ju

the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, “La Lingvo de la floroj”, in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138:
  Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.
  The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Coordinate terms edit

des

Estonian edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Finnic *jo (“already”), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju (“already; yet; now”). Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.

Adverb edit

ju (not comparable)

Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
Ma ju armastan sind.
I love you, isn't it obvious?
apparently, probably
Ju ta tahab homme minna.
He probably wants to go tomorrow.

Gothic edit

Romanization edit

ju

Romanization of 𐌾𐌿

Guaraní edit

Verb edit

ju (active, intransitive, irregular)

to come (to move towards the speaker)

Conjugation edit

(che) aju
(nde) reju
(ha'e) ou
(ñande) jaju
(ore) roju
(peẽ) peju
(ha'ekuéra) ou

Japanese edit

Romanization edit

ju

Rōmaji transcription of じゅ
Rōmaji transcription of ジュ
Rōmaji transcription of ぢゅ
Rōmaji transcription of ヂュ

Ladin edit

Adverb edit

ju

down, below
downstairs

Lower Sorbian edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [ˈju]

Pronoun edit

ju

accusative of wóna

Related terms edit

nju (after preposition)

Mandarin edit

Romanization edit

ju

Nonstandard spelling of jū.
Nonstandard spelling of jú.
Nonstandard spelling of jǔ.
Nonstandard spelling of jù.

Usage notes edit

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle Dutch edit

Pronoun edit

ju

(Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi

Middle Low German edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /juː(w)/

Etymology 1 edit

From Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

Pronoun edit

jû

accusative/dative of gî: you

Declension edit

Middle Low German personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
1st person singular		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
	n	it (et)		ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
	f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
2nd person plural		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Alternative forms edit

jûw

Descendants edit

Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

Etymology 2 edit

Determiner edit

jû

your (plural)

Declension edit

Declension of ju

	nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
	Strong declension
Masculine	jû	jûwen	jûwem(e) (jûwen^note)	jûwes
Neuter		jû	jûwem(e) (jûwen^note)	jûwes
Feminine		jûwe	jûwer(e)
Plural	jûwe		jûwen	jûwer(e)
	Weak declension
Masculine	jûwe	jûwen	jûwen
Neuter		jûwe
Feminine		jûwen
Plural	jûwen	jûwen
The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period.

Old French edit

Noun edit

ju oblique singular, m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)

Alternative form of geu

Old Frisian edit

Alternative forms edit

iu, jō, io

Etymology edit

From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

Pronoun edit

jū

accusative/dative of jī

Inflection edit

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
nominative	ik	thū	hī	hiū, hiō	hit	wī	jī	hiā
accusative	mī	thī	hine	hiā	hit	ūs	jū, jō	hiā
dative	mī	thī	him	hire, hiāre	him	ūs	jū, jō	him, hirem, hiārem
genitive	mīn	thīn	sīn	hire, hiāre	sīn	ūser	jūwer	hira, hiāra

Descendants edit

North Frisian: juu
Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
West Frisian: jo

Saterland Frisian edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ju/
Hyphenation: ju
Rhymes: -u

Etymology 1 edit

From Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.

Pronoun edit

ju (oblique hier)

she

Etymology 2 edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms edit

dju

Article edit

ju (unstressed de)

feminine of die

References edit

Marron C. Fort (2015) “ju”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian edit

Etymology 1 edit

Clitic of nju

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ju/

Pronoun edit

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)

her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

Declension edit

Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

Etymology 2 edit

Form of iju

Alternative forms edit

iju

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ju/

Interjection edit

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)

Used to express surprise.

Shuar edit

Determiner edit

ju

this, these

References edit

Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano

Slovak edit

Alternative forms edit

ňu (after prepositions)

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [ju]

Pronoun edit

ju f

accusative singular of ona

Swedish edit

Etymology edit

From Old Swedish iū, io. Compare Danish jo, Norwegian Nynorsk jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /jɵ/, /jʉ(ː)/
audio (file)

Adverb edit

ju

Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
Bussen går ju klockan tre.
The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)

Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.
It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.

Varför gjorde du det inte? Du lovade ju!
Why didn't you do it? You promised (as you know)!

– Filmen var bra. – Det var den ju inte alls!
– The movie was good. – No it wasn't (and this should be our common understanding, as a fact – the ju adds a bit of an argumentative tone, similar to the "No")!

Vad fan, ytterdörren står öppen
What the hell, the front door is open (think two people coming home)

Vad fan, ytterdörren står ju öppen
What the hell, the front door is open (and this is (or will very soon be) our common understanding, as a fact, as you can also see that it is open – the ju just acts as an emphasizer here)

ju...desto

the...the (when comparing)
Ju större, desto bättre.
The larger, the better.

Usage notes edit

Colloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre." "Desto större, desto bättre" also occurs.

References edit

ju in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker

Wauja edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ʐu/

Interjection edit

ju

my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
"Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.

Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
"Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."

Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].

Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
"Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]

Usage notes edit

"My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.

References edit

"Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.

Yale edit

Pronoun edit

ju

you (second-person singular personal pronoun)

Yoruba edit

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒù/

Verb edit

jù

(transitive) to throw

Usage notes edit

ju before a direct object

Derived terms edit

ìjù (“the act of throwing”)
jíjù (“throwing”)

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒù/

Verb edit

jù

(transitive) to exceed, to surpass

Usage notes edit

ju before a direct object

Derived terms edit

ìjù (“the act of exceeding”)
àmì jíjù (“greater than sign '>'”)

Related terms edit

rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)

Etymology 3 edit

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒù/

Verb edit

jù

(intransitive) to be worm-infested

Derived terms edit

ìju (“false pregnancy”)

		singular	plural
1st person		unë	ne
2nd person		ti	ju
3rd person	masculine	ai	ata
3rd person	feminine	ajo	ato

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
stressed	iek	du	hie	ju	dät	wie	jie	jo
unstressed	iek	du	er	ze	et	wie	jie	ze
objective	mie	die	him	hier	dät	uus	jou	hier

ju

English edit

Noun edit

Derived terms edit

See also edit

Albanian edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

Declension edit

See also edit

References edit

Bilua edit

Noun edit

References edit

Borôro edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Central Mazahua edit

Pronunciation edit

Letter edit

Dalmatian edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Pronoun edit

Related terms edit

See also edit

Drehu edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

References edit

Dutch edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Interjection edit

Esperanto edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Particle edit

Coordinate terms edit

Estonian edit

Etymology edit

Adverb edit

Gothic edit

Romanization edit

Guaraní edit

Verb edit

Conjugation edit

Japanese edit

Romanization edit

Ladin edit

Adverb edit

Lower Sorbian edit

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

Related terms edit

Mandarin edit

Romanization edit

Usage notes edit

Middle Dutch edit

Pronoun edit

Further reading edit

Middle Low German edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

Pronoun edit

Declension edit

Alternative forms edit

Descendants edit

Etymology 2 edit

Determiner edit

Declension edit

Old French edit

Noun edit

Old Frisian edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Pronoun edit

Inflection edit

Descendants edit