; *m(o)h ‘what’ |
| 97 | white | *ɓɔːk ‘white’; *-lɔːk ‘white’ | - | *leːʔ | *blɔːk, *kraːʔ, *-koʔ | *klɔːk | *baːk, *t-lɔːk | *ɓɔːk | *(ɓ/b)ɔːk | *skuː; *sɔː | *broːŋ, *pruːs | (OM bətaiŋ) | *bəj[oː]k | tĩah | 116 *kboːʔ ‘white’; 369a *kɓɔːk ‘white, grey’; 436 *kl(uə)k ‘white’ |
| 98 | who? | *mVh ‘who’ | - | *m̥ɛh | *-moh | *ʔeː | *ŋaːj | *buː | - | *ʔmih | (OM mə) | - | ci | 110 *bu(ː)ʔ ‘individual’ | |
| 99 | woman/wife | *kan ‘woman, female’; *k(-)duər ‘wife’ | **selA, **kəni | *kntʰaj | *-pən, *knjaʔ | *ka₁n | *muːˀ, *p-keːˀ, *-bəːˀ | *kan, *ʔnɗil, *kɗial, *k(m)paj | *ʔəkan | *knsaj, *kntaj | *kɨn | *braw; (OM *kndɔr ‘wife’) | *kəndah; (Semelai kdor ‘female’) | kan | 1126 *kan; *kaːn ‘woman, female’; 1163 *pən ‘female’; 1628 *kdɔːr, *kdar ‘woman, wife’ |
| 100 | yellow | *-ŋaːr ‘yellow’ | **saŋsaŋ | *lmit, *stɛm | *rmiːt | *ɟŋaːr | *-ʔɛːlˀ | *raːk | *dreː₂ŋ | - | *joːˀs | - | - | ŋə | 1052 *rmit; *rmiːt; *rmiət ‘Curcuma species; yellow’ |
See also
editReferences
edit- Sidwell, Paul (2024) “500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0”, in Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society[1], volume 17, number 1, pages i–xxxiii
- Sidwell, Paul, Rau, Felix (2015) “Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview”, in The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages[2], Leiden: Brill, , pages 221-363