窮
See also: 穷
|
Translingual
editHan character
edit窮 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十金竹竹弓 (JCHHN), four-corner 30227, composition ⿱穴躬)
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 867, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25593
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2737, character 12
- Unihan data for U+7AAE
Chinese
edittrad. | 窮 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 穷 |
Glyph origin
editPhono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡuŋ) : semantic 穴 (“cave; nest; confinement”) + phonetic 躬 (OC *kuŋ).
Etymology
editPossibly a vocalic variant of 邛 (OC *ɡoŋ, “distress”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): kung4
- Gan (Wiktionary): qiung2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): qyng1
- Northern Min (KCR): gě̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̀ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6jion / 2jion
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jiong2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cyóng
- Wade–Giles: chʻiung2
- Yale: chyúng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyong
- Palladius: цюн (cjun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чүн (čün, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kung4
- Yale: kùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: kung4
- Guangdong Romanization: kung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰʊŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qiung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiùng
- Hakka Romanization System: kiungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiung2
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: qyng1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰỹŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gě̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kœyŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̀ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- kiông - literary;
- kêng, khêng, không - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: kiong5 / gêng5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiông / kêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- kiong5 - literary;
- gêng5 - vernacular.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 窮 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰyŋ³⁵/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰyuŋ⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕʰyə̃²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰỹn⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰyoŋ³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕʰioŋ¹/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰioŋ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰyəŋ¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰyŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕyŋ¹³/ ~人 | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰỹŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /d͡ʑioŋ²³/ |
Suzhou | /d͡ʑioŋ¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /d͡ʑioŋ²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /d͡ʑoŋ³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰyʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕioŋ¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /d͡ʑin¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kʰoŋ²¹/ |
Nanning | /kʰuŋ²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /kʰuŋ²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiɔŋ³⁵/ /kiŋ³⁵/ /kʰiŋ³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kyŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kœyŋ²¹/ 無~ /kœyŋ³³/ ~沒 | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/ /keŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /xiɔŋ³¹/ /kiaŋ³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: gjuwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uŋ/, /*m-[ɡ](r)uŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuŋ/
