はくぼっかよんとう
Joined 16 April 2017
№ | English | Ket | Tlingit | Navajo | Dena'ina | Hupa | Slavey | Kott | Eyak |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | āt
我 |
x̱át | shí
私*sil |
whe: | sı̨ | ai | xuː, (possessive morpheme) si | |
2 | you (singular) |
ū, u, uˑ, uːge | wa.é | ni
尔*njelʔ |
ning | nı̨ | au | ʔiː | |
3 | he | bū
彼*pralʔ |
hú | bí | be- | xong, min | uju, hutu | (pronom. morph.; poss. and v. prefix of d. obj.) ʔu | |
4 | we | ə̄t, ǝt, ǝt-n | uháan | nihí | na- | nehe | ajoŋ, ay-oŋ | taː, (oblique, poss.) qʰaː | |
5 | you (plural) |
ə̄k | yeewháan | nihí | h- | nohn(i) | auoŋ | ||
6 | they | būŋ | hás | bí | yina, qu- | xong | uniaŋ, hatien | ʔǝ-yǝq, ʔu-yǝq | |
7 | this | kiˑ (near), kiˑ-rʸ, kiˑdǝ, kiˑrʸǝ, kiˑrʸ (masc.), kˈi-rʸe (fem./neut.), kˈi-nʸa (pl.)
其*k(lᵈ)ɯ |
yá (near), hé (nearest) | díí
之*tjɯ 是*djeʔ |
gini | de:, teː, teː-t | dı | inu | ʔǝl, ʔãː |
8 | that | tuˑ (intermediate distance), tuˑ-rʸ, tuˑdǝ, tuˑrʸǝ, tuˑrʸ (masc.), tˈu-rʸe (fem./neut.), tˈu-nʸa (pl.), qa (far), qaˑ-rʸ (masc.), qa-rʸa (fem./neut.), qa-nʸa (pl.)
之 |
wé (that; neutral distance), yú (yonder) | éí | ghini | hay(i), yo:w (close by), ye:w (far off) | eyı | uy-oː (masc.), unʸa (fem.), uni-oŋ (pl.), ujöm | ʔǝw, ʔuː |
9 | here | kiseŋ | yáat, héit | kwii, kweʼé | ey gu | de:, digyun(g) | dı | ini | |
10 | there | qaseŋ | yóot, wéit | níláahdi | yeh | yo:wi, yo:w (close by), ye:w (far off) | eyı | ||
11 | who | bˈitsʸe (masc.), bɛsʸa (fem.), ˈana, ˈanät, anet, anasʸ | aa, aadóo, aadóoch (erg.) | háí | vada | dundi | a=ši-x | tuː | |
12 | what | akus, ˈakusʸ ~ aksʸ | daa, daat
谁*djul |
daa | yada | daydi | ši-na, še-na, ašix, bi-ʎäŋ | teː | |
13 | where | biles | goo | háadi | ndaha | da:ydi, -ding | bi-li | ||
14 | when | aska | gwátk (past), gwátgeen (fut.) | hahgo | hnuyu | -dung' (in the past), -ding' (in the past), -de' (in the future), dahun'di (interrogative), mił (temp. adv.) | |||
15 | how | bila | wáa | haa
何*gaːlʔ |
ch'adach' | (du)xwe:di | ašix | ||
16 | not | bə̄n, bǝnʸ
否*brɯʔ |
tléil, hél, l | doo | nch'u | do, toː- | boː (prohibitive), mon, moːn | =q (v. deriv. suffix; stem), tikʼ, (negative stem) kʼu, kʼǝ | |
17 | all | bɯlda, bˈɨlʸda, bˈɨlʸdɛ
繁多 |
ldakát | tʼáá ałtso | t'anch'q'u, łuq'u | ʔah-tʼiŋ | bar, ba:r (a Turkic borrowing), uːt-am | ɬi-ʔqʼ | |
18 | many | oˀn, ɔ̂nʸ | aatlein, sha-ya-di-haa (there are many) | łą́ | ła:n, ɬaŋ | payaŋ | kʼu=tʼuʔ | ||
19 | some | samla
少 |
x̱oo (among) | łaʼ | me:lah (some of it, some of them) | ||||
