Wiktionary

rod

See also: Appendix:Variations of "rod"

English

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Etymology

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From Middle English rodde, from Old English *rodd or *rodde (attested in dative plural roddum (“rod, pole”)), of uncertain origin, but probably from Proto-Germanic *rudd- (“stick, club”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewdʰ- (“to clear land”). Compare Old Norse rudda (“club”). For the root, compare English rid. Presumably unrelated to Proto-Germanic *rōdō (“rod, pole”).

Pronunciation

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  • (UK) IPA(key): /ɹɒd/
  • (US) IPA(key): /ɹɑd/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɒd

Noun

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rod (plural rods)

  1. A straight, round stick, shaft, bar, cane, or staff.
    The circus strong man proved his strength by bending an iron rod, and then straightening it.
  2. A longitudinal pole used for forming part of a framework such as an awning or tent.
  3. (fishing) A long slender usually tapering pole used for angling; fishing rod.
    When I hooked a snake and not a fish, I got so scared I dropped my rod in the water.
  4. A stick, pole, or bundle of switches or twigs (such as a birch), used for personal defense or to administer corporal punishment by whipping.
  5. An implement resembling and/or supplanting a rod (particularly a cane) that is used for corporal punishment, and metonymically called the rod, regardless of its actual shape and composition.
    The judge imposed on the thief a sentence of fifteen strokes with the rod.
  6. A stick used to measure distance, by using its established length or task-specific temporary marks along its length, or by dint of specific graduated marks.
    I notched a rod and used it to measure the length of rope to cut.
  8. (archaic) A unit of length equal to 1 pole, a perch, 1⁄4 chain, 5+1⁄2 yards, 16+1⁄2 feet, or exactly 5.0292 meters (these being all equivalent).
    • 1842, Edgar Allan Poe, The Mystery of Marie Rogêt:
      ‘And this thicket, so full of a natural art, was in the immediate vicinity, within a few rods, of the dwelling of Madame Deluc, whose boys were in the habit of closely examining the shrubberies about them in search of the bark of the sassafras.’
    • 1865, Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod‎[1]:
      In one of the villages I saw the next summer a cow tethered by a rope six rods long […].
    • 1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:
      A few rods farther led him past the old black Presbyterian church, with its square tower, embowered in a stately grove; past the Catholic church, with its many crosses, and a painted wooden figure of St. James in a recess beneath the gable; and past the old Jefferson House, once the leading hotel of the town, in front of which political meetings had been held, and political speeches made, and political hard cider drunk, in the days of "Tippecanoe and Tyler too."
    • 1924, Edward A. Ross, “Pocketed Americans”, in World Drift, New York, London: The Century Co., published 1928, page 68:
      the valley is forty to sixty rods wide
  9. An implement held vertically and viewed through an optical surveying instrument such as a transit, used to measure distance in land surveying and construction layout; an engineer's rod, surveyor's rod, surveying rod, leveling rod, ranging rod. The modern (US) engineer's or surveyor's rod commonly is eight or ten feet long and often designed to extend higher. In former times a surveyor's rod often was a single wooden pole or composed of multiple sectioned and socketed pieces, and besides serving as a sighting target was used to measure distance on the ground horizontally, hence for convenience was of one rod or pole in length, that is, 5+1⁄2 yards.
  10. (archaic) A unit of area equal to a square rod, 30+1⁄4 square yards or 1⁄160 acre.
    The house had a small yard of about six rods in size.
  11. A straight bar that unites moving parts of a machine, for holding parts together as a connecting rod or for transferring power as a driveshaft.
    The engine threw a rod, and then went to pieces before our eyes, springs and coils shooting in all directions.
  12. (anatomy) A rod cell: a rod-shaped cell in the eye that is sensitive to light.
    The rods are more sensitive than the cones, but do not discern color.
  13. (biology) Any of a number of long, slender microorganisms.
    He applied a gram positive stain, looking for rods indicative of Listeria.
  15. (chemistry) A stirring rod: a glass rod, typically about 6 inches to 1 foot long and 1⁄8 to 1⁄4 inch in diameter that can be used to stir liquids in flasks or beakers.
  16. (slang) A pistol; a gun.
    • 1916 August, The Electrical Experimenter, New York, page 249, column 1:
      One of them strode to his side and ran experienced fingers through his clothes. "No rod," he reported, "where's the jewelry?"
  17. (slang, vulgar) The penis.
    • 2004, Bruce Jackson, Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim Like Me:
      [I'm gonna] […] throw some vaseline right in the crack a your ass, then I'm gonna shove my rod in your open hole and try to pacify your ornery soul.
  18. (slang) A hot rod, an automobile or other passenger motor vehicle modified to run faster and often with exterior cosmetic alterations, especially one based originally on a pre-1940s model or (currently) denoting any older vehicle thus modified.
  19. (ufology) A rod-shaped object that appears in photographs or videos traveling at high speed, not seen by the person recording the event, often associated with extraterrestrial entities.
    Synonym: skyfish
    • 2000, Jack Barranger, Paul Tice, Mysteries Explored: The Search for Human Origins, Ufos, and Religious Beginnings, Book Three, p.37:
      These cylindrical rods fly through the air at incredible speeds and can only be picked up by high-speed cameras.
    • 2009, Barry Conrad, An Unknown Encounter: A True Account of the San Pedro Haunting, Dorrance Publishing, pages 129–130:
      During one such broadcast in 1997, the esteemed radio host bellowed, “I got a fax earlier today from MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) in Arizona and they said what you think are rods are actually insects!”
    • 2010, Deena West Budd, The Weiser Field Guide to Cryptozoology: Werewolves, Dragons, Skyfish, Lizard Men, and Other Fascinating Creatures Real and Mysterious, Weiser Books, page 15:
      He tells of a home video showing a rod flying into the open mouth of a girl singing at a wedding.
  20. (mathematics) A Cuisenaire rod.
  21. (rail transport) A coupling rod or connecting rod, which links the driving wheels of a steam locomotive, and some diesel shunters and early electric locomotives.
    • 1960 December, Cecil J. Allen, “Operating a mountain main line: the Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated, page 743:
      In the early days troubles were experienced with oscillation from the rod drive and with the transformers, but were overcome later, and these machines performed useful service until superseded by more modern locomotives less costly in maintenance.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Translations

