Appendix:Swadesh lists
Swadesh lists were originally devised by the linguist Morris Swadesh. In the 1940s to 1950s, Swadesh developed word lists of body parts, verbs, natural phenomena, in order to compute the relationships of languages, and in particular their age, by a method called glottochronology. Swadesh's version of glottochronology is outdated because it used constant replacement rates. There are, of course, many attempts attempting to achieve more realistic rates and thus more realistic results.
A Swadesh list may also be useful to achieve knowledge of some universal terms in other languages. This is because, for basic communication, knowledge of vocabulary is more important than knowledge of grammar and syntax. Sometimes it is even possible to achieve (very) basic communication skills with no knowledge of the target language syntax whatsoever.
To sort the table columns here (or for any other table in any HTML page), copy the javascript link from here (control-click the "sort table" link to copy the link) and once you have come back to this page, paste the javascript code you have copied into your URL window and run it. (The other table scripts there can also be used here.) Alternatively, instead of copying the link, you could drag it into your bookmarks toolbar, allowing the link to be accessible in the future from the toolbar. This sorting feature could be particularly useful if and when the categories of the Swadesh template and/or Basic English template are fleshed out.
Assorted Swadesh listsEdit
See more at or
Indo-European languages (Proto-Indo-European)Edit
- Albanian
- Armenian
- Balto-Slavic languages (Proto-Balto-Slavic)
- Baltic languages
- Slavic languages (Proto-Slavic)
- East Slavic languages (Old East Slavonic)
- West Slavic languages
- Lechtic languages
- Czechoslovak languages
- Sorbian languages
- South Slavic languages
- Eastern South Slavic languages
- Western South Slavic languages
- Celtic languages (Proto-Celtic)
- Brythonic languages (Proto-Brythonic)
- Goidelic languages (Old Irish)
- Germanic languages (Proto-Germanic)
- Anglic languages
- Frisian languages
- Saxon languages (Old Saxon)
- Istvaeonic languages (Old Dutch)
- Irminonic languages (Old High German)
- German
- Kölsch
- Luxembourgish
- German
- Nordic languages (Old Norse)
- East Germanic languages
- Anatolian languages
- Hellenic
- Indo-Iranian languages (Proto-Indo-Iranian)
- Italic languages (Proto-Italic)
- Latin
- Italo-Western languages
- Western Romance languages
- Gallo-Romance languages
- Iberian languages
- Italo-Dalmatian languages
- Western Romance languages
- Eastern Romance languages
- Italo-Western languages
- Latin
- Tocharian languages
Other Eurasian languagesEdit
VasconicEdit
Caucasian languagesEdit
- Caucasian languages
- Kartvelian
- See the Intercontinental Dictionary Series and NorthEuraLex (2019) for a large selection of topical vocabulary lists of Northeast Caucasian languages.
DravidianEdit
- Dravidian languages (see also Appendix:Cognate sets for Dravidian languages and Appendix:Dravidian word lists)
Uralic languagesEdit
- Uralic languages (see also Appendix:Proto-Uralic reconstructions and Appendix:Stable lexical roots in Proto-Uralic)
Pacific Rim languagesEdit
- Paleosiberian languages — Ainu, Nivkh, Chukchi, Yukhagir; see also Appendix:Paleosiberian word lists.
Mongolic languagesEdit
See also: Appendix:Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages
Turkic languages (Proto-Turkic)Edit
- Turkic languages (see also Appendix:Turkic basic vocabulary Appendix:Turkic word lists)
- Oghuz Turkic languages
- Kipchak languages
- Karluk languages
- Siberian Turkic languages
East AsianEdit
Japonic-Ryukyuan languagesEdit
- Japonic languages — Japanese, and Okinawan
Koreanic languagesEdit
Tungusic languagesEdit
Southeast Asian and OceanicEdit
See also: Appendix:Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages and Appendix:Vocabulary lists of Indo-Pacific languages
Austroasiatic languagesEdit
- Austroasiatic languages — Khmer (+ romanized), Mon (+ romanized), Vietnamese, Chewong
- Khmer
- Vietnamese
- See also the SEAlang Mon-Khmer Etymological Dictionary.
