Wiktionary

重

See also: 垂 and 車
重 U+91CD, 重
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CD
← 里
[U+91CC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 野 →
[U+91CE]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

重 (Kangxi radical 166, 里+2, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹十田土 (HJWG), four-corner 20104, composition ⿱千里)

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 1291, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40132
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1791, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3680, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+91CD

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 重
alternative forms 𡍴 ancient
𡍺 ancient
𨤣

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 重
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撞 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
幢 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
橦 *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ
噇 *rdoːŋ
𩪘 *rdoːŋ
艟 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
憧 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
畽 *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ
董 *toːŋʔ
蕫 *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ
箽 *toːŋʔ
懂 *toːŋʔ
湩 *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs
曈 *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
童 *doːŋ
僮 *doːŋ
瞳 *doːŋ
罿 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
犝 *doːŋ
潼 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
穜 *doːŋ, *doŋ
動 *doːŋʔ
慟 *doːŋs
堹 *toŋs
諥 *toŋs
蹱 *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ
重 *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs
緟 *doŋ, *doŋs
蝩 *doŋ
褈 *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ
鐘 *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ
鍾 *tjoŋ
籦 *tjoŋ
種 *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs
腫 *tjoŋʔ
踵 *tjoŋʔ
歱 *tjoŋʔ
喠 *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ
偅 *tjoŋs
衝 *tʰjoŋ
揰 *tʰjoŋs
尰 *djoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意): semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bag”) – a man carrying a bag. A glyph 土 (“earth”) was later added to show that the bag-carrying man is standing on the ground. From this composition is the current form.

EtymologyEdit

Schuessler (2007) notes that the etymology is uncertain and compares the word to Burmese စုံ (cum, “to be sufficient; pair”), which STEDT puts under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzum ~ tsum (“pair”). But the more likely cognate could be Burmese တောင့် (taung., “to be stout, sufficient, strong, heavy; to be stiff”).

Pronunciation 3 is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1.

Pronunciation 1Edit

Note:
  • dâe̤ng - vernacular;
  • dê̤ṳng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • tāng/tǎng - vernacular;
    • tiōng/tiǒng - literary.
    Note:
    • dang6 - vernacular;
    • dong6 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 重
    Reading # 2/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 直隴切
    Baxter drjowngX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨoŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖioŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡioŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖuawŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡioŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭwoŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯woŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zung6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 重
    Reading # 2/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhòng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ drjowngX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-t<r>oŋʔ/
    English heavy

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 重
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 17462
    Phonetic
    component         		重
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		重
    Old
    Chinese         		/*doŋʔ/
    Notes 東轉註字，金文從禾東從土，
    爲種    （植）初文

    DefinitionsEdit

    重

    1. heavy
      Antonym: 輕／轻 (qīng)
      你個書包咁重嘅？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      你个书包咁重嘅？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 go3 syu1 baau1 gam3 cung5 ge2? [Jyutping]
      Why is your schoolbag so heavy?
    2. weight
      一個蘋果重約100克。／一个苹果重约100克。  ―  Yī ge píngguǒ zhòng yuē 100 kè.  ―  An apple weighs about 100 g on average.
    3. deep; grave; serious; severe
      重罰／重罚  ―  zhòng fá  ―  to punish severely
      傷勢很重／伤势很重  ―  shāngshì hěn zhòng  ―  to be seriously wounded
      奶味重了些。  ―  Nǎi wèi zhòng le xiē.  ―  It's a bit too milky.
    4. considerable (in amount)
    SynonymsEdit
    Dialectal synonyms of 重 (“heavy”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 重
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 重
    Mandarin Beijing 沉, 重
    Taiwan 重
    Jinan 沉, 重
    Xi'an 沉, 重
    Wuhan 重
    Chengdu 重
    Guilin 重
    Yangzhou 重
    Hefei 重
    Cantonese Guangzhou 重
    Hong Kong 重
    Yangjiang 重
    Gan Nanchang 重
    Hakka Meixian 重
    Jin Taiyuan 重, 沉
    Min Bei Jian'ou 重
    Min Dong Fuzhou 重
    Min Nan Xiamen 重
    Quanzhou 重
    Zhangzhou 重
    Chaozhou 重
    Wu Suzhou 重
    Wenzhou 重
    Xiang Changsha 重
    Shuangfeng 重