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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Lightning conductor or rod in OSM

Further reading

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Verb

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rod (third-person singular simple present rods, present participle rodding, simple past and past participle rodded)

  1. (construction) To reinforce concrete with metal rods.
  2. (transitive) To furnish with rods, especially lightning rods.
  3. (slang, vulgar, transitive) To penetrate sexually.
    • 1968, David Lynn, Bull nuts:
      On impulse he moved around to the opposite side of the couple, in the direction which Grace's broad buttocks were pointed, for a full view of the big boned woman's back side. Now Grace wouldn't mind one iota if he rodded her from the rear.
  4. (slang) To hot rod.
    • 2007, Dana Stabenow, A Deeper Sleep, →ISBN, page 45:
      There were three clear sets, more than what you might expect at Heartbreak Point, given all the juvies rodding in and out of there with their girlfriends.

Anagrams

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Breton

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Etymology

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From Proto-Brythonic *rrod, from Proto-Celtic *rotos, from Proto-Indo-European *Hróth₂os.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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rod f (plural rodoù)

  1. wheel

Czech

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Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cs

Etymology

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Inherited from Old Czech rod, from Proto-Slavic *rȏdъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from rodit.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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rod m inan

  1. family, stock, lineage
  2. (botany) genus
  3. (grammar) gender
  4. (grammar) voice

Declension

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Declension of rod (hard masculine inanimate)
singular plural
nominative rod rody
genitive rodu rodů
dative rodu rodům
accusative rod rody
vocative rode rody
locative rodu, rodě rodech
instrumental rodem rody

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • “rod”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
  • “rod”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
  • “rod”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2025

Danish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈʁoˀð], [ˈʁoðˀ]

Etymology 1

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From Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. English root is borrowed from Old Norse.

Noun

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rod c (singular definite roden, plural indefinite rødder)

  1. root
  2. yob
  3. (mathematics) root, zero (element   in the domain of a function such that  )
Inflection
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Declension of rod
common
gender 		singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative rod roden rødder rødderne
genitive rods rodens rødders røddernes
Synonyms
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Etymology 2

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From the verb rode.

