長
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TranslingualEdit
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Alternative formsEdit
- 镸 (when used as a radical)
Han characterEdit
長 (radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))
- Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.
Derived charactersEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 1328, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
- Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9577
ChineseEdit
| trad. | 長 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 长 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 長 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
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Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.
EtymologyEdit
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.
Pronunciation 1Edit
DefinitionsEdit
長
- long (of distance)
- length
- long (in space); far; distant
- long (of time); lasting
- everlasting; permanent
- constantly; frequently
- See also: 常
- straight; perfectly straight
- upright; right; good; fine
- strength; advantage; merit
- skill; specialism
- to excel in
- A surname.
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 長
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DescendantsEdit
Sino-Xenic (長):
Pronunciation 2Edit
DefinitionsEdit
長
- to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
- (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
- (transitive) to increase; to enhance
- (intransitive) to increase; to go up
- See also: 漲
- to nourish
- old (of age)
- senior; elder
- leader; master; chief; head
- eldest; oldest
- to exalt; to honor
- 乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是長，是信是使，是以為大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]
- They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.
乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是长，是信是使，是以为大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to wield; to be in control of
SynonymsEdit
Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 生, 長 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 長 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 長 |
| Muping | 生 | |
| Jinan | 長 | |
| Wanrong | 長 | |
| Xi'an | 長 | |
| Ürümqi | 生 | |
| Wuhan | 長 | |
| Yangzhou | 生 | |
| Singapore | 長 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 生 |
| Hong Kong | 生 | |
| Dongguan | 生 | |
| Gan | Lichuan | 長 |
| Pingxiang | 生 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 生 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 生 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 生 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 生 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 生 | |
| Hsinchu (Raoping) | 生 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 長 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 生 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 生 |
| Quanzhou | 生 | |
| Zhangzhou | 生 | |
| Taipei | 生 GT | |
| Shantou | 生 | |
| Jieyang | 生 | |
| Leizhou | 生 | |
| Haikou | 生 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 長 |
| Wenzhou | 生 | |
| Jinhua | 生 | |
| Xiang | Loudi | 生 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 長
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DescendantsEdit
Pronunciation 3Edit
DefinitionsEdit
長
CompoundsEdit
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
長
- long, lengthy
- long time
- growing, increasing
- excellent, great
- comfortable, relaxing
- elder, old, senior
- chief, head, leader
- Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō); じょう (jō)←ぢやう (dyau, historical)
- Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)←ちやう (tyau, historical)
- Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō); おさ (osa, 長)←をさ (wosa, historical); たける (takeru, 長ける); つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
- Nanori: いえ (ie); すすむ (susumu); たけ (take); たけし (takeshi); つね (tsune); ながし (nagashi); のぶ (nobu); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); まさ (masa); まさる (masaru); ます (masu); みち (michi)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
- 長歌 (chōka)
- 長句 (chōku)
- 長躯 (chōku)
- 長兄 (chōkei)
- 長子 (chōshi)
- 長時間 (chō-jikan)
- 長州 (chōshū)
- 長女 (chōjo)
- 長上 (chōjō)
- 長短 (chōtan)
- 長調 (chōchō)
- 長刀 (chōtō)
- 長男 (chōnan)
- 長髪 (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
- 長夜 (chōya)
- 長老 (chōrō)
- 長銘 (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
- 一長一短 (itchō-ittan)
- 院長 (inchō)
- 延長 (enchō)
- 課長 (kachō)
- 会長 (kaichō)
- 学長 (gakuchō)
- 係長 (kakarichō)
- 楽長 (gakuchō)
- 機長 (kichō)
- 組長 (kumichō)
- 薩長 (Satchō)
- 市長 (shichō)
- 社長 (shachō)
- 船長 (senchō)
- 村長 (sonchō)
- 町長 (chōchō)
- 店長 (tenchō)
- 班長 (hanchō)
- 番長 (banchō)
- 部長 (buchō)
- 防長 (Bōchō)
- 霊長 (reichō)
- 長官 (kami)
- 長刀, 薙刀, 眉尖刀 (naginata)
- 長押 (nageshi)
- 長閑 (nodoka)
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- chief, head, leader
- 班長
- han chō
- the group leader
- 班長
- strong point
- 長を伸ばす
- chō o nobasu
- enrich a strong point
- Antonym: 短 (tan)
- 長を伸ばす
- (music) major
- Antonym: 短 (tan)
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| おさ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
/wosa/ → /osa/
From Old Japanese.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a place name
- a surname
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| なが Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PrefixEdit
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| つかさ Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 官 司 首 |
From Old Japanese.
Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) + さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
PronunciationEdit
- (Irregular reading)
NounEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
- a male or female given name
Etymology 5Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| たき Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/
Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 C.E..
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
Etymology 6Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| たけ Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/
Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a surname.
Etymology 7Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| たける Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
- a male or female given name
Etymology 8Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| ひさし Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
- a male or female given name
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
KoreanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ, “long”).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 긴 (Yale: kin) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangeul: [장]
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
- 연장 (延長, yeonjang)
- 파장 (波長, pajang)
- 장기 (長期, janggi)
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
Etymology 2Edit
From Lua error: not enough memory Lua error: not enough memory. Lua error: not enough memory
PronunciationEdit
Lua error: not enough memory
HanjaEdit
Lua error: not enough memory
- Hanja form? of Lua error: not enough memory. [noun, suffix]
- Hanja form? of Lua error: not enough memory. [affix]
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
- Lua error: not enough memory
ReferencesEdit
- Lua error: not enough memory (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, Lua error: not enough memory. [1]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
Lua error: not enough memory
- Hán tự form of Lua error: not enough memory.
CompoundsEdit
Lua error: not enough memory