qua
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Latin quā (“in the capacity of”).
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
qua
- (chiefly philosophy) as; in the capacity of; acting as
- 1920, T. S. Eliot, “Hamlet and His Problems”, in The Sacred Wood:
- Qua work of art, the work of art cannot be interpreted; there is nothing to interpret; we can only criticize it according to standards, in comparison to other works of art; […]
- 1954: Gilbert Ryle, Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, dilemma vii: Perception, page 99 (The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press)
- As anatomy, physiology and, later, psychology have developed into more or less well-organized sciences, they have necessarily and rightly come to incorporate the study of, among other things, the structures, mechanisms, and functionings of animal and human bodies qua percipient.
- 1962: Norman Malcolm; Dreaming; chapter nine: “Judgments in Sleep”, page 39{1}; chapter twelve: “The Concept of Dreaming”, page 68{2} (1977 paperback reprint; Routledge & Kegan Paul; ISBN 0‒7100‒3836‒4 (c), 0‒7100‒8434‒X (p))
- {1} For sleep qua sleep has no experiential content: it cannot turn out, as remarked before, that a man was not asleep because he was not having some experience or other.
- {2} I am denying that a dream qua dream is a seeming, appearance or ‘semblance of reality’.
- 2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Penguin, published 2004, page 458:
- It was qua poet that Byron resurrected the exploded and discarded immortal Christian soul by bodying it forth through the notion of soul conceived as poetic imagination.
- 2005: Ulfelder, Jay.Collective Action and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes. International Political Science Review, 26(3), p318. Retrieved 1615 240810 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30039035.pdf?acceptTC=true.
- "In essence, military regimes are autocracies in which the military qua organization performs many of the functions performed by the ruling party in single-party regimes."
- 2009: Ken Levy, Killing, Letting Die, and the Case for Mildly Punishing Bad Samaritanism, Georgia Law Review, p. 24.
- Blame qua attitude is the feeling or belief that an individual has committed a wrongdoing, usually a wrongful action and/or harm, and can be reasonably expected not to have committed this wrongdoing. Blame qua practice is the public expression of this attitude – usually by means of censure (written or verbal criticism) or punishment. Generally, the morally worse the wrongdoing, the more severe the censure/punishment.
- 2022 March 29, Dwight Garner, “In Jennifer Egan’s New Novel, Our Memories Are Available for All to See”, in The New York Times[1], →ISSN:
- Sometimes, though, you pick up a novel and it makes your skin prickle — not necessarily because it’s a great novel qua novel, which you can’t know until the end, but because of the velocity of its microperceptions.
Translations edit
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Etymology 2 edit
Imitative.
Interjection edit
qua
- The cawing sound of a crow.
- 1909, The Country Gentleman, volume 74, page 266:
- Crows have a language of their own in a wild state that any observant person can learn. […] Then he would straighten his head back and, with the most comical bowing and wagging, say: "Qua qua qua, qua qua qua" for perhaps a minute.
- 2012, Jaman Tree, I Crow River:
- Qua... qua... qua... out of the blue I hear the crows cawing with great fanfare as they announce to the world at large that they are here by my side and intend to probe into my being.
Anagrams edit
Classical Nahuatl edit
Verb edit
qua
- Alternative spelling of cua
Danish edit
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
qua
- as, qua (in the capacity of)
- (as a preposition) by virtue of (because of)
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Latin quā (“in the capacity of, by which, as far as”).
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
qua
- regarding, concerning, in terms of
- Qua gezondheid ben ik helemaal in orde.
- In terms of health, I'm perfectly fine.
Synonyms edit
German edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
qua
- (formal) by
- 2018, Kevin Rick, Verbraucherpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Nomos Verlag, →ISBN, page 84:
- Die Regierung von Individuen oder Kollektiven, sei es qua Verordnung oder qua Appell, ist deshalb stets an das „Regieren des Selbst“ gekoppelt, an durch das Subjekt aktiv anzueignende Selbsttechniken bzw. Technologien des Selbst.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes edit
Sometimes used with the genitive:
- qua Amtes ― ex officio (literally, “by office”)
Further reading edit
Hokkien edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
The suffix has been used since around the 17th and 18th century. Since "hong" (行) merchants were technically officials of the lowest (9th) rank, the suffix qua was added to their names in honour of their positions in the Qing government.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
qua
Usage notes edit
- Formerly added to names of hong merchants (i.e. "Powqua," "Chinqua").
