菜
See also: 莱
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Translingual
editStroke order | |||
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Han character
edit菜 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 11 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿月木 (TBD), four-corner 44904, composition ⿱艹采)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1038, character 13
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31184
- Dae Jaweon: page 1496, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3236, character 10
- Unihan data for U+83DC
Chinese
edittrad. | 菜 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 菜 | |
2nd round simp. | 𦬁 |
Glyph origin
editPhono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *sʰɯːs) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ).
Etymology
editFrom 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ, “to gather; to pluck”) + nominalizing *-s, literally “what is gathered or plucked” (Sagart, 1999; Schuessler, 2007). See 采 for more.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cai4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): цэ (ce, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): cai3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): cai3
- Northern Min (KCR): cha̤̿
- Eastern Min (BUC): chái
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5tshe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cai4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄘㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cài
- Wade–Giles: tsʻai4
- Yale: tsài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsay
- Palladius: цай (caj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: cai4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cai
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: цэ (ce, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: coi3
- Yale: choi
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsoi3
- Guangdong Romanization: coi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: toi1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰᵘɔi³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: cai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhoi
- Hakka Romanization System: coi
- Hagfa Pinyim: coi4
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: cai3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰai⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cha̤̿
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chái
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɑi²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: cai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: tshojH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.r̥ˤəʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sʰɯːs/
Definitions
edit菜
- vegetable; greens (Classifier: 棵 m; 根 m; 條/条 c; 樖 c)
