長

See also: 长 and 튽

長	U+9577, 長 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577

← 镶
[U+9576]

CJK Unified Ideographs

镸 →
[U+9578]

⾧	U+2FA7, ⾧ KANGXI RADICAL LONG

← ⾦
[U+2FA6]

Kangxi Radicals

⾨ →
[U+2FA8]

⻑	U+2ED1, ⻑ CJK RADICAL LONG ONE

← ⻐
[U+2ED0]

CJK Radicals Supplement

⻒ →
[U+2ED2]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Stroke order

Alternative formsEdit

镸 (when used as a radical)

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 168 長

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 7173₂, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived charactersEdit

Appendix:Chinese radical/長
倀, 𫪛, 㙊, 𪥽, 帳, 張, 悵, 掁, 涱, 𤟔, 𪯹, 棖, 𤊞, 𪺑, 脹, 𭀫, 𤬅, 𤲘, 𥇔, 䂻, 𬔡, 𧛇, 粻, 𦁢, 䗅, 𢐘, 䛫, 賬(𧹔), 䠆, 躼, 𮝙, 𮡙, 鋹, 𬼓, 䩨, 韔, 餦, 𮪉, 𩳤, 𩸕, 𮦳
𬪆, 𡘷, 萇, 㷃, 𥮲, 𩭨, 鼚, 𪠍, 痮, 𦹥

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1328, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
Unihan data for U+9577

ChineseEdit

trad.		長
simp.		长

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 長
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
張	taŋ, taŋs
餦	*taŋ
粻	*taŋ
漲	taŋ, taŋʔ, *taŋs
長	taŋʔ, daŋ, *daŋs
脹	*taŋs
痮	*taŋs
帳	*taŋs
賬	*taŋs
倀	tʰaŋ, rtaːŋs
鼚	*tʰaŋ
鋹	*tʰaŋʔ
悵	*tʰaŋs
韔	*tʰaŋs
萇	*daŋ
瓺	daŋ, daŋs
棖	*rdaːŋ
掁	*rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

EtymologyEdit

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): cháng (chang²)

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ

(Chengdu, SP): cang²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чон (čon, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): coeng⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ciang³
Gan (Wiktionary): cong²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhòng

(Meixian, Guangdong): cong²
Jin (Wiktionary): con¹
Min Bei (KCR): dǒ̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): dòng / diòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tn̂g / tôⁿ / tiô / tiôⁿ / tiông / tiâng / chhiâng

(Teochew, Peng'im): deng⁵ / ciang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): zan (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): zhan²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: cháng
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charng
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cháng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: cang²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чон (čon, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: coeng⁴
  - Yale: chèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: cêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃʰœ̽ːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ciang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: cong²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: congˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cong²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cong²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: con¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǒ̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dòng / diòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /touŋ⁵³/, /tuoŋ⁵³/

Note:

dòng - colloquial;
diòng - literary.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tn̂g
- Tâi-lô: tn̂g
- Phofsit Daibuun: dngg
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tŋ̍¹³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung, Penang): /tŋ̍²³/
(Hokkien: Changtai, Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tôⁿ
- Tâi-lô: tônn
- Phofsit Daibuun: dvoo
- IPA (Longyan): /tõ¹¹/
- IPA (Changtai): /tɔ̃²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiô
- Tâi-lô: tiô
- Phofsit Daibuun: diooi
- IPA (Xiamen): /tio²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tio¹³/
(Hokkien: Changtai)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiôⁿ
- Tâi-lô: tiônn
- Phofsit Daibuun: dviooi
- IPA (Changtai): /tiɔ̃²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông
- Tâi-lô: tiông
- Phofsit Daibuun: dioong
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /tiɔŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ²³/
(Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâng
- Tâi-lô: tiâng
- Phofsit Daibuun: diaang
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³/
- IPA (Changtai): /tiaŋ²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâng
- Tâi-lô: tshiâng
- Phofsit Daibuun: chiaang
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ²³/