Ido edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French qui, que, Italian che, Spanish que, ultimately from Latin quī / quid.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
qua (plural qui)
- (relative pronoun) which
- Esis tre jentila homo qua helpis ni. ― It was a nice man who helped us.
- (interrogative pronoun) who
- Qua esas ita kerlo? ― Who is that guy? (direct question)
- Me ne konocas qua ita esas. ― I don't know who that is. (indirect question)
Determiner edit
qua
- (interrogative determiner) what
- Qua kamizo vu portos? ― What shirt are you going to wear?
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Italian edit
Alternative forms edit
- quà (misspelling)
Etymology edit
From Vulgar Latin *eccum hāc. Related to Portuguese cá, Spanish acá, French çà.
The original geminated -cc-, though lost in the standard language, is still found in most regional Italian varieties.
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
qua
Usage notes edit
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Further reading edit
- qua in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
- qua2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Latin edit
Etymology 1 edit
Adverb declined from quī. Diachronically, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéh₂; compare Ancient Greek πῇ (pêi), πῆ (pê, “which way, how”) and Latin quam.
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
quā (not comparable)
- On which side, at or in which place, in what direction, where, by what way (qua...ea...)
- as; in the capacity or character of
- In so far as
- ens qua ens ― being as being
- In what way, how, by what method; to what degree or extent
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.17-18:
- hoc rēgnum dea gentibus esse –
sī quā fāta sinant – iam tum tenditque fovetque.- The goddess already aims and fondly hopes that this [city] – if in any way the fates allow it – [will] be the seat of ruling power over [all] nations.
(In other words, long before the founding of Rome the goddess Juno wanted Carthage to become the imperial city. See: Juno (mythology); Carthage.)
- The goddess already aims and fondly hopes that this [city] – if in any way the fates allow it – [will] be the seat of ruling power over [all] nations.
- hoc rēgnum dea gentibus esse –
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Inflection of quī (“who, which”).
Pronunciation edit
- quā: (Classical) IPA(key): /kʷaː/, [kʷäː]
- qua: (Classical) IPA(key): /kʷa/, [kʷä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /kwa/, [kwäː]
Pronoun edit
quā
Pronoun edit
qua
- inflection of quī:
Usage notes edit
- qua is commonly used for quae in the above forms of the indefinite variant of the pronoun quī.
Etymology 3 edit
Inflection of quis (“anyone, something, anyone, anything”).
Pronoun edit
quā
References edit
- “qua”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “qua”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- qua in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- (ambiguous) how old are you: qua aetate es?
- (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
- (ambiguous) the connection of thought: ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt.
- (ambiguous) to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
- (ambiguous) the question at issue: res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur
- (ambiguous) how old are you: qua aetate es?
- Allen, Joseph Henry; Greenough, James B. (1903) Allen and Greenough's New Latin grammar for schools and colleges: founded on comparative grammar, Boston: Ginn and Company, § 149
Middle English edit
Pronoun edit
qua
- (Northern) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology edit
Preposition edit
qua
References edit
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology 1 edit
Preposition edit
qua
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Norse hvat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat.
Pronoun edit
qua
- obsolete spelling of kva
- 1695, Norske Vers til Kronprintsens Bilager, volume 21, quoted in Syn og Segn, page 272:
- Qua skall eg mejra seja[?]
- What more shall I say[?]
References edit
- “qua” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Romansch edit
Adverb edit
qua
Tày edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Thạch An – Tràng Định) IPA(key): [kwaː˧˧]
- (Trùng Khánh) IPA(key): [kwaː˦˥]
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
qua (瓜)
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
qua
- pillar
- slâu qua ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Hoàng Văn Ma; Lục Văn Pảo; Hoàng Chí (2006) Từ điển Tày-Nùng-Việt [Tay-Nung-Vietnamese dictionary] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Từ điển Bách khoa Hà Nội
- Lương Bèn (2011) Từ điển Tày-Việt [Tay-Vietnamese dictionary][3][4] (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên
- Lục Văn Pảo; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày][5] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
Vietnamese edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [kwaː˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [kwaː˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [waː˧˧]
Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City) (file)
Etymology 1 edit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 過 (“pass”). Doublet of quá.
