User:Dixtosa/ja
Translingual
edit| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 16 strokes | |||
Han character
editja (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+7, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一廿一月金 (MTMBC), four-corner 11186, composition ⿰豆頁)
Derived characters
editRelated characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1404, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43490
- Dae Jaweon: page 1921, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4372, character 5
- Unihan data for U+982D
Chinese
edit| trad. (ja) | j | a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. (头) | 头 | [[#Chinese|]] | |
| alternative forms | 䫁 𥘖 | ||
Glyph origin
editPhono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁 (“head”).
Etymology
editReplaced earlier 首 (MC syuwX, “head”) due to homophony with 手 (MC syuwX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999).
Several etymologies have been proposed:
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (“head”) or its allofam *du (“head”); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, “head”), Burmese ဦး (u:, “head”), Nuosu ꀑ (o, “head”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (“head”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin).
- From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (“to carry on one's head”), whence Khmer ទូល (tuul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007).
- A variant of 豆 (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (“head”) from Latin testa (“pot; jug”) and German Kopf (“head”) from Middle High German kopf (“drinking vessel”) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that 豆 (OC *doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from 頭 (OC *doː), which may have originally meant “skull”.
- Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- suffix for human body parts, deriving it from 兜 (OC *toː, “helmet; hood”).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tou2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ту (tu, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tau4 / tau4-2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): heu3 / heu3*
- Gan (Wiktionary): teu2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tou1
- Northern Min (KCR): tê
- Eastern Min (BUC): tàu
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6deu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tóu
- Wade–Giles: tʻou2
- Yale: tóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tour
- Palladius: тоу (tou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄊㄡ
- Tongyong Pinyin: to̊u
- Wade–Giles: tʻou5
- Yale: tou
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .tou
- Palladius: тоу (tou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰoʊ̯/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tou2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tou
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰəu²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ту (tu, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Chengdu)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: tau4 / tau4-2
- Yale: tàuh / táu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tau4 / tau4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: teo4 / teo4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɐu̯²¹/, /tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: heu3 / heu3*
- Sinological IPA (key): /heu²²/, /heu²²⁻²²⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: teu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɛu²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thèu
- Hakka Romanization System: teuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: teu2
- Sinological IPA: /tʰeu̯¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tou1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰxəu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tê
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰe³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tàu
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰau⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Penang, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô͘
- Tâi-lô: thôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: too
- IPA (Xiamen, Yilan, Kinmen): /tʰɔ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Taichung)
- thâu - vernacular;
- thiô/thô͘ - literary;
- thô - only used in 饅頭.
Definitions
editja
- (anatomy) head (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
- 我又要叫你和女人彼此為仇；你的後裔和女人的後裔也彼此為仇。女人的後裔要傷你的頭；你要傷他的腳跟。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:15
- Wǒ yòu yào jiào nǐ hé nǚrén bǐcǐ wéi chóu; nǐ de hòuyì hé nǚrén de hòuyì yě bǐcǐ wéi chóu. Nǚrén de hòuyì yào shāng nǐ de tóu; nǐ yào shāng tā de jiǎogēn. [Pinyin]
- And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇；你的后裔和女人的后裔也彼此为仇。女人的后裔要伤你的头；你要伤他的脚跟。 [MSC, simp.]
- hair; hairstyle
- top; tip; end
- chief; boss; leader (person that leads or directs)
- remnant; end
- Classifier for livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
- (dialectal) Classifier for other animals.
- (Northern Min) Classifier for flowers.
- first; leading
- (Hakka, Southern Min, dated in Mainland China) station
- 車頭／车头 [Hokkien] ― chhia-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― train station
- Diminutive suffix.
Synonyms
edit- The dial-syn page 「Dixtosa/ja」 does not yet exist. Create the data page and the map!
