Appendix:Sino-Tibetan languages of India Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of Sino-Tibetan languages of India languages, specifically Kinnauri, Stod Bhoti, Raji and Raute, compared with that of English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

№	English	Kinnauri ^{edit (207)}
1	I (1sg)	gə
2	you (2sg)	ki, ka
3	he, she, it (3sg)	do, no, ʤo, an
4	we (1pl)	kiʃa, kiʃaŋ, niŋo, kiʃaŋ*
5	you (2pl)	kino, kano, kanego, kiʃi, kisi, kaniʃ
6	they (3pl)	dogoː, nogoː, ʤogoː, anegoː
7	this	hojo, ʤo*
8	that	hodo, no, hono*
9	here	həʤəŋ
10	there	dǝŋ, nəŋ
11	who	hat
12	what	ʧʰəd
13	where	ham
14	when	teraŋ
15	how	hales, hala
16	not	ma-
17	all	ʦeik, saləm, pura, gui, sares*
18	many	banbant, kus, ʋal, botabot*
19	some	ʧʰəd*, domri, san, sanʦ
20	few	san, sanʦ
21	other	aid
22	one	id, ek
23	two	niʃ
24	three	ʃum, sum
25	four	pǝ
26	five	ŋa
27	big	teg
28	long	lamas
29	wide	kʰulas, kunʧ
30	thick	moʈʰes, bakʰles
31	heavy	liːg
32	small	gaʈo, gaʈoʦ, ʣigiʦ
33	short	ʧʰoʈaʦ
34	narrow	gaʈes
35	thin	bagiʦ, nakiʦ
36	woman	ʦʰeʦes
37	man (adult male)	morʧʰaŋ, mi
38	man (human being)	manuʃ, mi
39	child	ʧʰanʦ
40	wife	gone, tsʰesmi, lari
41	husband	ʧʰoŋmi, ʧʰoŋ, daːʦ
42	mother	ama, mən, mata
43	father	bon, boa, boba, bapu
44	animal	ʤaːnʋar, ʤanvar, semʧen
45	fish	maʧʰes, maʧʰli
46	bird	pja
47	dog	kui
48	louse	ʃəmanʦ, gasrig, rig
49	snake	sapes, naːges
50	worm	hoŋ, lashoŋ
51	tree	boːʈʰaŋ
52	forest	boniŋ, baunaŋ, ʣaŋgal
53	stick	ʧʰummaː
54	fruit	pʰolaŋ
55	seed	poʈo, bijaŋ, boʈaŋ
56	leaf	patʰraŋ, paʧaŋ
57	root	ʤiːlaŋ
58	bark (of a tree)	bod
59	flower	pʰul, uː
60	grass	ʧi
61	rope	bəʃ, ɖori, ʃakʰro, ʧʰoːnliŋ
62	skin	bod
63	meat	ʃa
64	blood	polaːʦ, ʃui
65	bone	haraŋ
66	fat (noun)	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
67	egg	anɖa, liːʈ, ʃaraŋ
68	horn	ʃiːŋ, rud
69	tail	pəʧniŋ
70	feather	pakʰaŋ
71	hair	kra
72	head	bal, ʃiraŋ
73	ear	kaːnaŋ
74	eye	mig
75	nose	takuʦ
76	mouth	kʰakaŋ, kʰak, mukʰaŋ
77	tooth	gar
78	tongue (organ)	le
79	fingernail	praʦuʧin, ʧin
80	foot	baŋ
81	leg	peraŋ, latʰaŋ, gompa, baŋ
82	knee	pəʃbaŋ
83	hand	gud, həst
84	wing	pakʰaŋ
85	belly	peʈiŋ
86	guts	ãʤaŋ
87	neck	kakʦ
88	back	piʃʈiŋ
89	breast	sʈug, sʈug, nunuː
90	heart	ʃin, dil, monaŋ*, ʣiʋa
91	liver	kaleʤi, ʃin
92	to drink	tuŋmu
93	to eat	ʣaːmu, pasmu
94	to bite	ʧigmu
95	to suck	ʈubmu, ʈəbmu
96	to spit	tʰukaŋ pʰikjaːmu
97	to vomit	pʰasmu
98	to blow	pʰuljaːmu
99	to breathe	saːsaŋ unnu
100	to laugh	ʋannu
101	to see	kʰjaːmu, kʰima
102	to hear	tʰəsmu
103	to know	nemu
104	to think	sunʦennu*, ʦalmu
105	to smell	baːsennu, baːsjaːʃimu, tamʃimu, basennu
106	to fear	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
107	to sleep	jagmu
108	to live	nimu, naʃimu
109	to die	ʃimu
110	to kill	sannu
111	to fight	kulʃimu, daːʃimu
112	to hunt	eraŋ lannu
113	to hit	kulmu, pʰoʈnoː, rannu, tugmu
114	to cut	kaʈjaːmu, məlmu, pʰralmu, pʰolmu
115	to split	pʰərmu
116	to stab	ʧʰuris rannu
117	to scratch	hərmu;
118	to dig	koːrmu
119	to swim	trabʃimu
120	to fly	jabmu
121	to walk	junnu, halennu, junnu ʃennu, haljaːmu
122	to come	bǝnnu
123	to lie (as in a bed)	dinnu
124	to sit	toʃimu*, naʃimu
125	to stand	ɖen nimu
126	to turn (intransitive)	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
127	to fall	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
128	to give	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
129	to hold	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
130	to squeeze	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
131	to rub	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
132	to wash	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
133	to wipe	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
134	to pull	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
135	to push	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
136	to throw	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
137	to tie	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
138	to sew	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
139	to count	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
140	to say	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
141	to sing	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
142	to play	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
143	to float	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
144	to flow	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
145	to freeze	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
146	to swell	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
147	sun	june, suraʤ
148	moon	golsaŋ, ʧand
149	star	skar, kar
150	water	ti
151	rain	goeniŋ, ʧʰarʋa
152	river	gaːraŋ
153	lake	soraŋ
154	sea	somodraŋ
155	salt	ʦʰa
156	stone	rag, pan
157	sand	baliŋ
158	dust	purʧuʈiŋ
159	earth	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
160	cloud	ʤu, ʤuʃa
161	fog	dumaŋ, dumaːsaŋ, dumaːso
162	sky	sorgaŋ
163	wind	laːn
164	snow	pom
165	ice	ʈʰanaŋ
166	smoke	dumaŋ
167	fire	meː
168	ash	bospa
169	to burn	pogmu, legmu
170	road	solok
171	mountain	raːŋ, ɖokʰaŋ
172	red	ʃʋiːg
173	green	raːg
174	yellow	piːg
175	white	ʈʰog
176	black	rok
177	night	raːtiŋ
178	day	djaːr, djusaŋ, tʰaːro
179	year	boʃaŋ
180	warm	ʤogiʦ, ʤrãŋk, ʤãŋk
181	cold	lisk, lis
182	full	bəŋgi
183	new	ɲuːg
184	old	uʃk*, sjano
185	good	dam
186	bad	maːri
187	rotten	ʦis
188	dirty	kriː, ʋaʃ, maːri
189	straight	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
190	round	baːʈles
191	sharp (as a knife)	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
192	dull (as a knife)	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
193	smooth	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
194	wet	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
195	dry	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
196	correct	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
197	near	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
198	far	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
199	right	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
200	left	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
201	at	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
202	in	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
203	with	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
204	and	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
205	if	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
206	because	[[#Kinnauri\|]]
207	name	[[#Kinnauri\|]]