ju
EnglishEdit
NounEdit
ju (plural not attested)
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
AlbanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Albanian *ju(s) identical with Lithuanian jūs id., Gothic jūs id., English you. Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
ju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)
- you (plural or polite)
DeclensionEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 195-196
BiluaEdit
NounEdit
ju
ReferencesEdit
- A Grammar of Bilua: A Papuan Language of the Solomon Islands (2003)
BorôroEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
ju
DalmatianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Vulgar Latin eo, from Latin ego.
PronounEdit
ju
- (first person singular pronoun) I
- Ju sai rau. ― I am sorry.
Related termsEdit
See alsoEdit
DrehuEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
ju
ReferencesEdit
- Tyron, D.T., Hackman, B. (1983) Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification. Cited in: "Dehu" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
- Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDe’u" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
Of onomatopoeic origin
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
ju
- Said to a horse to make it start moving.
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
ParticleEdit
ju
- the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, "La Lingvo de la floroj", in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138,
- Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.
- The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, "La Lingvo de la floroj", in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138,
Coordinate termsEdit
EstonianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *ju. Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.
AdverbEdit
ju
- Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
- Ma ju armastan sind.
- I love you, isn't it obvious?
- apparently, probably
- Ju ta tahab homme minna.
- He probably wants to go tomorrow.
GothicEdit
RomanizationEdit
ju
- Romanization of 𐌾𐌿
GuaraníEdit
VerbEdit
ju (active, intransitive, irregular)
- to come (to move towards the speaker)
ConjugationEdit
JapaneseEdit
RomanizationEdit
ju
LadinEdit
AdverbEdit
ju
Lower SorbianEdit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
ju
- accusative of wóna
Related termsEdit
- nju (after preposition)
MandarinEdit
RomanizationEdit
ju
- Nonstandard spelling of jū.
- Nonstandard spelling of jú.
- Nonstandard spelling of jǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of jù.
Usage notesEdit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
MazahuaEdit
PronunciationEdit
LetterEdit
ju (upper case Ju)
- A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.
Middle DutchEdit
PronounEdit
ju
- (Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi
Further readingEdit
- Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “ju”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle Low GermanEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.
PronounEdit
jû
- accusative/dative of gî: you
DeclensionEdit
nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
2nd person singular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
3rd person singular | |||||
m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
n | it (et) | ||||
f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
2nd person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here. |
Alternative formsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
DeterminerEdit
jû
- your (plural)
DeclensionEdit
nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Strong declension | ||||
Masculine | jû | jûwen | jûwem(e) (jûwennote) | jûwes |
Neuter | jû | |||
Feminine | jûwe | jûwer(e) | ||
Plural | jûwe | jûwen | jûwer(e) | |
Weak declension | ||||
Masculine | jûwe | jûwen | jûwen | |
Neuter | jûwe | |||
Feminine | jûwen | |||
Plural | jûwen | |||
The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period. |
Old FrenchEdit
NounEdit
ju m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)
- Alternative form of geu
Old FrisianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.
PronounEdit
jū
- accusative/dative of jī
InflectionEdit
DescendantsEdit
Saterland FrisianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.
PronounEdit
ju (oblique hier)
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Alternative formsEdit
ArticleEdit
ju (unstressed de)
ReferencesEdit
Serbo-CroatianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Clitic of nju
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
- her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))
DeclensionEdit
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
nominative | ȏn | òna | òno | òni | òne | òna |
genitive | njȅga, ga | njȇ, je | njȅga, ga | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
dative | njȅmu, mu | njȏj, joj | njȅmu, mu | njȉma, im | njȉma, im | njȉma, im |
accusative | njȅga, ga, nj | njȗ, ju, je | njȅga, ga, nj | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih | njȋh, ih |
vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — |
locative | njȅm, njȅmu | njȏj | njȅm, njȅmu | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
instrumental | njȋm, njíme | njȏm, njóme | njȋm, njíme | njȉma | njȉma | njȉma |
Etymology 2Edit
Form of iju
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)
- Used to express surprise.
ShuarEdit
DeterminerEdit
ju
ReferencesEdit
- Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano
SlovakEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- ňu (after prepositions)
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
ju f
SwedishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Compare Danish jo, Norwegian Nynorsk jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).
PronunciationEdit
AdverbEdit
ju
- Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
- Bussen går ju klockan tre.
- The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)
- Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.
- It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.
ju...desto
- the...the (when comparing)
- Ju större, desto bättre.
- The larger, the better.
Usage notesEdit
Colloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre."
Further readingEdit
- ju in Svensk ordbok.
WaujaEdit
PronunciationEdit
InterjectionEdit
ju
- my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
- Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
- "Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.
- Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
- "Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."
- Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
- It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].
- Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
- "Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]
- Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
Usage notesEdit
- "My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.
See alsoEdit
- tya (“my man, guys, fellas”)
ReferencesEdit
- "Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.
YaleEdit
PronounEdit
ju
- you (second-person singular personal pronoun)
YorubaEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jù
- (transitive) to throw
Usage notesEdit
- ju before a direct object
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jù
- (transitive) to exceed, to surpass
Usage notesEdit
- ju before a direct object
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
- rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)
Etymology 3Edit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
jù
- (intransitive) to be worm-infested
Derived termsEdit
- ìju (“false pregnancy”)