- (chief):
- 大佬 (dàlǎo)
- 波士
- 老大 (lǎodà)
- 老頂／老顶
- 阿head
- 阿大 (ādà)
- 阿頭／阿头
- 領導／领导 (lǐngdǎo)
- 領導人／领导人 (lǐngdǎorén)
- 領導者／领导者 (lǐngdǎozhě)
- 領袖／领袖 (lǐngxiù)
- 領頭／领头 (lǐngtóu) (literary)
- 頭／头
- 頭仔／头仔 (Hakka)
- 頭兒／头儿 (tóur) (colloquial)
- 頭子／头子 (tóuzi) (colloquial, pejorative)
- 頭目／头目 (tóumù)
- 頭頭／头头 (tóutou) (colloquial)
- 首腦／首脑 (shǒunǎo)
- 首要 (shǒuyào)
- 首領／首领 (shǒulǐng)
- 龍頭／龙头 (lóngtóu)
Compounds
editDescendants
edit- → Japanese: Lua error in Module:ja-ruby at line 628: Can not match "Dixtosa/ja" and "ず"; Lua error in Module:ja-ruby at line 628: Can not match "Dixtosa/ja" and "とう"
- → Korean: 두(Dixtosa/ja) (du(Dixtosa/ja))
- → Vietnamese: đầu (Dixtosa/ja)
Others:
- →? Proto-Tai: *truǝᴬ (“head”)
- → Proto-Tai:
References
edit- 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04555
Japanese
editKanji
edit- head
- counter for large animals
Readings
edit- Go-on: ず (zu)←づ (du, historical)
- Kan-on: とう (tō)
- Tō-on: じゅう (jū)←ぢゆう (dyuu, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: と (to)
- Kun: あたま (atama, ja); かしら (kashira, ja); かぶり (kaburi, ja); こうべ (kōbe, ja)←かうべ (kaube, ja, historical)
- Nanori: かぶ (kabu); かぶし (kabushi); かみ (kami); ちゃん (chan); つぶり (tsuburi); つむ (tsumu); つむり (tsumuri); づ (zu); どたま (dotama)
Compounds
editEtymology 1
edit
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Probably from Old Japanese. First cited in the ten-volume Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.[1]
Unknown derivation. Theories include:
- Compound of 天玉 (a tama, literally “heaven, sky + ball”). This is problematic phonetically, as 天 appears historically as ama or ame, not as just a
- Compound of 当て間 (ate ma, literally “putting something in contact + space, gap”), referring to the head as a moxibustion point. This is also problematic phonetically, as the shift from ate to ata necessitates a change in meaning of the underlying verb. This is also problematic semantically, as the 間 (ma) term refers more specifically to a gap or space.
- Compound of 貴間 (ate ma, literally “noble + space”), referring to the most important part of the body. However, the use of 間 (ma) in this way is again problematic. Moreover, 貴 (ate, “noble”) appears in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter dating to the 900s CE, while 頭 (atama) with a sense of fontanelle appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō dated 938 CE, leaving insufficient time for either the semantic or phonetic drift required.[1][2]
Historically, this term first appears with a sense of fontanelle, in reference to the soft place on the top of an infant's head where the bones of the skull have not yet fused. As such, a more likely derivation might be as a compound of 当た (ata, “not quite touching, not quite in contact”, possibly a fossilized 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of classical verb 当つ (atsu), root of modern 当たる (ataru, “to touch, to come into contact”)) + 間 (ma, “space, gap, opening”).
Pronunciation
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Noun
edit- head (body part)
- 頭が痛い。
- Atama ga itai.
- My head hurts.
- 頭が痛い。
- (anatomy, archaic, possibly obsolete) the fontanelle part of the skull
Idioms
editEtymology 2
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From Old Japanese.[1] Found as a standalone noun in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, and as a counter in the Kojiki, dating to 712 CE.
Alternative forms
edit- (head of a doll): 首
Pronunciation
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- The pitch accent for the counter depends on the preceding noun.
Counter
editNoun
editDerived terms
edit- 年頭 (toshigashira, “oldest person”)
- 膝頭 (hizagashira, “kneecap”)
- 前頭 (maegashira, rank-and-file sumo wrestler)
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- 出会い頭 (deaigashira)
Radical names containing 頭:
- 網頭 (ami-gashira, “top 'net' radical”)
- 糸頭 (ito-gashira, “top 'thread' radical”)
- 老頭 (oi-gashira, “top 'old' radical”)
- 髪頭 (kami-gashira, “top 'hair' radical”)
- 彑頭 (kei-gashira, “top 'pig's head' radical”)
- 虎頭 (tora-gashira, “top 'tiger' radical”)
- 冬頭 (fuyu-gashira, “top 'winter' radical”)
- 八頭 (hachi-gashira, “top 'eight' radical”)
- 発頭 (hatsu-gashira, “top 'dotted tent' radical”)
- 人頭 (hito-gashira, “top 'person' radical”)
Etymology 3
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Cognate with and shift in meaning from かぶり (kaburi, “covering; hat, crown”), spelled in kanji as 被り or 冠.