20 | few | qomat | tʼáá díkwíí | dnaghelchiq' | do:-ła:n-ts | ||||
21 | other | bīk
别*bret |
ch’a g̱óot | łaʼígíí | ighil'i | ||||
22 | one | qūs, qu-sʸ, qɔʔ-k
一*qlig |
tléix' | łáaʼii, tʼááłáʼí | ts'iłq'i | ła' | líe | hu:cha, huː-ča | ɬĩhq-ih, LinhG-ih |
23 | two | ɯ̄n, ɨn | déix̱ | naaki
二*njis |
nutiha | nahx | ǫki | i:na, (older sources) ˈinʸa | laʔt-ih, la'd-ih |
24 | three | doˀŋ
三 |
nás'k | tááʼ | tuq'i | ta:q' | tai | to:nga | t'uhLga' |
25 | four | sīk
四 |
daax'oon | dį́į́ʼ | denk'i | dink' | dįį | shégang | qAlahqa'ga' |
26 | five | qāk
五*ŋaːʔ |
keijín | ashdlaʼ | ch'qilu | chwola' | sųlái | xe:gä | ch'a:n'-ih |
27 | big | qaˀ
五 伟 |
ya-gei, tlein | nitsaa | ka'a | -kyoh, -kyah, =kʰʸah (light), =kʰʸaːw (heavy) | fačaː, pʰačaː, (older form) pačaga | =ʔluw, =ʔnuw | |
28 | long | ugde, ˈugde-sʸ | li-yaat’ | nineez | dghiłnaz | =ne:s | uy | =ʔaːw (same as far) | |
29 | wide | qiil
颀 |
ya-woox̱’ | nteel | dghiłtal | -tehł | |||
30 | thick | boˀl, bəsl, sūk
繁 |
si-kaak | áníłtsááz | dghiłtsuz | dita:n (it is thick), nitsa:s | hagal, hakal, puchar | ||
31 | heavy | səə, sʸɜː-sʸ, sɜː, sʸoaga | ya-dál | ndaaz | dghiłduz | =taːs | šiːk-ŋ | =ɬ=taːs (to be heavy) | |
32 | small | həna, hˈɜnʸa, ˈim-da | ya-géik’ | yázhí | gguya | misGiy'ts (it is little, small), =kiyeʔ, =kiyeʔ-c, =kiyʔ-c | kišlaː, (older sources) imɨraŋˈaga, imiraŋaga | kʰučʼ-k, kʰucʼ-k, (dim./affectionate suffix) -kʰih | |
33 | short | hitim, hɔlʸ-sʸ, hɔʔlʸ, hoːli | ya-yaatl’ | áłtsʼíísí | dghiłggech' | didzit (it is short) | tʰuːki | =tikʼ, =tǝkʼ | |
34 | narrow | tòʁ
独 |
ya-saa | áłtsʼóózí | dghiłdit | 'ist'ik' (it is thin, slender, narrow) | tʰaːge | ||
35 | thin | haksem, hˈaksʸ-em, hˈaksʸ-im, haːqs-em (flat objects), toʁoj, tɔ̂ʁ, tɔʁa, tɔʁǝ, to(ː)ɢalʸa, toɢo (3D objects)
独 |
li-xoon, shi-g̱aax̱ʼ (animal), ḵ’aatl’ (flat object) | áłtʼą́ą́ʼígo | 'ist'ik' (same as above) | fač-am, pʰač-am | =cʰic-k | ||
36 | woman | qīm, qiˑm, qiːm
妗*qʰlɯːm |
shaawát, sháa | asdzání | k'isen | tsumehstł'o:n, 'awhxich'e' (archaic wealthy woman), cʰamehsƛʼoː, | ts’élî (woman), gotsų (old lady) | ali(ː)t, alat (also, wife) | qʰeʔɬ |
37 | man (adult male) |
hīɣ | ḵáa | hastiin | quht'ana | xo=ʔes=ta-y, xo=ʔos=ta-y, xʷe=ʔes=ta-y | denezhu, ǫhndaa (old man), gotsíe (old man), cheekua (young man) | fiː, (little man) ig | ɬilaːʔ |
38 | man (human being) |
keˀt, deng pl | lingít | diné | qut'ana | k'iwinya'a:n, kʼʸi=win=yaʔn=yaːn (lit. acorn-eater) | dene | hit, het, čeäŋ pl | tǝχũh |
39 | child (a youth) |
dɯ̄l
童 弟 |
yát, k'átsk'u | áłchíní | ch'anigen | ch'iwhxiy | ts’údââ | dakat, dal | |