    CompoundsEdit

    also includes Pronunciation 2

    Pronunciation 2Edit

    Note:
    • dâe̤ng - vernacular;
    • dê̤ṳng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • tāng/tǎng - vernacular;
    • tiōng/tiǒng - literary.
    Note:
    • dang6 - vernacular;
    • dong6 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 重
    Reading # 3/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 柱用切
    Baxter drjowngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨoŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖioŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡioŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖuawŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡioŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭwoŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯woŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zhòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zung6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 重
    Reading # 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zhòng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ drjowngH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-t<r>oŋʔ-s/
    English weight (n.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 重
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 17463
    Phonetic
    component         		重
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		重
    Old
    Chinese         		/*doŋs/

    DefinitionsEdit

    重

    1. weight
    2. weighty; important
      重任  ―  zhòngrèn  ―  important task
    3. grave; serious
    4. solemn
      隆重  ―  lóngzhòng  ―  grand; solemn
      莊重／庄重  ―  zhuāngzhòng  ―  solemn; serious
    5. prudent
    6. to respect; to attach importance to
      重義輕利／重义轻利  ―  zhòngyìqīnglì  ―  to value righteousness and care little for material gain
    7. (Cantonese) still
      alt. forms: 仲
    8. (Cantonese) even more
      alt. forms: 仲
    SynonymsEdit
    Dialectal synonyms of 還 (“still; yet”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 猶, 尚
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 還, 仍, 尚
    Mandarin Beijing 還
    Taiwan 還
    Jinan 還
    Wanrong 還
    Xi'an 還
    Lanzhou 還
    Wuhan 還
    Chengdu 還
    Guilin 還
    Liuzhou 還
    Yangzhou 還
    Nanjing 還
    Hefei 還
    Nantong 還
    Malaysia 還
    Singapore 還
    Cantonese Guangzhou 重
    Hong Kong 重
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 重
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 重
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 重
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 還
    Macau 重
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 重
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 重
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 重
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 重
    Foshan 重
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 重
    Foshan (Shunde) 重
    Foshan (Sanshui) 重
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 重
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 還
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 重
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 重
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 還
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 還
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 還
    Taishan 還
    Kaiping (Chikan) 還
    Enping (Niujiang) 還
    Heshan (Yayao) 重
    Dongguan 重
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 重
    Shenzhen (Dapeng) 重, 還
    Qingyuan 重
    Fogang 重
    Yingde (Hanguang) 閒
    Yangshan 重
    Lianshan (Butian) 成
    Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 重
    Shaoguan 重
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 重
    Renhua 重
    Lechang 重
    Sihui 重
    Deqing 淨, 重
    Huaiji 重
    Yunfu 鄭
    Xinxing 重
    Luoding 重
    Yunan (Pingtai) 鄭
    Yangjiang 還
    Xinyi 重
    Nanning 重
    Wuzhou 重
    Yulin 重
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 重
    Mengshan (Xihe) 重
    Beiliu (Tangliao) 重
    Bobai 重
    Qinzhou 重
    Beihai 重
    Ningming 重
    Hengzhou 淨
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 重
    Singapore (Guangfu) 重
    Gan Nanchang 還
    Pingxiang 還
    Hakka Meixian 還
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 重
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 還
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 還
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 還
    Conghua (Lütian) 還
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 還
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 還
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 還
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 還
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 還
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 猶
    Hong Kong 還
    Luchuan (Daqiao) 還
    Kuching (Hepo) 還
    Huizhou Jixi 還
    Jin Taiyuan 還
    Min Bei Jian'ou 固, 唵
    Min Dong Fuzhou 固
    Matsu 固
    Min Nan Xiamen 猶, 猶閣
    Quanzhou 猶, 猶閣
    Zhangzhou 猶, 猶閣
    Zhao'an 還
    Tainan 猶, 猶閣
    Penang (Hokkien) 閣
    Singapore (Hokkien) 猶, 猶閣, 閣
    Manila (Hokkien) 猶, 猶閣
    Chaozhou 還
    Shantou 還
    Jieyang 還
    Haifeng 還
    Singapore (Teochew) 還
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 仲
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 重
    Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 還
    Wu Shanghai 還
    Suzhou 還
    Danyang 還
    Wenzhou 還
    Jinhua 還
    Xiang Changsha 還
    Loudi 還
    Shuangfeng 還
    Quanzhou 還