- dish; course (Classifier: 盤/盘 m; 道 m; 味 m)
- cuisine; (type of) food
- grocery
- (colloquial) (one's) type; cup of tea(Classifier: 條/条 c)
- (colloquial) bad; inferior; disappointing; below average
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang, derogatory) girlfriend (Classifier: 條/条 c; 樖 c)
- a surname: Cai; Tsai
Synonyms
edit- (rape): 油菜 (yóucài)
- (dish):
Dialectal synonyms of 菜 (“dish; vegetable or meat dish”) [map]
- (cuisine): 餐 (cān)
- (girlfriend):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 女朋友, 女友 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 女朋友 |
Taiwan | 女朋友, 女友, 馬子 humorous or derogatory | |
Singapore | 女朋友 | |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 女朋友 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 女娃子, 女娃娃, 女娃兒, 盤子 |
Guilin | 𧊅 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 女朋友, 攀西 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 女朋友, 女 |
Hong Kong | 女朋友, 女友, 女, 女女, 菜 derogatory | |
Taishan | 女朋友, 女 | |
Dongguan | 皮油 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 女朋友 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 女朋友 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 妹子朋友, 女朋友 | |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 女朋友 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 女朋友 |
Shishi | 女朋友 | |
Taipei | 姼仔 GT | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 查某朋友 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 查某朋友 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 女朋友, 查某朋友 | |
Chaozhou | 女朋友 | |
Haifeng | 女朋友 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 查某朋友 | |
Leizhou | 女朋友 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 女朋友 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 女朋友 |
Suzhou | 女朋友 | |
Hangzhou | 女朋友 | |
Ningbo | 女朋友 | |
Zhoushan | 女朋友 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 妹子 |
Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
Compounds
edit- A菜 (ēi-cài, “Indian Lettuce”)
- 上菜 (shàngcài)
- 下酒菜 (xiàjiǔcài)
- 下飯菜兒/下饭菜儿
- 中國菜/中国菜 (Zhōngguócài)
- 主菜 (zhǔcài)
- 乾菜/干菜 (gāncài)
- 佈菜/布菜
- 便菜
- 做菜 (zuòcài)
- 八寶菜/八宝菜 (bābǎocài)
- 冬寒菜 (“Chinese Mallow”)
- 冬菜 (dōngcài, “preserved dried cabbage or mustard greens”) ( winter vegetable)
- 冷凍蔬菜/冷冻蔬菜
- 剩菜 (shèngcài)
- 加菜 (jiācài)
- 加菜金 (jiācàijīn)
- 包心菜 (bāoxīncài)
- 卷心菜 (juǎnxīncài)
- 叫菜
- 名菜 (míngcài)
- 合菜戴帽
- 和菜
- 咬菜根
- 嚼菜根
- 堂菜
- 大菜 (dàcài)
- 大菜間/大菜间
- 大鍋菜/大锅菜
- 大頭菜/大头菜 (dàtóucài)
- 好菜
- 客菜
- 家常菜 (jiāchángcài)
- 寶塔菜/宝塔菜
- 小白菜 (xiǎobáicài)
- 小菜 (xiǎocài)
- 小菜碟兒/小菜碟儿
- 小菜飯/小菜饭
- 小鍋菜/小锅菜
- 布菜 (bùcài)
- 年菜 (niáncài)
- 招牌菜 (zhāopáicài)
- 拿手菜 (náshǒucài)
- 捕蟲堇菜/捕虫堇菜
- 擇菜/择菜 (zháicài)
- 攤黃菜/摊黄菜
- 放小菜兒/放小菜儿
- 春菜絲兒/春菜丝儿
- 有機蔬菜/有机蔬菜
- 果菜 (guǒcài)
- 果菜市場/果菜市场
- 果菜類/果菜类
- 根菜類/根菜类 (gēncàilèi)
- 椰菜 (yēcài)
- 榨菜 (zhàcài)
- 水耕蔬菜
- 江淮菜 (Jiānghuái cài)
- 沉菜
- 法國菜/法国菜
- 波稜菜/波棱菜
- 油菜 (yóucài)
- 泡菜 (pàocài)
- 洋白菜 (yángbáicài)
- 洋菜 (yángcài)
- 海白菜