40 | wife | qīm
妗*qʰlɯːm |
shát | hweʼesdzáán | -'u | -'ut | setséke | ali(ː)t, alat (also, woman) | |
41 | husband | tēt | x̱úx̱ | hahastiin | -qen | -xung' | sedené | had-kip, hatkït(n) | |
42 | mother | ām | tláa | amá | -unkda | -chwing | semǫ, amá | ama(n), áma, ami | |
43 | father | ōp | éesh | azhéʼé | -tukda | -ita' | setá | op, öpang, öan, öp | |
44 | animal | assel
牲 |
gutu.ádi (forest animal) | naaldeehii | mixo'osday' (male), łing' (pet) | -ša, -šïn, šetn, šele, achánše (wild) | |||
45 | fish | īs, iˑsʸ
鱦 |
x̱áat (salmon, fish), l’ook (coho salmon) | łóóʼ | łiq'a
鱼*ŋa |
ło:q' (also can refer to salmon alone), (orig. form) *ɬoːqʼi, (all edible water creatures, probably from water+meat) tʰohnaːy | łue | teːg, teːx | tʰǝʔ-yaʔ |
46 | bird | dum (little bird, youngling), keŋassel, kˈe-ŋ-asʸːelʸ | ts’ats’ée, ts’ítskw (songbird) | tsídii | ggaggashla | k'iya:wh, kʼʸi=yaːʍ | al=tuːma# (little bird, youngling) | qǝnuh (water fowl), qãː-ti-čʼičʼ-k' (non-aquatic songbird), yǝχ=tǝ=ɬǝ=kʼaʔtʼ-χ, | |
47 | dog | tīp | keitl | łééchąąʼí | łik'a | no:k'ine:yo:t, ło:q'-ma:'a', ɬiŋʼ, =liŋ-kʼʸ-eʔ | al=šip | χǝwaː | |
48 | louse | ə̀ɣ, ɜ̂ɣ | wéis’ | yaaʼ | eyu | ma:'a', ya' (head louse) | ikˈi | kuks-k | |
49 | snake | tìɣ, tîɣ, tiːɣǝ, tieɢ
蛇*l̥ʰaːl |
l’ut’tláaḵ ('tongue-arrow') | tłʼiish | [no original term] | miłtsah-xosin (rattlesnake), ƛʼiwiʍ, ƛʼi(ː)ʍ | oŋ-xoy, oŋ-koy | χuhχ-ʔa-ʔluw-yuː (snakes, lit. big worms), ʔuʔƛ (dubious; also means driftwood, dead log) | |
50 | worm | utiɣ, utˈiɣ, uˈtix | tl’úk’x̱ | chʼosh | [no original term] | qo(ː) | hoi, (older sources) o-n | χuhχ (earthworm, moth) | |
51 | tree | ōks, oˑksʸ | aas | tsin | cʼ-pa-la, čʼ-wa-la, čʼ-va-la | king, kʰʸiŋ, (wood, firewood) čʰʷič | atči, atče, (older sources) ačši | lis (poss. Russian borrowing) | |
52 | forest | hɯssej, areŋ
森*srɯm |
aas gutú (‘among trees’) | tsintah | king-xołiwhin (heavy forest), sikin-chwing (archaic pine forest) | ||||
53 | stick (of wood) |
ə̄ɣ | ḵáas’ | gish | chik'a (wood) | king, kʰʸiŋ, (wood, firewood) čʰʷič | hupuš | t=kʰĩh | |
54 | fruit | tléiḵw (‘berry’) | neestʼą́ | ||||||
55 | seed | īm | tukayátx’i ('small ones inside it'), x’aakeidí | akʼǫ́ǫ́ʼ | =n=cʼǝs-(ʔ)a | mina:' (pit), =saːy, =saːy-ʔ (small seeds) | =lǝχǝ=ɬ=cʼǝl-ih, (seeds for snowing) yaː-nuʔ(-čʼ) lǝχǝ-tǝ-yaːʔ | ||
56 | leaf | əə, ɜː | kayaaní | atʼąąʼ | k't'tun | =tʼaŋʼ | dʸipi
叶*leb |
tʼahɬ (also, feather) | |
57 | root | tìr
株*tjo |
