See also:
U+8F9F, 辟
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9F

[U+8F9E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8FA0]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 160, +6, 13 strokes, cangjie input 尸口卜廿十 (SRYTJ), four-corner 70641, composition 𡰪)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1251, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38642
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1730, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4037, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+8F9F

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms (to avoid-Hokkien)

Glyph origin

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In the oracle bone script, it is an ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (kneeling person) + (sickle-like tool) – to administer; to regulate; to punish.

was sometimes added, though its function is disputed:

  • Lin (1920) suggests that it represents “bind; restrain”.
  • Luo (1927) suggests that it is the original character for (OC *peɡ, “jade annulus”) and that is the early form of , with as the semantic component and ⿰卩䇂 as the phonetic component. Chi (2010), based on this theory, proposes that acted as a phonetic component in instead.
  • Yu (1999) suggests that it is a decorative component with no meaning.

was later corrupted into or . Shuowen interprets as representing the enforcer of the law.

In the bronze script from the Warring States period, forms where is corrupted to begin to appear (Chi, 2010).

Officially adopted as the simplified form of in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (漢字簡化方案) in 1956 due to homophony and shared semantic fields.

Etymology 1

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Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • phiah - vernacular (“to avoid”);
  • pek/piak, phek/phiak - literary.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial () (3)
    Final () (123)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter bjiek
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /biᴇk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /biɛk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /biæk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /biajk̚/
    Li
    Rong
    /biɛk̚/
    Wang
    Li
    /bĭɛk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /bʱi̯ɛk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    bik6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ bek › ‹ bjiek › ‹ pjiek ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[b]ˁek/ /*[N]-pek/ /*pek/
    English inner coffin law, rule; lawful ruler, prince

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/3 3/3
    No. 675 684
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*peɡ/ /*beɡ/
    Definitions
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    1. (literary) monarch; sovereign
    2. (literary) government official; minister
    3. (literary) to rule; to govern
    4. (literary) crime
    5. to summon; to appoint to an official position
    6. to remove; to drive out
    7. (literary) to avoid; to hide; to dodge
      alt. forms: ()
    8. (literary) lame in the leg
      alt. forms: ()
    Compounds
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    Pronunciation 2

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    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /pi⁵¹/
    Harbin /pʰi²¹³/
    Tianjin /pʰi⁵³/
    Jinan /pi²¹/
    Qingdao /pʰi⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /pʰi²⁴/
    /pi³¹²/
    Xi'an /pʰi⁵³/
    Xining /pʰji⁵³/
    Yinchuan /pʰi⁵³/
    Lanzhou /pʰi¹³/
    Ürümqi /pi²¹³/
    Wuhan /pʰi²¹³/
    Chengdu /pʰi³¹/
    /pʰie³¹/
    Guiyang /pʰi²¹/
    Kunming /pʰi³¹/
    Nanjing /piʔ⁵/
    Hefei /pʰiəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /piəʔ²/
    Pingyao /pʰiʌʔ¹³/
    Hohhot /pʰiəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /pʰiɪʔ⁵/
    /piɪʔ⁵/
    Suzhou /pʰiəʔ⁵/
    Hangzhou /pʰiəʔ⁵/
    Wenzhou /pi²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /pʰiʔ²¹/
    Tunxi /pi⁵/
    Xiang Changsha /pʰi²⁴/
    Xiangtan /pʰi²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang
    Hakka Meixian /pʰit̚¹/
    Taoyuan /pʰit̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /pʰek̚⁵/
    Nanning /pʰek̚⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /pʰek̚⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pik̚³²/
    /pʰik̚³²/ 復~
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /piʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pʰi²⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /pʰek̚²/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /fek̚⁵/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 3/3
    Initial () (2)
    Final () (123)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter phjiek
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /pʰiᴇk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /pʰiɛk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /pʰiæk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /pʰiajk̚/
    Li
    Rong
    /pʰiɛk̚/
    Wang
    Li
    /pʰĭɛk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /pʰi̯ɛk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    pi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    pik1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 682
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*pʰeɡ/
    Definitions
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    1. (literary) law; (specifically) penal code
    2. to open
      alt. forms: ()
    3. to open up
      alt. forms: ()
    4. (literary) to make an analogy
      alt. forms: ()
    5. (literary) to thump one's chest
      alt. forms: ()
    6. (literary) to show bias; to be partial
    7. (literary) remote
      alt. forms:
    8. (literary) eccentric; perverted
      alt. forms:
    9. (literary) a tool for catching animals
      alt. forms: ()
    Compounds
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    Etymology 2

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to open; to settle; to develop; to open up”).
    (This character is the simplified form of ).
    Notes:

    Etymology 3

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to stop; to put an end to; to remove; bow decorated with bone or ivory at the ends; etc.”).
    (This character is a variant form of ).

    Etymology 4

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    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to avoid; to evade; unorthodox; etc.”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
    Notes:

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    (Hyōgai kanji)

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    Readings

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    Korean

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    Hanja

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    (baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi) (hangeul , , , , , revised baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi, McCune–Reischauer paek, pyŏk, p'i, bi, mi, Yale payk, pyek, phi, pi, mi)

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Nôm readings: vếch, tích, bích, thịch, tịch, phích, thí

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