Noun

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rod n (singular definite rodet, not used in plural form)

  1. disorder, mess, muddle

Etymology 3

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

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rod

  1. imperative of rode

East Franconian

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Alternative forms

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  • ruad (Itzgründisch)

Adjective

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rod

  1. red

German Low German

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Old Saxon rōd, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-. Compare Dutch rood, German rot, West Frisian read, English red, Danish rød.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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rod

  1. (in several dialects) red

Hunsrik

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Alternative forms

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  • root (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

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From Middle High German rōt (“red, red-haired”), from Old High German rōt (“red, scarlet, purple-red, brown-red, yellow-red”), from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, from *h₁rewdʰ-.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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rod (comparative roder, superlative rodest)

  1. red
    Die Blumme sin rod.
    The flowers are red.
    Die Tomatte sin aarich rod.
    The tomatoes are very red.
    Sie hod en rode Naas.
    She has a red nose.

Declension

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Declension of rod (see also Appendix:Hunsrik adjectives)
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
weak inflection nominative rod rod rod rode
accusative rode rod rod rode
dative rode rode rode rode
strong inflection nominative roder rode rodes rode
accusative rode rode rodes rode
dative rodem roder rodem rode

Derived terms

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See also

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Colors in Hunsrik · Forrve (layout · text)
     Weis      Grau      Schwarz
             Rod              Ranschegelleb; Braun              Gelleb, Geel
             Grien (Hellgrien), (Neongrien)              Grien (Dunkelgrien)              Menz
             Meergrien              Blau (Hellblau)              Blau (Dunkelblau)
             Feilche              Rosch, Lila              Roserod

Further reading

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Latvian

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Verb

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rod

  1. third-person singular/plural present indicative of rast
  2. (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of rast
  3. (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of rast

Lower Sorbian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *rodъ (“root”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radas, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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rod m inan

  1. sex (gender (male or female))
  2. lineage, family
  3. (grammar) gender

Declension

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Declension of rod
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative rod roda rody
Genitive roda rodowu rodow
Dative rodoju rodoma rodam
Accusative rod roda rody
Instrumental rodom rodoma rodami
Locative roźe rodoma rodach

Further reading

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  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “rod”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “rod”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology 1

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From Old Norse roð.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /roː/
  • Hyphenation: ròd

Noun

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rod n (definite singular rodet, indefinite plural rod, definite plural roda)

  1. fish skin
    Synonym: fiskeskinn

Etymology 2

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From Old Norse hróðr, from Proto-Germanic *hrōþiz.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ruː/
  • Hyphenation: ród

Noun

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rod m (definite singular roden, indefinite plural rodar, definite plural rodane)

  1. praise, fame, honour (only used in given names)
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Male given names:

Female given names:

References

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Eivind Vågslid (1988) Norderlendske fyrenamn (in Norwegian Nynorsk), →ISBN, page 291

Old English

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Etymology

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From Proto-Germanic *rōdō. Cognate with Old Frisian rōd, Old Saxon rōda, Dutch roede (“rod”), Old High German ruota (German Rute), Old Norse róða (“rod, cross”) (Danish rode (“gauge, rod”)).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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rōd f

  1. cross (method of execution)
  2. a measure of land length, equal to a perch
  3. a measure of land area, equal to a quarter of an acre

Usage notes

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  • An archaic locative singular form, ᚱᚩᛞᛁ, appears on the Ruthwell Cross inscription.

Declension

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Strong ō-stem:

singular plural
nominative rōd rōda, rōde
accusative rōde rōda, rōde
genitive rōde rōda
dative rōde rōdum
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Descendants

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  • Middle English: rod, roode, rood

Old Saxon

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, whence also Old English rēad, Old Frisian rād, Old High German rōt, Old Norse rauðr, Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.

Adjective

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rōd (comparative rōdoro, superlative rōdost)

  1. red

Declension

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Declension of rod
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative rōd rōd rōd rōde rōdu rōde
accusative rōdana rōd rōda rōde rōdu rōde
genitive rōdes rōdes rōdaro rōdarō rōdarō rōdarō
dative rōdumu rōdumu rōdaro rōdum rōdum rōdum
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine
nominative rōdo rōda rōda rōdu
accusative rōdun rōda rōdun rōdun
genitive rōdun rōdun rōdun rōdonō
dative rōdun rōdun rōdun rōdum
Comparative forms of rod (weak only)
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine
nominative rōdoro rōdora rōdora rōdoru
accusative rōdorun rōdora rōdorun rōdorun
genitive rōdorun rōdorun rōdorun rōdoronō
dative rōdorun rōdorun rōdorun rōdorum
Superlative forms of {{{title}}}
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative rōdost rōdost rōdost rōdoste rōdoste rōdostu
accusative rōdostana rōdost rōdosta rōdoste rōdoste rōdostu
genitive rōdostes rōdostes rōdostaro rōdostarō rōdostarō rōdostarō
dative rōdostumu rōdostumu rōdostaro rōdostum rōdostum rōdostum
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine
nominative rōdosto rōdosta rōdosta rōdostu
accusative rōdostun rōdosta rōdostun rōdostun
genitive rōdostun rōdostun rōdostun rōdostonō
dative rōdostun rōdostun rōdostun rōdostum