x̱aat | bikétłʼóól | =qacʼ-a | qus, xay (conifer, esp. pine or spruce), qat, qut (esp. willow) | tʰe(ː)m-pul, (in older sources) tˈiːembulaŋ, lgiembulaŋ, ačigan | qeːcʼ (spruceroot), (root-stump, plant roots), (only attest. in compounds) =kʰũː
根*kɯːn | |
58 | bark (of tree) |
iŋolt, ɨːn | a daayí (‘outer surface’), loon (outer bark), ḵéetlʼ (phloem), sáxʼ (cambium), láx̱ʼ (sap bark), x̱eesh (cork), s’agwáat (hemlock), teey (yellow-cedar), tsaaxʼ (red-cedar) | bitáshtʼóózh | k'elut'ich'a | k'ila:dosch'e' (heavy conifer bark), =sicʼ (also skin, hide) | farpax, farpag, pʰarpak | qʰaht-ɬ, qʰahƛ, tʰah (hide, bark, shell) | |
59 | flower | aqta daan
華*qʰʷraː |
ḵ’eikaxwéin | chʼil bílátah hózhóón | ashana | k'ida:y', k'ige:s (Indian sunflower) | ešalyky-tan | ||
60 | grass | daan | chookán, sháak (timothy grass), sooḵ (saltwater grass) | tłʼoh | k'echan | tł'oh | tönapul, keri | tl'ihx̣ | |
61 | rope | àŋ | tíx’ | tłʼóół | tl'ił | 'isdits' (string) | |||
62 | skin (of a person) |
iŋolt, î | dook, ch’áatwu (epidermis) xáasʼ (fish), g̱wáatʼ (sheepskin), kaak (inner hide), táach (skin trimmings) | akágí | ses, yes | -sits' (also, animal), =sicʼ (also bark) | =tʰah (also, bark) | ||
63 | meat (as in flesh) |
īs, iˑsʸ | dleey | atsįʼ | k'tsen | tsing', =cʰiŋʼ, (only in roots) cʰinʼ or cʰin | iːči | =cʰeʔ | |
64 | blood | sūl, sʸuˑlʸ
**shwiʔ |
shé, shéiy, shí | dił | del | tse:lin, cʰeː=liŋ, cʰeː=lin | šur | tǝɬ, tiɬ | |
65 | bone | aˀt | s'aaḵ, s’ooḵ (rib), xaak (skeleton, bivalve shell) | tsʼin | ts'en | -ts'in, =cʼinʼ, =cʼiŋʼ, =cʼin-eʔ | xagal, xakal, qagal | cʼǝl, =cʼǝl-ih (anatomy), qʼahš (in meat, fish) | |
66 | fat (noun) |
kiˀt, kɨʔt | taay | akʼah | k'eq'eh | łiq'a:w (it is fat) | kiːr | =qʼǝχ | |
67 | egg | eˀj, ɛʔy | k’wát’ (bird), kaháakw (fish) | ayęęzhii | k'eghazha | q'ong' (fish), -we:whe' | šuley (poss. Samoyed loanword) | =tǝ=ʔuht-k | |
68 | horn | qoˀ, qɔʔ | sheit | adeeʼ | k'da | -de' | hau (horn, thumb, big toe) | =ː=tǝleh | |
69 | tail | huut, hiˀs, huːʔut | l'eet | atseeʼ | -ka | -ke' | fugay, fukay, pʰugay, (older sources) pukˈay | =k=ƛʼah (=k means filament-like, =ƛʼah is rear, back-end) | |
70 | feather (rather not down) |
às, âsʸ | t’aaw | atʼaʼ | k't'u | -ch'il' | iči, iče | tʼahɬ (also, leaf) | |
71 | hair | tə̄ŋ | x̱aaw (body hair, fur) shax̱aaw (head hair) | atsiiʼ | -tsighu | -wa', tsiwung' (head hair), cʰi=wa-ŋʼ, =cʰi=wa-nʼ, =cʰi=waʔ-n-eʔ | eːk (body hair, fur), heŋ-ay (most likely head hair) | leːɬ, (fur, body hair) =χuʔ | |