Preposition edit
qua
- through, across (from one side to the other)
- ô-tô chạy qua cầu ― the car crosses the bridge
- xe vượt qua đèo ― the car crosses the mountain pass
- nhìn qua cửa sổ ― to look through the window
- nhảy qua mương ― to hop across the ditch
- lật qua trang khác ― to flip to another page
- by way of
- by means of, by, over, using
- nói chuyện qua điện thoại ― to converse over the telephone
- học tập qua kinh nghiệm ― to learn by experience
- hiểu biết qua thực tế ― to understand through reality
Adjective edit
qua
- last (most recent)
- Đêm qua chớp bể mưa nguồn, hỏi người quân tử có buồn hay không?(folk poetry)
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- ago (before now)
- 1968, Ho Chi Minh, Thơ chúc Tết Mậu Thân:
- Xuân này hơn hẳn mấy xuân qua.
- This year is better than many years past.
- (literally, “This year's spring is better than the last few.”)
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Verb edit
- (intransitive) to have transpire, to take place
- tai qua nạn khỏi ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- nhắc lại việc đã qua ― to recall events that have transpired
- (intransitive) to go over to; to spend time at
- Ông ấy qua Pháp dự một hội nghị.
- He went over to France for a conference.
- (transitive) to survive
- Bà cụ khó qua được đêm nay.
- The old woman struggles to survive tonight.
- (transitive) to escape, to elude
- Mọi việc trong cơ quan không qua được sự theo dõi của ông ta.
- Nothing in the agency can escape his watchful eye.
- (transitive) to cross (to move relatively); to traverse
- Qua cầu dừng bước trông cầu, cầu bao nhiêu nhịp em sầu bấy nhiêu.(folk poetry)
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (transitive) to go to the front of
- Qua đình nghé nón trông đình, đình bao nhiêu ngói thương mình bấy nhiêu.(folk poetry)
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (transitive) to overcome
- khôn chẳng qua lẽ, khỏe chẳng qua lời ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (intransitive) to drift past; to elapse
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
Adverb edit
qua
- across (from one side to the other), through
- nhìn qua ― to look past
- nhảy qua ― to hop across
- in passing
- dặn qua mấy lời ― to give a few words of advice in passing
- cursorily, superficially
- biết qua thế thôi ― to know a thing or two about it
- đọc qua vài trang ― to skim over a few pages
- completely
- 1820, Nguyễn Du, Truyện Kiều [The Tale of Kieu]:
- Trải qua một cuộc bể dâu / Những điều trông thấy mà đau đớn lòng.
- Through the whirligig of time / There are events which wrench one’s heart
Etymology 2 edit
Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 我 (SV: ngã); borrowed from a Sinitic variety with denasalization.
Pronoun edit
qua
- (archaic, men's speech or Southern Vietnam) I; me
- Hôm qua qua bảo qua qua mà qua không qua. Hôm nay qua không bảo qua qua mà qua lại qua.
- Yesterday ah said ah'd cuhm over but ah ain't cuhm. Today ah ain't say ah'd cuhm over but ah came.
- Qua đã nói với bậu, nhưng bậu chẳng nghe.
- Ah told ya but ya wouldn’t listen.
Synonyms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Romanization edit
qua
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 戈
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 冎
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 瘑
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 蜗
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 薖
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 檛
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 挝
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 涡
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 騧
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 渦
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 堝
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 瘸
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 簻
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 咼
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 撾
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 濄
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 过
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 胍
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 過
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 剐
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 㧓
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 呙
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 埚
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 瓜
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 㳡
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 叧
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 剮
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 蝸
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 緺
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 髽
- Sino-Vietnamese reading of 找
References edit
- "qua" in Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (details)
- Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
- An Chi (17 March 2019). "Lắt léo chữ nghĩa: Nguồn gốc của đại từ QUA". Thanh Niên.