- 海菜 (hǎicài, “(edible) seaweed”)
- 滷菜/卤菜 (lǔcài)
- 漏虀搭菜
- 炒菜 (chǎocài)
- 煮菜
- 熬菜
- 熟菜
- 燕菜 (yàncài)
- 珊瑚菜
- 甘紫菜
- 甜菜 (tiáncài)
- 生菜 (shēngcài)
- 番菜
- 番菜館/番菜馆
- 白屈菜 (báiqūcài)
- 白花菜
- 白菜 (báicài)
- 盆菜 (péncài)
- 盒子菜
- 盤菜/盘菜 (páncài)
- 眼子菜
- 石花菜 (shíhuācài)
- 砍瓜切菜
- 空心菜 (kōngxīncài)
- 素菜 (sùcài)
- 組合菜/组合菜
- 紫菜 (zǐcài)
- 羅漢菜/罗汉菜
- 羊栖菜 (yángqīcài)
- 羊踏菜園/羊踏菜园
- 義大利菜/义大利菜
- 翠玉白菜
- 肉邊菜/肉边菜
- 花椰菜 (huāyēcài)
- 芹菜 (qíncài)
- 芽菜 (yácài, “mungbean sprout, soybean sprout”)
- 芥菜
- 芥菜頭/芥菜头
- 花菜類/花菜类
- 芥藍菜/芥蓝菜
- 茅膏菜
- 苦菜 (kǔcài)
- 草腹菜腸/草腹菜肠
- 茯苓菜
- 荇菜 (xìngcài)
- 荳芽菜/豆芽菜
- 莕菜
- 莧菜/苋菜 (xiàncài)
- 菜刀 (càidāo)
- 菜包子 (càibāozi)
- 菜單/菜单 (càidān)
- 菜圃 (càipǔ)
- 菜園/菜园 (càiyuán)
- 菜場/菜场 (càichǎng)
- 菜姑 (chhài-ko͘) (Min Nan)
- 菜子 (càizǐ)
- 菜市 (càishì)
- 菜市口 (Càishìkǒu)
- 菜市場/菜市场
- 菜式 (càishì)
- 菜心 (càixīn)
- 菜攤/菜摊 (càitān)
- 菜案 (cài'àn)
- 菜根
- 菜根譚/菜根谭
- 菜殼子/菜壳子
- 菜油 (càiyóu)
- 菜油燈/菜油灯
- 菜牛 (càiniú)
- 菜瓜 (càiguā)
- 菜瓜布
- 菜畦 (càiqí)
- 菜盒子
- 菜秧 (càiyāng)
- 菠稜菜/菠棱菜 (bōléngcài)
- 菜籃/菜篮
- 菜籽 (càizǐ)
- 菜色 (càisè)
- 菜花 (càihuā)
- 菜茹
- 菘菜
- 菫菜/堇菜
- 菠菜 (bōcài)
- 菰菜
- 菜蔬 (càishū)
- 菜薹 (càitái)
- 菜虎子
- 菜蚜
- 菜蟲/菜虫 (càichóng)
- 菜譜/菜谱 (càipǔ)
- 菜豆 (càidòu)
- 菜貨/菜货
- 菜農/菜农 (càinóng)
- 菜青 (càiqīng)
- 菜頭/菜头 (càitóu)
- 菜館/菜馆 (càiguǎn)
- 菜餚/菜肴 (càiyáo)
- 菜饌/菜馔
- 菜馬/菜马
- 菜鳥/菜鸟 (càiniǎo)
- 菜鴨/菜鸭
- 菜鴿子/菜鸽子
- 葉甜菜/叶甜菜 (yètiáncài)
- 葷菜/荤菜 (hūncài)
- 葉菜類/叶菜类
- 蓋菜/盖菜 (gàicài)
- 蒓菜/莼菜 (chúncài)
- 蔊菜
- 蔬菜 (shūcài)
- 蓼菜成行
- 蕹菜 (wèngcài)
- 蕺菜 (jícài)
- 薺菜/荠菜 (jìcài)
- 藤菜 (téngcài)
- 行菜
- 裙帶菜/裙带菜 (qúndàicài)
- 豆芽菜 (dòuyácài)
- 貢菜/贡菜
- 買菜/买菜 (mǎicài)
- 買菜求益/买菜求益
- 車輪菜/车轮菜
- 辣菜 (làcài)
- 辣菜根子
- 酒菜 (jiǔcài)
- 配菜 (pèicài)
- 酸菜 (suāncài)
- 醃菜/腌菜 (yāncài)
- 醬菜/酱菜 (jiàngcài)
- 釋菜/释菜
- 野莧菜/野苋菜
- 野菜 (yěcài)
- 金花菜
- 金針菜/金针菜 (jīnzhēncài)
- 銀條菜/银条菜
- 長年菜/长年菜
- 雜合菜/杂合菜
- 霉乾菜 (méigāncài)
- 青江白菜
- 青菜 (qīngcài)
- 面有菜色 (miànyǒucàisè)
- 韭菜 (jiǔcài)
- 韭菜盒子 (jiǔcài hézi)
- 韭菜花 (jiǔcàihuā)
- 頭髮菜/头发菜
- 飛龍菜/飞龙菜
- 飯菜/饭菜 (fàncài)
- 餔菜/𫗦菜
- 香菜 (xiāngcài)
- 高麗菜/高丽菜
- 髮菜/发菜 (fàcài)
- 鮭菜/鲑菜
- 鵝仔菜/鹅仔菜 (ngò-é-chhoi) (Min Nan)
- 鵠形菜色/鹄形菜色
- 鷓鴣菜/鹧鸪菜
- 鹹菜/咸菜 (xiáncài)
- 鹿角菜
- 麻菜珩 (Mácàihéng)
- 黃花菜/黄花菜 (huánghuācài)
- 黃花蜜菜/黄花蜜菜
- 點菜/点菜 (diǎncài)
- 龍鬚菜/龙须菜 (lóngxūcài)
References
edit- “菜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #8956”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
editShinjitai | 菜 | |
Kyūjitai [1][2][3] |
菜󠄁 菜+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
菜󠄄 菜+ 󠄄 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
菜󠄃 菜+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
edit菜
- greens; vegetables
- rape (Brassica napus); rapeseed
- side dish
Readings
edit- Go-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)←さい (sai, historical)
- Kan-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)←さい (sai, historical)
- Kun: な (na, 菜, Jōyō)
Compounds
editCompounds
- 菜園 (saien)
- 菜花 (saika)
- 菜果 (saika)
- 菜館 (saikan)
- 菜畦 (saikei)
- 菜甲 (saikō)
- 菜羹 (saikō)
- 菜骨 (saikotsu)
- 菜根 (saikon)