Definitions
edit窮
- to exhaust
- to thoroughly investigate
- to be in the wrong and unable to argue further
- to be in dire straits; to suffer from lack of opportunity, support, etc.
- 子路慍見曰:「君子亦有窮乎?」子曰:「君子固窮,小人窮斯濫矣。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ Lù yùn jiàn yuē: “Jūnzǐ yì yǒu qióng hū?” Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ gù qióng, xiǎorén qióng sī làn yǐ.” [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
子路愠见曰:「君子亦有穷乎?」子曰:「君子固穷,小人穷斯滥矣。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- poor; destitute; impoverished
- to be exhausted; to be used up
- 無窮無盡/无穷无尽 ― wúqióngwújìn ― to be inexhaustible
- 理屈詞窮/理屈词穷 ― lǐqūcíqióng ― unable to argue any further; having no more excuses
- 軻既取圖奉之,發圖,圖窮而匕首見。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
- Kē jì qǔ tú fèng zhī, fā tú, tú qióng ér bǐshǒu xiàn. [Pinyin]
- Jing Ke took the map scroll and presented it. He unrolled the map, and when it reached the end, the dagger appeared.
轲既取图奉之,发图,图穷而匕首见。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- remote; out-of-the-way
- extremely
- thoroughly
- excessively; inappropriately attentive to details; snobbishly; frivolously
- 69th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "exhaustion, tiredness" (𝍊)
- (Northern Wu) very; quite
- 窮大/穷大 [Suzhounese] ― 2jion 6dou [Wugniu] ― very big
- name of an ancient state
Usage notes
editSynonyms
edit- (poor):
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮/困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難/困难
- 困頓/困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧/清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽/硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮乏/穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困/穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪/穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦/穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤/穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 艱苦/艰苦 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏/贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困/贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒/贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠/贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮/贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧苦/贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 | |
Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 窮 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窮 |
Wanrong | 窮 | |
Xi'an | 窮 | |
Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 窮 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦寒 |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窮 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
Hong Kong | 窮 | |
Taishan | 窮 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
Pingxiang | 窮 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 | |
Hui'an | 窮赤 | |
Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空 | |
Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 | |
Raoping | 磽 | |
Shantou | 窮, 磽 | |
Jieyang | 窮, 磽 | |
Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
Suzhou | 窮 | |
Danyang | 窮 | |
Hangzhou | 窮 | |
Jinhua | 倒灶 |
- (very):
Compounds
edit- 一窮二白/一穷二白 (yīqióng'èrbái)
- 乞窮儉相/乞穷俭相
- 人窮志短/人穷志短 (rénqióngzhìduǎn)
- 人窮智短/人穷智短
- 偃蹇困窮/偃蹇困穷
- 僻壤窮鄉/僻壤穷乡
- 兵盡矢窮/兵尽矢穷
- 其味無窮/其味无穷
- 其樂不窮/其乐不穷
- 其樂無窮/其乐无穷 (qílèwúqióng)
- 力大無窮/力大无穷
- 力屈勢窮/力屈势穷
- 力屈計窮/力屈计穷
- 力屈道窮/力屈道穷
- 力蹙勢窮/力蹙势穷
- 勢窮力孤/势穷力孤
- 勢窮力極/势穷力极
- 勢窮力竭/势穷力竭
- 受益無窮/受益无穷
- 命薄相窮/命薄相穷
- 哭窮/哭穷 (kūqióng)
- 哭窮途/哭穷途
- 回味無窮/回味无穷 (huíwèiwúqióng)
- 困窮/困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 固窮/固穷