Descendants

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Polish

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Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl

Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin rhodium.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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Chemical element
Rh
Previous: ruten (Ru)
Next: pallad (Pd)

rod m inan

  1. rhodium (chemical element, Rh, atomic number 45)

Declension

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Declension of rod
singular
nominative rod
genitive rodu
dative rodowi
accusative rod
instrumental rodem
locative rodzie
vocative rodzie

Further reading

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  • rod in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • rod in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian

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Etymology 1

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Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic родъ (rodŭ), from Proto-Slavic *rodъ.

Noun

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rod n (plural roade)

  1. fruit
  2. (figuratively) fruit (advantageous result)
Declension
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Declension of rod
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative-accusative rod rodul roade roadele
genitive-dative rod rodului roade roadelor
vocative rodule roadelor
Synonyms
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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rod

  1. inflection of roade:
    1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
    2. third-person plural present indicative

Serbo-Croatian

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Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sh

Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rodъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radás.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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rȏd m (Cyrillic spelling ро̑д)

  1. gender
  2. (botany) genus
  3. relative, relation
  4. fruit, crop, extraction (rarely used in these senses)
  5. family, stock, lineage, kin, race
    • 1872, “Bože pravde”, Jovan Đorđević (lyrics), Davorin Jenko (music):
      Bože spasi, Bože hrani srpskog kralja, srpski rod!
      God, our hope: Protect and cherish the Serbian king and Serbian race!

Declension

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Declension of rod
singular plural
nominative rȏd ròdovi
genitive rȍda rodova
dative rodu rodovima
accusative rod rodove
vocative rode rodovi
locative rodu rodovima
instrumental rodom rodovima

Derived terms

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References

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  • “rod”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Veps

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Finnic *rootu.

Noun

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rod

  1. fishbone
Declension
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Inflection of rod (inflection type 1/ilo)
nominative sing. rod
genitive sing. rodun
partitive sing. rodud
partitive plur. roduid
singular plural
nominative rod rodud
accusative rodun rodud
genitive rodun roduiden
partitive rodud roduid
essive-instructive rodun roduin
translative roduks roduikš
inessive rodus roduiš
elative roduspäi roduišpäi
illative roduhu roduihe
adessive rodul roduil
ablative rodulpäi roduilpäi
allative rodule roduile
abessive roduta roduita
comitative rodunke roduidenke
prolative rodudme roduidme
approximative I rodunno roduidenno
approximative II rodunnoks roduidennoks
egressive rodunnopäi roduidennopäi
terminative I roduhusai roduihesai
terminative II rodulesai roduilesai
terminative III rodussai —
additive I roduhupäi roduihepäi
additive II rodulepäi roduilepäi

Etymology 2

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Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic родъ (rodŭ) (compare Finnish rotu with the same etymology).

Noun

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rod

  1. kind, race, breed
Declension
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Inflection of rod (inflection type 1/ilo)
nominative sing. rod
genitive sing. rodun
partitive sing. rodud
partitive plur. roduid
singular plural
nominative rod rodud
accusative rodun rodud
genitive rodun roduiden
partitive rodud roduid
essive-instructive rodun roduin
translative roduks roduikš
inessive rodus roduiš
elative roduspäi roduišpäi
illative roduhu roduihe
adessive rodul roduil
ablative rodulpäi roduilpäi
allative rodule roduile
abessive roduta roduita
comitative rodunke roduidenke
prolative rodudme roduidme
approximative I rodunno roduidenno
approximative II rodunnoks roduidennoks
egressive rodunnopäi roduidennopäi
terminative I roduhusai roduihesai
terminative II rodulesai roduilesai
terminative III rodussai —
additive I roduhupäi roduihepäi
additive II rodulepäi roduilepäi

Welsh

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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rod

  1. Soft mutation of rhod.

Mutation

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Mutated forms of rhod
radical soft nasal aspirate
rhod rod unchanged unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

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