- 菜市 (saishi)
- 菜肆 (saishi)
- 菜粥 (saishuku)
- 菜菹 (saisho)
- 菜茹 (saijo)
- 菜色 (saishoku)
- 菜食 (saishoku)
- 菜人 (saijin)
- 菜銭 (saisen)
- 菜蔬 (saiso)
- 菜菹 (saiso)
- 菜代 (saidai)
- 菜単 (saitan)
- 菜地 (saichi)
- 菜腸 (saichō)
- 菜肚 (saito)
- 菜刀 (saitō)
- 菜把 (saiha)
- 菜伯 (saihaku)
- 菜箸 (saibashi)
- 菜飯 (saihan)
- 菜夫 (saifu)
- 菜餠 (saihei)
- 菜圃 (saiho)
- 菜畝 (saiho)
- 菜油 (saiyu)
- 菜料 (sairyō)
- 菜籠 (sairō)
- 荇菜, 莕菜 (asaza)
- 園菜 (ensai)
- 塩菜 (ensai)
- 果菜 (kasai)
- 嘉菜 (kasai)
- 解菜 (kaisai)
- 鮭菜 (kaisai)
- 寒菜 (kansai)
- 葵菜 (kisai)
- 魚菜 (gyosai)
- 麒麟菜 (kirinsai)
- 芹菜 (kinsai)
- 菫菜 (kinsai)
- 苦菜 (kusai)
- 捃菜 (kunsai)
- 葷菜 (kunsai)
- 菰菜 (kosai)
- 咬菜 (kōsai)
- 香菜 (kōsai)
- 根菜 (konsai)
- 祭菜 (saisai)
- 雑菜
- 山菜 (sansai)
- 種菜 (shusai)
- 拾菜 (shūsai)
- 蓴菜 (junsai)
- 茹菜 (josai)
- 食菜 (shokusai)
- 水菜 (suisai)
- 釈菜 (sekisai)
- 前菜 (zensai)
- 蔬菜 (sosai)
- 総菜, 惣菜 (sōzai)
- 束菜 (sokusai)
- 択菜 (takusai)
- 畜菜 (chikusai)
- 摘菜 (tekisai)
- 甜菜 (tensai, “sugar beet”)
- 奠菜 (tensai)
- 冬菜 (tōsai)
- 白菜 (hakusai, “bok choy”)
- 飯菜 (hansai)
- 蘋菜
- 鼈菜 (bessai)
- 野菜 (yasai)
- 葉菜 (yōsai)
- 蕹菜 (yōsai)
- 冷菜 (reisai)
- 萵菜 (wasai)
Etymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
菜 |
な Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *na.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editDerived terms
editDerived terms
- 菜刀 (nagatana)
- 菜粥 (nagayu)
- 菜殻火 (nagarabi)
- 菜葱 (nagi)
- 菜種 (natane)
- 菜漬け (nazuke)
- 菜っ葉 (nappa)
- 菜の花 (nanohana)
- 菜畑 (nabatake)
- 菜花 (nabana)
- 菜虫 (namushi)
- 菜飯 (nameshi)
- 菜類 (narui)
- 青菜 (aona)
- 畔菜 (azena)
- 油菜 (aburana)
- 蕪菜 (kabuna), 蕪菜 (kaburana): turnip
- 京菜 (kyōna)
- 茎菜 (kukina)
- 髪剃菜 (kōzorina)
- 小松菜 (komatsuna): komatsuna
- 肴 (sakana)
- 魚 (sakana)
- 塩菜 (shiona)
- 水前寺菜 (suizenjina)
- 菘 (suzuna), 鈴菜 (suzuna): turnip
- 摘菜 (tsumina)
- 蔓菜 (tsuruna)
- 苦菜 (nigana)
- 野沢菜 (nozawana)
- 冬菜 (fuyuna)
- 水菜 (mizuna)
- 嫁菜 (yomena)
References
edit- ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “菜”, in 字通 (Jitsū)[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
- ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, , page 1033 (paper), page 529 (digital)
- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 1826 (paper), page 965 (digital)
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
editHanja
edit- An edible plant or leaf of plant. greens; vegetables
Compounds
editCompounds
- 야채 (野菜, yachae, “vegetable”)
- 채소 (菜蔬, chaeso, “vegetable”)
- 채소류 (菜蔬類, chaesoryu)
- 채소밭 (菜蔬밭, chaesobat, “vegetable garden”)
- 향채 (香菜, hyangchae, “coriander”)
- 채식주의 (菜食主義, chaesikjuui, “vegetarianism”)
- 채식주의자 (菜食主義者, chaesikjuuija, “vegetarian”)
- 건채 (乾菜, geonchae, “ dried vegetable(s)”)
- 공심채 (空心菜, gongsimchae, “ water spinach”)
- 잡채 (雜菜, japchae, “mixed vegetables”)
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit菜: Hán Nôm readings: cải, thái, thủy/thuỷ, linh, lê
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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