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長

See also: 长
長 U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577
← 镶
[U+9576] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 →
[U+9578]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Alternative formsEdit

  • 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 168 長

長 (radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

ChineseEdit

trad. 長
simp. 长

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 長
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
 
Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
張 *taŋ, *taŋs
餦 *taŋ
粻 *taŋ
漲 *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長 *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹 *taŋs
痮 *taŋs
帳 *taŋs
賬 *taŋs
倀 *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚 *tʰaŋ
鋹 *tʰaŋʔ
悵 *tʰaŋs
韔 *tʰaŋs
萇 *daŋ
瓺 *daŋ, *daŋs
棖 *rdaːŋ
掁 *rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

EtymologyEdit

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1Edit

Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    Note:
    • deng5 - colloquial;
    • ciang5 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 長 (長短)
    Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
    /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
    Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
    Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
    Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
    /t͡suə¹³/
    Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
    Suzhou /zã¹³/
    Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
    /tŋ̍³⁵/
    /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /touŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɔŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
    /tɯŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /siaŋ³¹/
    /ʔdo³¹/
    Rime
    Character 長
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 直良切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡiɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡiaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		cháng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 長
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		cháng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ drjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
    English long (adj.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 長
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 1276
    Phonetic
    component         		長
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		長
    Old
    Chinese         		/*daŋ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    長

    1. long (of distance)
      長征 / 长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
    2. length
      全長 / 全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
    3. long (in space); far; distant
    4. long (of time); lasting
    5. everlasting; permanent
    6. constantly; frequently
      ⇒ 常
    7. straight; perfectly straight
    8. upright; right; good; fine
    9. strength; advantage; merit
    10. skill; specialism
    11. to excel in
    12. A surname​.

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 長

    Pronunciation 2Edit

    Note:
    • tióng/tiáng - literary;
    • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
    • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
    Note:
    • ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
    • dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 長
    Reading # 2/3
    Initial (聲) 知 (9)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 知丈切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʈɨɐŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈiɐŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȶiɑŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈɨaŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȶiaŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȶĭaŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȶi̯aŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhǎng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 長
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhǎng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ trjangX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*traŋʔ/
    English grow; elder

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 長
    Reading # 1/3
    No. 1263
    Phonetic
    component         		長
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		長
    Old
    Chinese         		/*taŋʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    長

    1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
      長大 / 长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old
    2. (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
    3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
    4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
      ⇒ 漲
    5. to nourish
    6. old (of age)
      年長 / 年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
    7. senior; elder
      兄長 / 兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
    8. leader; master; chief; head
    9. eldest; oldest

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 長

    Pronunciation 3Edit

    Rime
    Character 長
    Reading # 3/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 直亮切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨɐŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖiɐŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡiɑŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖɨaŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡiaŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭaŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯aŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhàng
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 長
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 1280
    Phonetic
    component         		長
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		仗
    Old
    Chinese         		/*daŋs/

    DefinitionsEdit

    長

    1. (archaic) length; measure of length
      ⇒ 丈
    2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
      今旦飯長野儕。 [Min Dong, trad.]
      今旦饭长野侪。 [Min Dong, simp.]
      Gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
      There is a lot of leftover food today.

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 長

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    長

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. long, lengthy
    2. long time
    3. growing, increasing
    4. excellent, great
    5. comfortable, relaxing
    6. elder, old, senior
    7. chief, head, leader
    8. Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    ちょう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    /tɨau/ → /t͡sɨau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

    From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ, ʈɨɐŋX, ɖɨɐŋH).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    長 (hiragana ちょう, rōmaji chō, historical hiragana ちやう)

    1. chief, head, leader
      班 (はん)長 (ちょう)
      han chō
      the group leader
    2. strong point
      長 (ちょう　)を伸 (　の)ばす
      chō o nobasu
      enrich a strong point
      Antonym: 短 (tan)
    3. (music) major
      Antonym: 短 (tan)

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana ちょう, rōmaji Chō, historical hiragana ちやう)

    1. a surname

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    おさ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /wosa/ → /osa/

    From Old Japanese.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    長 (hiragana おさ, rōmaji osa, historical hiragana をさ)

    1. chief, head, leader
      Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
    Derived termsEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana おさ, rōmaji Osa, historical hiragana をさ)

    1. a place name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    なが
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.

    Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

    PronunciationEdit

    Alternative formsEdit

    PrefixEdit

    長 (hiragana なが, rōmaji naga-)

    1. long
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana なが, rōmaji Naga)

    1. a surname

    Etymology 4Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    つかさ
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    From Old Japanese.

    Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) +‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    PronunciationEdit

    Alternative formsEdit

    NounEdit

    長 (hiragana つかさ, rōmaji tsukasa)

    1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
    2. an official
    3. government service

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana つかさ, rōmaji Tsukasa)

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    Etymology 5Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    たき
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    ⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/

      This entry lacks etymological information. If you are familiar with the origin of this term, please add it to the page per etymology instructions. You can also discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.

    PronunciationEdit

    • (Irregular reading)

    Alternative formsEdit

    NounEdit

    長 (hiragana たき, rōmaji taki)

    1. height

    Etymology 6Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    たけ
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    ⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/

    Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

    PronunciationEdit

    Alternative formsEdit

    NounEdit

    長 (hiragana たけ, rōmaji take)

    1. height

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana たけ, rōmaji Take)

    1. a surname​.

    Etymology 7Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    たける
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana たける, rōmaji Takeru)

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    Etymology 8Edit

    Kanji in this term
    長
    ひさし
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    From Old Japanese.

    Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

    Proper nounEdit

    長 (hiragana ひさし, rōmaji Hisashi)

    1. a surname
    2. a male or female given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    長 • (jang)

    • Eumhun:
      • Sound (hangeul): 장 (McCune–Reischauer: chang, Yale: cang)
      • Name (hangeul): 길다 (revised: gilda, McCune–Reischauer: kilda, Yale: kilta)
    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    VietnameseEdit

    CharacterEdit

    ReadingsEdit

    長: Hán Việt readings: trường, tràng, trưởng

    ReferencesEdit

    • Nom Foundation
    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
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