- 國窮民困/国穷民困
- 圖窮匕現/图穷匕现 (túqióngbǐxiàn)
- 圖窮匕見/图穷匕见 (túqióngbǐxiàn)
- 報窮制裁/报穷制裁
- 報苦窮兒/报苦穷儿
- 多言數窮/多言数穷
- 妙用無窮/妙用无穷
- 孤窮/孤穷 (gūqióng)
- 孤窮一身/孤穷一身
- 學窮/学穷
- 安富恤窮/安富恤穷
- 層出不窮/层出不穷 (céngchūbùqióng)
- 山窮水盡/山穷水尽 (shānqióngshuǐjìn)
- 後患無窮/后患无穷 (hòuhuànwúqióng)
- 應對不窮/应对不穷
- 技窮/技穷
- 振窮卹貧/振穷卹贫
- 振窮恤寡/振穷恤寡
- 探奇窮異/探奇穷异
- 探幽窮賾/探幽穷赜
- 探本窮源/探本穷源
- 日暮途窮/日暮途穷 (rìmùtúqióng)
- 有窮/有穷 (Yǒuqióng)
- 末路窮途/末路穷途
- 格物窮理/格物穷理
- 梧鼠技窮/梧鼠技穷
- 民窮兵疲/民穷兵疲
- 民窮財匱/民穷财匮
- 民窮財盡/民穷财尽 (mínqióngcáijìn)
- 水盡山窮/水尽山穷
- 水窮山盡/水穷山尽
- 永世無窮/永世无穷
- 永永無窮/永永无穷
- 深山窮谷/深山穷谷 (shēnshānqiónggǔ)
- 涸轍窮魚/涸辙穷鱼
- 涸轍窮鱗/涸辙穷鳞
- 溯源窮流/溯源穷流
- 無盡無窮/无尽无穷
- 無窮/无穷 (wúqióng)
- 無窮無盡/无穷无尽 (wúqióngwújìn)
- 無窮盡/无穷尽
- 無窮級數/无穷级数 (wúqióng jíshù)
- 犬馬齒窮/犬马齿穷
- 玄妙無窮/玄妙无穷
- 理屈事窮/理屈事穷
- 理屈詞窮/理屈词穷 (lǐqūcíqióng)
- 白首窮經/白首穷经
- 百巧千窮/百巧千穷
- 百巧成窮/百巧成穷
- 皓首窮經/皓首穷经
- 盡日窮夜/尽日穷夜
- 矢盡兵窮/矢尽兵穷
- 研窮/研穷
- 穹窮/穹穷
- 窮不失義/穷不失义
- 窮且益堅/穷且益坚
- 窮乏/穷乏 (qióngfá)
- 窮九/穷九
- 窮人/穷人 (qióngrén)
- 窮僻/穷僻
- 窮光蛋/穷光蛋 (qióngguāngdàn)
- 窮兵極武/穷兵极武
- 窮兵黷武/穷兵黩武 (qióngbīngdúwǔ)
- 窮冗/穷冗
- 窮冬/穷冬
- 窮凶惡極/穷凶恶极
- 窮凶極惡/穷凶极恶 (qióngxiōngjí'è)
- 窮凶極虐/穷凶极虐
- 窮到骨/穷到骨
- 窮則思變/穷则思变
- 窮匱/穷匮
- 窮原竟委/穷原竟委
- 窮嚼/穷嚼
- 窮困/穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮坑難滿/穷坑难满
- 窮大失居/穷大失居
- 窮天極地/穷天极地
- 窮奢極侈/穷奢极侈
- 窮奢極欲/穷奢极欲
- 窮妙極巧/穷妙极巧
- 窮家富路/穷家富路
- 窮寇/穷寇
- 窮寇勿追/穷寇勿追
- 窮寇莫追/穷寇莫追
- 窮富極貴/穷富极贵
- 窮小子/穷小子
- 窮山僻壤/穷山僻壤
- 窮山惡水/穷山恶水 (qióngshān'èshuǐ)
- 窮工極巧/穷工极巧
- 窮巷/穷巷
- 窮巷士/穷巷士
- 窮年/穷年
- 窮年累世/穷年累世
- 窮年累月/穷年累月
- 窮年累歲/穷年累岁
- 窮幽極微/穷幽极微
- 窮廝/穷厮
- 窮形極狀/穷形极状
- 窮形盡相/穷形尽相
- 窮心劇力/穷心剧力
- 窮忙/穷忙 (qióngmáng)
- 窮愁/穷愁
- 窮愁潦倒/穷愁潦倒
- 窮措大/穷措大
- 窮於應付/穷于应付
- 窮日/穷日
- 窮日子/穷日子
- 窮日落月/穷日落月
- 窮暴/穷暴
- 窮期/穷期
- 窮本極源/穷本极源
- 窮根/穷根
- 窮根尋葉/穷根寻叶
- 窮根究底/穷根究底 (qiónggēnjiūdǐ)
- 窮棒子/穷棒子 (qióngbàngzi)
- 窮極/穷极
- 窮極其妙/穷极其妙
- 窮極則變/穷极则变
- 窮極無聊/穷极无聊
- 窮極要妙/穷极要妙
- 窮民/穷民
- 窮氣/穷气
- 窮池之魚/穷池之鱼
- 窮治/穷治
- 窮泉/穷泉
- 窮混/穷混
- 窮源推本/穷源推本
- 窮源溯流/穷源溯流
- 窮源竟委/穷源竟委
- 窮漢/穷汉
- 窮滴滴/穷滴滴
- 窮猿失木/穷猿失木
- 窮猿奔林/穷猿奔林
- 窮猿投林/穷猿投林
- 窮理/穷理
- 窮理盡性/穷理尽性
- 窮生/穷生
- 窮當益堅/穷当益坚
- 窮瘋/穷疯
- 窮盡/穷尽 (qióngjìn)
- 窮目/穷目
- 窮相/穷相 (qióngxiàng)
- 窮神/穷神
- 窮神知化/穷神知化
- 窮神觀化/穷神观化
- 窮究/穷究
- 窮窘/穷窘
- 窮竭/穷竭 (qióngjié)
- 窮纖入微/穷纤入微
- 窮而後工/穷而后工
- 窮腮乞臉/穷腮乞脸
- 窮苦/穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮裔/穷裔
- 窮貴極富/穷贵极富
- 窮蹙/穷蹙
- 窮身潑命/穷身泼命
- 窮迫/穷迫
- 窮追/穷追
- 窮追不捨/穷追不舍 (qióngzhuībùshě)
- 窮追猛打/穷追猛打
- 窮通/穷通
- 窮途/穷途
- 窮途之哭/穷途之哭
- 窮途末路/穷途末路 (qióngtúmòlù)
- 窮途潦倒/穷途潦倒
- 窮通皆命/穷通皆命
- 窮途落魄/穷途落魄
- 窮達有命/穷达有命
- 窮鄉僻壤/穷乡僻壤 (qióngxiāngpìrǎng)
- 窮酸/穷酸 (qióngsuān)
- 窮酸餓醋/穷酸饿醋
- 窮醋大/穷醋大
- 窮開心/穷开心
- 窮閻漏屋/穷阎漏屋
- 窮靈盡妙/穷灵尽妙
- 窮竟/穷竟
- 窮骨頭/穷骨头
- 窮髮/穷发
- 窮鬼/穷鬼 (qióngguǐ)
- 窮鳥入懷/穷鸟入怀
- 窮鼠齧貓/穷鼠啮猫 (qióngshǔnièmāo)
- 筆楮難窮/笔楮难穷
- 籠中窮鳥/笼中穷鸟
- 羅掘俱窮/罗掘俱穷
- 計盡力窮/计尽力穷
- 計窮/计穷 (jìqióng)
- 計窮力屈/计穷力屈
- 計窮力極/计穷力极
- 計窮力盡/计穷力尽
- 計窮力竭/计穷力竭
- 計窮勢蹙/计穷势蹙
- 計窮慮極/计穷虑极
- 計窮智短/计穷智短
- 計窮途拙/计穷途拙
- 詞窮/词穷 (cíqióng)
- 詞窮理屈/词穷理屈 (cíqiónglǐqū)
- 詞窮理盡/词穷理尽
- 詞窮理絕/词穷理绝
- 變化無窮/变化无穷
- 貧窮/贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧窮文化/贫穷文化
- 賑窮濟乏/赈穷济乏
- 賤貴窮通/贱贵穷通
- 辭窮/辞穷
- 追本窮源/追本穷源
- 送窮/送穷
- 途窮日暮/途穷日暮
- 道盡途窮/道尽途穷
- 阨窮/阨穷
- 餘味無窮/余味无穷
- 黔驢技窮/黔驴技穷 (qiánlǘjìqióng)
- 黷武窮兵/黩武穷兵
Further reading
edit- “窮”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editSee also 窮する
Kanji
edit窮
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Readings
editKorean
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kuŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [궁]
Hanja
edit窮 (eumhun 궁할 궁 (gunghal gung))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit窮: Hán Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng
Readings
edit窮: Hán Việt readings: khùng
窮: Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng
Etymology 1
editAdjective
editEtymology 2
editNoun
editReferences
edit- Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
- Nôm Lookup Tool, Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation
- Phạm Đình Hổ (18 c.), Nhật dụng thường đàm
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