Pronunciation
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Noun
editIdioms
edit- 頭を振る (kaburi o furu, “shake one's head (in denial)”)
Etymology 4
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Cognate with 株 (kabu, “stump; root”), from a general sense of lump.[1]
Pronunciation
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Noun
editDerived terms
editEtymology 5
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Cognate with 粒 (tsubu, “round thing”, such as a grain), 禿ぶ (tsubu, “to go bald”, from the idea of one's head becoming round), 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective), 潰れる (tsubureru, “to become rounded, as from wear and tear, or from crushing”).[1]
Some sources[2] derive this as a shift from 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective). However, the phonology and semantics for this do not fit (changing /a/ to /i/, and repurposing the adjectivizing suffix ら to instead form a noun). The modern verb tsubureru had the form tsuburu in older stages of the language. The tsuburi reading for 頭 may more likely represent a nominalization derived from this older verb, following normal patterns for creating nouns from verbs.
Pronunciation
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Noun
editEtymology 6
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
From tsuburi above. Bilabial plosive /b/ becomes bilabial nasal /m/.
Pronunciation
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Noun
editEtymology 7
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Shortened from tsumuri above.[1]
Pronunciation
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Noun
editDerived terms
editEtymology 8
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
/kamipe/ → /kampe/ → /kaube/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Compound of either 上 (kami, “upper”) or 髪 (kami, “hair”) (likely cognates) with the suffix 方 (pe, “location, direction”).[1][2][3]
Alternatively, may be an alteration from 頭 (kabu, “head”) + 上 (ue, “up”).[1]
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
editNoun
editDerived terms
editEtymology 9
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
Contraction of ど (do-, “super-”, often used ironically as a derogatory prefix) + 頭 (atama, “head”).
Pronunciation
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Noun
editUsage notes
editOften spelled in hiragana, as どたま.
Etymology 10
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
/du/ → /d͡zu/ → /zu/
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC duw). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.
Pronunciation
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Noun
editUsage notes
editThis reading is more often found in compounds, such as 頭痛 (zutsū, “a headache”).
Idioms
edit- 頭が高い (zu ga takai, “haughty”)
Etymology 11
editLua error in Module:kanjitab at line 190: Readings for 1 kanji are given, but this word has only 0 kanji.
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC duw). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The shift from initial /d/ to voiceless /t/ is due to influence or reborrowing from a later stage of the Chinese language. Compare modern Mandarin reading tóu, Cantonese tau4, Min Nan tao5.
Pronunciation
editLua error in Module:ja-pron at line 78: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.
Counter
edit- counter for certain relatively large animals, or for livestock animals; "head"
- 合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- Awasete sensanbyaku tō amari ga shukka sare, zenkoku kakuchi ni ryūtsū shita.
- Altogether over 1300 head of cattle have been distributed throughout the country.
- 三頭の北極熊
- santō no Hokkyokuguma
- three polar bears
- 一頭の羊
- ittō no hitsuji
- one sheep
- 合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- counter for insects (used only in biology)
See also
edit| Japanese number-counter combinations for 頭 (tō) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 一頭 (ittō) | 二頭 (nitō) | 三頭 (santō) | 四頭 (yontō) | 五頭 (gotō) |
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 六頭 (rokutō) | 七頭 (nanatō) 七頭 (shichitō) |
八頭 (hattō) 八頭 (hachitō) |
九頭 (kyūtō) | 十頭 (juttō) 十頭 (jittō) |
| 100 | 1,000 | 10,000 | How many? | |
| 百頭 (hyakutō) | 千頭 (sentō) | 一万頭 (ichimantō) | 何頭 (nantō) | |
Noun
editDerived terms
edit- 蔵人頭 (kurōdo no tō)
- 頭中将 (tō no chūjō)
- 頭弁 (tō no ben)
References
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Further reading
edit- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Gogen-Yurai Jiten (Etymology and Origin Dictionary; in Japanese): http://gogen-allguide.com/a/atama.html
- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Key: Zatsugaku Jiten (Key: Dictionary of Miscellaneous Knowledge; in Japanese}: http://www.7key.jp/data/language/etymology/a/atama.html#etymology
Korean
editHanja
edit- Hanja form? of 두 (“head”).
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Northern Amami-Oshima
editEtymology
editCognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
editja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Noun
editja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Oki-No-Erabu
editEtymology
editCognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
editja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
Noun
editja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
Okinawan
editKanji
editja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
Etymology
editCognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Noun
editja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
Derived terms
edit- 頭病ん (ちぶるやん, chiburuyan, “headache”)
Southern Amami-Oshima
editEtymology
editCognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
editja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Noun
editja (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit(deprecated template usage) ja (đầu)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Yaeyama
editEtymology
editCognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
editja (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
Noun
editja (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
Yoron
editEtymology
editCognate with Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
Kanji
editja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
Noun
editja (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person