    Pronunciation 3Edit

    Note:
    • tṳ̀ng - vernacular;
    • dṳ̀ng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • têng, tâⁿ - vernacular;
    • tiông - literary.
    Note: cong5 - for 重慶.
    Rime
    Character 重
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
    Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 直容切
    Baxter drjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɖɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɖioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȡioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɖuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȡioŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȡĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȡʱi̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chóng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		cung4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 重
    Reading # 1/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chóng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ drjowng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[m]-troŋ/
    English repeat; double

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 重
    Reading # 1/3
    No. 17457
    Phonetic
    component         		重
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		重
    Old
    Chinese         		/*doŋ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    重

    1. to repeat; to duplicate
    2. to stack up; to pile up; to overlay
    3. again; once more
      重逢  ―  chóngféng  ―  to meet again
      重做 [Cantonese]  ―  cung4 zou6 [Jyutping]  ―  to redo; to do again
      重建家園／重建家园  ―  chóngjiàn jiāyuán  ―  to rebuild one's home
    4. Classifier for layers of an object.
      多重人格障礙／多重人格障碍  ―  duōchóngréngézhàng'ài  ―  multiple personality disorder

    CompoundsEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    重

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    From Middle Chinese 重 (MC ɖɨoŋX); compare Mandarin 重 (zhòng):

    From Middle Chinese 重 (MC ɖɨoŋ); compare Mandarin 重 (chóng):

    From native Japanese roots:

    CompoundsEdit

    compounds containing "重"
    Idioms containing "重"

    Etymology 1Edit

    /pe/ → /ɸe/ → /he/. Presumably related with Goguryeo 別 (*peT).

    NounEdit

    重(へ) • (he) 

    1. a division
    2. something that divides two objects
    Derived termsEdit
    See alsoEdit

    Etymology 2Edit

    /-pe/ → /-ɸe/ → /-we/ → /-e/. Cognate with 重 (he, “division”). The divergent phonological development is due to the non-null environment caused by being suffixed to the previous morpheme.

    SuffixEdit

    重(え) • (-e) ←へ (fe)?

    1. the number of overlaps; fold, layer
    Derived termsEdit

    NounEdit

    重(おも) • (omo) 

    1. main, principal, important

    Alternative formsEdit

    See alsoEdit

    Etymology 3Edit

    PrefixEdit

    重(じゅう) • (jū-) 

    1. heavy, weighty
    2. involving large-scale manufacture, heavy
    3. great in degree, heavy, serious, severe, hard, difficult

    KoreanEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    HanjaEdit

    重 (eumhun 무거울 중 (mugeoul jung))

    1. Hanja form? of 중 (“heavy”).

    Etymology 2Edit

    HanjaEdit

    重 (eumhun 아이 동 (ai dong))

    1. (obsolete) Alternative form of 童 (“Hanja form? of 동 (“child”).”)
    2. (obsolete) Alternative form of 僮 (“Hanja form? of 동 (“child”).”)

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    重: Hán Nôm readings: trọng, chồng, chuộng, trộng, trụng, trùng, chõng, trửng

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    ReferencesEdit

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