Note:

tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰／长泰);
tiông/tiâng - literary;
chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長／笨长 and 高長／高长).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: deng⁵ / ciang⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tṳ̂ng / tshiâng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɯŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

deng5 - colloquial;
ciang5 - literary.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: zan (T3)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥ã²³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: zhan²
- Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
- Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡san¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 長 (長短)
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/ /t͡suə¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/zã²³/
	Suzhou	/zã¹³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tiɔŋ³⁵/ /tŋ̍³⁵/ /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/touŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/ /tɯŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/siaŋ³¹/ /ʔdo³¹/

Middle Chinese: /ɖɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cháng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	coeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*daŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cháng
Middle Chinese	‹ drjang ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English	long (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	2/3
No.	1276
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	長
Old Chinese	/*daŋ/

DefinitionsEdit

長

long (of distance)
長征／长征 ― chángzhēng ― Long March
length
全長／全长 ― quáncháng ― full length (of a river)
long (in space); far; distant
long (of time); lasting
everlasting; permanent
constantly; frequently
See also: 常
straight; perfectly straight
upright; right; good; fine
strength; advantage; merit
skill; specialism
to excel in
a surname

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 長

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (長):

→ Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
→ Korean: 장 (長, jang)
→ Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhǎng (zhang³)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җон (žon, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zoeng²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ziang²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chóng
Min Dong (BUC): diōng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tióng / tiáng / tiúⁿ / tióⁿ / tiáuⁿ / chiáng

(Teochew, Peng'im): ziang² / dion²
Wu (Wiktionary): tsan (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaang
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎng
  - Wade–Giles: chang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җон (žon, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zoeng²
  - Yale: jéung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zêng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃœ̽ːŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ziang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chóng
  - Hakka Romanization System: zong`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zong³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡soŋ³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: diōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuoŋ³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
  - Tâi-lô: tióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Changtai): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáng
  - Tâi-lô: tiáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diarng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiaŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiúⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiúnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dviuo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiũ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /tiũ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiũ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiónn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dvioir
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiɔ̃⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiáunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dviao
  - IPA (Penang): /tiãu⁴⁴⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiáng
  - Tâi-lô: tsiáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciarng
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕiaŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiaŋ⁴¹/

Note:

tióng/tiáng - literary;
tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ziang² / dion²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiáng / tióⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵²/, /tĩõ⁵²/

Note:

ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: tsan (T2)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sã³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /ʈɨɐŋ^X/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知丈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ȶiaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ȶĭaŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*traŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*taŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjang^X ›
Old Chinese	/*traŋʔ/
English	grow; elder
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	1/3
No.	1263
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	長
Old Chinese	/*taŋʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

長

to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
長大／长大 ― zhǎngdà ― to grow old

我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
The tree in my house is growing healthily.
(of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
(transitive) to increase; to enhance
(intransitive) to increase; to go up
See also: 漲
to nourish
old (of age)
年長／年长 ― niánzhǎng ― senior
senior; elder
兄長／兄长 ― xiōngzhǎng ― elder brother
leader; master; chief; head
eldest; oldest
to exalt; to honor
- 乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是長，是信是使，是以為大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是长，是信是使，是以为大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]
  They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.
to wield; to be in control of

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		生, 長
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		長
Mandarin	Taiwan	長
	Yantai (Muping)	生
	Jinan	長
	Wanrong	長
	Xi'an	長
	Ürümqi	生
	Wuhan	長
	Guilin	長
	Yangzhou	生
	Singapore	長
Cantonese	Guangzhou	生
	Hong Kong	生
	Dongguan	生
Gan	Lichuan	長
Gan	Pingxiang	生
Hakka	Meixian	生
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	生
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	生
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	生
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	生
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	生
Jin	Taiyuan	長
Min Dong	Fuzhou	生
Min Nan	Xiamen	生
	Quanzhou	生
	Zhangzhou	生
	Taipei	生 GT
	Shantou	生
	Jieyang	生
	Leizhou	生
	Haikou	生
Wu	Suzhou	長
	Ningbo	生
	Wenzhou	生
	Jinhua	生
Xiang	Loudi	生
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 長

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (長):

→ Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō)
→ Korean: 장 (長, jang)
→ Vietnamese: trưởng (長)

Pronunciation 3Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhàng (zhang⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˋ
Min Dong (BUC): diông
Min Nan (POJ): tióng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: janq
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhàng
  - Wade–Giles: chang⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: diông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuɔŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
  - Tâi-lô: tióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: /ɖɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*daŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	3/3
No.	1280
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	仗
Old Chinese	/*daŋs/

DefinitionsEdit

長

(archaic) length; measure of length
See also: 丈
(archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
今旦飯長野儕。 [Min Dong, trad.]
今旦饭长野侪。 [Min Dong, simp.]
gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
There is a lot of leftover food today.