72 | head | kəjga, kˈɜyga | shá | atsiiʼ | -tsi, -kin'i | -tse', =eː=ta=ʔa-y, =cʰeː(dialectal/obsolete) | tag-ay, tak-ay | =šaːw (also, head hair), =lǝ=qʰah, (only in compounds) cʰĩʔ-, cʰiʔ-l- | |
73 | ear | ogde, ˈɔgdɛ | gúk | ajaaʼ | -jegha | -jiw' | kaloːx (most likely a Turkic borrowing) | =čehχ | |
74 | eye | dēs, deˑsʸ | waaḵ | anááʼ | -nu'u, -nagha | -na:' | tiːš, (older forms, both pl.) tečagan, tieŋ | =laːχ | |
75 | nose | olən, ˈɔlɨn, ˈɔlǝn | lú | áchį́į́h | -nchix | -nchwiwh | aŋ, aːŋ | =niːkʼ (nose, beak), =niːčʼ (only in compounds) | |
76 | mouth | qō
月*ŋod 期*kɯ |
x̱’é, x̱ʼa-, ḵʼa- | azééʼ | -zaq'
夕*ljaːɡ |
-da' | hoːpi | =saʔ(-t), (mouth, eating, appetite, food) xaʔ | |
77 | tooth (rather not molar) |
ìt, ît, iːti, i(ː)tǝ, iːʔet | oox̱ | awooʼ | -ghi | -wo' | iti, ite (older sources incl. a final n) | =χũː-ɬǝ-yah, (as a bound element only) χuːl ~ χũː | |
78 | tongue | ēj, eˑy, ɛːyǝ, ɛyǝ | l’óot’ | atsooʼ | -tsila | -sa:sta:n | alup, aluːp | =laʔtʼ, =naʔtʼ | |
79 | fingernail | ìn, înʸ (also, claw) | x̱aakw | áláshgaan | -luggena | -la'-ke'ts' (also, claw) | halčiːg, halčix (nail, claw, hoof) (older sources have an x in place of h) | =yǝ=ɬ=χahc-ɬ | |
80 | foot | kiˀs (leg), buˑlʸ
企*kʰeʔ |
x̱’oos (foot/leg), xéesʼ (shin) | akeeʼ | -qa | xe', =xe-ʔ | pul | -qʰiː-, =kʼahš (also, leg), (older form) =kʼʷahš | |
81 | leg | qopqul, qopqu, kiˀs
脚*kaɡ 企*kʰeʔ |
x̱ʼoos (foot/leg), xéesʼ (shin), saayee (underside of knee) | ajáád | -qatl'na | -qe:, -ts'in' | pul | =kʼahš (lower leg; also, foot), =ɬãːʔ (thigh, upper leg), =xiʔcʼ, =xʷiʔc (lower leg, shin; borrowed from Tlingit?) | |
82 | knee | batpul, bˈat-pulʸ | keey | agod | -ch'esh | -qot' | arša, aršaːn, aranšaːn | =quht, =qũht | |
83 | hand | hɜŋn (slightly diff. connotation), lʸaʔŋ, laŋat | jín (hand/arm) | álaʼ | -lu, -gguna | -la' | keːgär, keːʔär | -yǝ-, =yǝ=qʼaʔcʼ | |
84 | wing | keˀs
翅*qʰjes |
kích | atʼaʼ | -ch'enla | ||||
85 | belly | hɯ̄j, hɨˑy | yoow (torso), x̱’óol’ (paunch) | abid | -vet' | -imit' | tʰaloːx, tʰaloːk | =kʰǝmah, =kʰumah (belly, stomach), kʰuːl, kʰũː (belly, thickest part) | |
86 | guts | tùl | naas | achʼííʼ | -chutl'a (stomach) | -kya:ne (abdomen, insides), -ch'e:k'e' (intestines, soft belly) | |||
87 | neck | kə̄qt, kǝˑqt, kǝˑqtǝ | lidíx’ (back of neck), leitóox̱ (throat) | akʼos | -q'es | -q'os | fuymur, pʰuymur | =cʰĩʔ (orig. head), (throat, wind pipe, tranchea) =tǝ=kaʔqʼ-ɬ | |
88 | back | qovet | díx̱’ | anághah | -iniq' | -ne:q' (behind, at the back of), -e:ne' (spine), -ingkine' (small of back) | hapar, xabar, kogar | ||