Austronesian languagesEdit
- Austronesian languages — Ilocano, Malay, Tagalog, Cebuano, Pampangan, Pangasinan, Sasak, Chamorro, Malagasy, Tahitian, Tuvaluan, Maori, and Sundanese
- Pama-Nyungan languages — Gurindji, Ngaanyatjarra
Kra-Dai languagesEdit
- Kra–Dai languages — Thai (+ romanized), Lao (+ romanized), Shan (+ romanized), Southern Dong, Gelao, Buyang, Zhuang, Ong Be (Lingao), Hlai (Li), White Hmong
Hmong-Mien languagesEdit
Sino-Tibetan languagesEdit
- Sino-Tibetan languages — Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, Teochew Min Nan, Hakka, Hokkien (Amoy) and Burmese, all with romanizations
- Chinese
- Tibeto-Burman languages — Burmese, Tibetan, Karen, Jingpho, Manange
Language isolatesEdit
Amerindian languagesEdit
- See also: Appendix:Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
- See also: Appendix:Eskimo–Aleut basic vocabulary and Indigenous languages of the Americas
North AmericanEdit
- Dené–Yeniseian languages — Ket, Tlingit, Navajo, Dena'ina, Hupa
- Algonquian and Iroquoian languages — Ojibwe, Lenape, Mohawk, Cherokee, Nottoway, Erie (Language), Huron-wendat
- Siouan and Pawnee languages — Lakota, Dakota dialects, Osage, Crow, Tutelo, Pawnee
- Penutian languages
- Chumashan and Hokan languages — includes Yuman languages of Ipai, Kiliwa, Cocopa
- Kiowa-Tanoan, Keresan and Zuni languages
- Muskogean languages
- Uto-Aztecan languages — Nahuatl, Yaqui, Hopi, Shoshone, O'odham, Cahuilla, Tongva
- Zuni
Central AmericanEdit
- Oto-Manguean and other Mesoamerican languages — Otomi, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mazahua, Totonac, Popoluca, Huave, Chontal
- Purepecha
- Mayan languages — K'iche', Q'eqchi', Tzotzil, Mam, Yucatec Maya
South AmericanEdit
- South Andean region languages — Aymara, Kunza, Wichi, Mapudungun, Rapa Nui, with Spanish
- Tupian languages
- See the Intercontinental Dictionary Series for a huge selection of topical vocabulary lists of indigenous South American languages.
African languagesEdit
See also: Appendix:Vocabulary lists of African languages
Afroasiatic languagesEdit
- Afroasiatic languages Syriac (+ romanized), Akkadian (romanized only), and Ge'ez (+ romanized)
Khoisan languagesEdit
Niger-Congo languagesEdit
- Niger–Congo languages — Yoruba, Igbo, Mandinka, Wolof
- Fongbe (Fon)
Bantu languagesEdit
- Bantu languages — 36 Bantu languages
Creoles, pidginsEdit
- Antillean Creole
- Cape Verdean Creole
- Guinea-Bissau Creole
- Haitian Creole
- Mauritian Creole
- Papiamento
- Sranan
- Tok Pisin
Constructed languagesEdit
Lists in need of expansionEdit
- Swadesh list for Abinomn
- Swadesh lists for Dené-Yeniseian languages
- Swadesh lists for the Dravidian languages of Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu, Gondi, Konda, and Brahui
- Swadesh lists for Italian languages
- Swadesh lists for Mayan languages
- Swadesh lists for Niger-Congo languages
- Swadesh lists for Pama-Nyungan languages
TemplatesEdit
For a basis to expand this list into other languages see the basic 207-word Swadesh template. See also this Swadesh template containing a comparative table for 8 different languages, and this Swadesh template with categories and parts-of-speech added. To visit a more extensive list of basic words in various languages (not a Swadesh list, though it includes and is cross-referenced to Swadesh words), see the Basic English word list.
- Templates for Swadesh lists
- Template:Swadesh list 207 plain: plain list (English and selected language)
- Template:Swadesh list 207 pronunciation: list with IPA pronunciation
- Template:Swadesh list 207 trans pronunciation: list with transcription and pronunciation
- Template:Swadesh list 207 trans: list with transcription in Latin characters
- Template:Swadesh list 207 trans2: list with two transcriptions
- Wiktionary:Swadesh template categorized
- Templates for boxes
- Template:Swadesh lists: box with all Swadesh lists of individual languages, language families and branches
- Other templates
- Template:Swadesh list presentation: Swadesh list presentation template
- Template:Swadesh list templates: displays all templates
- Template:langlist: used in ordinary dictionary entries of languages
Swadesh list table of Germanic and Romance languagesEdit
The words from Swadesh's original 100-word list are designated by an asterisk (*). In the composite list on this page, there are actually 207 words, since seven of the words in the 100-word list (breast, fingernail, full, horn, knee, moon, round) were not in the original 200-word list.
See alsoEdit
External linksEdit
World languages
- Numbers in Over 5000 Languages by Mark Rosenfelder (Scope-wise, probably the best multi-language site. This is the only database on the Internet with nearly all the world's languages in it; however, it only has the numerals 1-10.)
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages by Eugene Chan
- Intercontinental Dictionary Series (Quality-wise, probably the best multi-language site. Excellent interactive searching and comprehensive topically-organized lists. See also Intercontinental Dictionary Series on Wikipedia.)
- Rosetta Project
- World Loanword Database
- Numeral Systems of the World's Languages
- Unilang (Somewhat disorganized, but great resource for language learning)
- Ethnologue (language demographics only)
- Glottolog
- Common words between languages
World languages — other existing wikis
- http://en.wikivoyage.org/en/Phrasebooks Wikivoyage phrasebooks
- http://wiki.langwiki.info/Main_Page (Wikilang)
Regional languages
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
- http://native-languages.org/ (Amerindian languages)
- http://sealang.net/ (Southeast Asian languages)