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 長

長物／长物

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

長

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

long, lengthy
long time
growing, increasing
excellent, great
comfortable, relaxing
elder, old, senior
chief, head, leader
Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō); じょう (jō)^{←ぢやう (dyau, historical)}
Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)^{←ちやう (tyau, historical)}
Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō); おさ (osa, 長)^{←をさ (wosa, historical)}; たける (takeru, 長ける); つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
Nanori: いえ (ie); すすむ (susumu); たけ (take); たけし (takeshi); つね (tsune); ながし (nagashi); のぶ (nobu); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); まさ (masa); まさる (masaru); ます (masu); みち (michi)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

長(ちょう)歌(か) (chōka)
長(ちょう)句(く) (chōku)
長(ちょう)躯(く) (chōku)
長(ちょう)兄(けい) (chōkei)
長(ちょう)子(し) (chōshi)
長(ちょう)時(じ)間(かん) (chō-jikan)
長(ちょう)州(しゅう) (chōshū)
長(ちょう)女(じょ) (chōjo)
長(ちょう)上(じょう) (chōjō)
長(ちょう)短(たん) (chōtan)
長(ちょう)調(ちょう) (chōchō)
長(ちょう)刀(とう) (chōtō)
長(ちょう)男(なん) (chōnan)
長(ちょう)髪(はつ) (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
長(ちょう)夜(や) (chōya)
長(ちょう)老(ろう) (chōrō)
長(ちょう)銘(めい) (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
一(いっ)長(ちょう)一(いっ)短(たん) (itchō-ittan)
院(いん)長(ちょう) (inchō)
延(えん)長(ちょう) (enchō)
課(か)長(ちょう) (kachō)
会(かい)長(ちょう) (kaichō)
学(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
係(かかり)長(ちょう) (kakarichō)
楽(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
機(き)長(ちょう) (kichō)
組(くみ)長(ちょう) (kumichō)
薩(さっ)長(ちょう) (Satchō)
市(し)長(ちょう) (shichō)
社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (shachō)
船(せん)長(ちょう) (senchō)
村(そん)長(ちょう) (sonchō)
町(ちょう)長(ちょう) (chōchō)
店(てん)長(ちょう) (tenchō)
班(はん)長(ちょう) (hanchō)
番(ばん)長(ちょう) (banchō)
部(ぶ)長(ちょう) (buchō)
防(ぼう)長(ちょう) (Bōchō)
霊(れい)長(ちょう) (reichō)
長官(かみ) (kami)
長(なぎ)刀(なた), 薙(なぎ)刀(なた), 眉(な)尖(ぎ)刀(なた) (naginata)
長押(なげし) (nageshi)
長閑(のどか) (nodoka)

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
長
ちょう Grade: 2
on’yomi

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋ^X) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

PronunciationEdit

On’yomi

(Tokyo) ちょー [chóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞ː]

NounEdit

長(ちょう) • (chō) ^{←ちやう (tyau)^?}

chief, head, leader
班(はん)長(ちょう)
han chō
the group leader
strong point
長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
chō o nobasu
enrich a strong point

Antonym: 短 (tan)
(music) major
Antonym: 短 (tan)

Proper nounEdit

長(ちょう) • (Chō) ^{←ちやう (tyau)^?}

a surname

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
長
おさ Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/wosa/ → /osa/

From Old Japanese.

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) おさ [óꜜsà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [o̞sa̠]

NounEdit

長(おさ) • (osa) ^{←をさ (wosa)^?}

chief, head, leader
Synonym: 頭 (kashira)

Derived termsEdit

治(おさ)める (osameru)
村(むら)長(おさ) (muraosa)

Proper nounEdit

長(おさ) • (Osa) ^{←をさ (wosa)^?}

a place name
a surname