89 | breast | maˀm, tˈɜɣa | l’aa | ayid | -t'uyts'ena (chest) | -ije:', -its'o:' (woman's breast, udder), -it'ahdiye' | fa, pʰa | cʼuː (female breast, nipple, milk), =šeːkʼ | |
90 | heart | huu | téix̱ʼ | ajéídíshjool, ajéí | -kuz'in | -ikyun-sa'a:n | šitap, (older forms) šitabu, šitabii, šitapu | =ʔuq-ɬ | |
91 | liver | sēŋ, sʸeˑŋ | tl'óoḵ | azid | -zet' | -isit' | šičil | =saht | |
92 | to drink | dop, u=rˈɔ ~ ulʸ=dˈɔ | di-naa | adlą́ | k'etnun | ta:dinung (drinking), ta:wina'n (drinking), =naːn | oː=p-aŋ | =tǝ=la | |
93 | to eat | sìj, sʸî, sʸîy | ya-x̱aa | ayą́, yiyą́ | k'elqat | ky-, k'iw-, ne:lya:-, no:k'in-, -ita:n | toːp-aːk-ŋ | =χ=a | |
94 | to bite | laptaq, lˈap-t-aq, lˈap-t-ɔq | si-taax’, ya-yeeḵ | adiłhash | =ʁaš (imperf.), =ʁač (perf.), =ʁǝs | -xuts', =xacʼ, =xucʼ, (light; to crunch, bite off) =qos, (heavy; same def.) =qocʼ | =qʰa | ||
95 | to suck | ut | li-l'aa | ałtʼoʼ, yitsʼǫǫs | k'ełt'et' | -t'ot | alchut, balä'ut, ba'ütang | ||
96 | to spit | ultij | ḵ'a-di-toox̱ | jidizhah | tezhah | -xe, -wh | hujungakng | ||
97 | to vomit | kɯˀŋ | dli-ḵoo | nákwi | nuk'ełvaq' | -xoy | |||
98 | to blow (as wind) |
bēj | ya-.oox | doochʼih, yisoł, deeyol | -yo:l | baláfu, alfu, bafujang, balafujang | |||
99 | to breathe | ilbet | di-saa | hanéíyol, ńdísdzih, yisdah nízin | -diye:wh | ||||
100 | to laugh | dàʁ | ya-shooḵ | anádloh | nk'edleq' | -ło' | chakajang | ||
101 | to see | t=uŋ, t=oŋ | ya-teen | nílʼį́, yooʼį́ | =ʔan (to do, see, have, look) | -tsa:n, =cʰis (imperf.), =cʰaːn (perf.) | tʰ=aːŋ-aŋ | =ʔe, =ʔã | |
102 | to hear | eqsaq, =da | ya-.aax̱ | adiitsʼaʼ | nǝ-x | =cʼeh (perceived act) | h=oː=ti | =tǝ=ɬǝ=čʼaːqʼ (hear, listen), =ʔu=ʔ=(lǝ)=tʰa (listen to, find out, become aware) | |
103 | to know (a fact) |
it - am, ˈit-ey | si-koo | hashniih | (a fact) =ni, (to know, be aware) =yǝn, =zǝn | -ts'it, =cʼit | ŋ=aːliga | =ʔ=ɬ=ka (know, recognize, find out about) | |
104 | to think | anbet | ya-jee | neeshtʼááʼ | -sin, -se'n | ||||
105 | to smell (sense odor) |
īt | dzi-neex’ | honishchin | -chwiwh, -chwe:n, -chwin | (n.) čãh, čãʔ, chanh, chan' | |||
106 | to fear | qoran (noun) | a-ka-dli-x̱eetl’ | yináldzid | -lgit | ||||
107 | to sleep | usʸenʸ (to go to sleep), t=...=qot | ya-taa | ałhosh | veł, nuł (noun), =l=taq | mił (noun), -wun, -wun', =waŋ, =wuŋ | dʸ=aːt-aŋ, čagal-aː-k-ŋ (to drowse), (older sources) a=l=ˈa=ten | =cʰuʔt, (to lie) =tʰe (sing.), =tʰuʔčʼ (pl.) | |
108 | to live | dəˀq | ya-tseen | hinílá | -xinay' (alive) | ||||
109 | to die | qoreŋ, qɔ-rʸaŋ, qɔ-rʸeŋ | ya-naa | daatsaah | =ƛan, =qʰi=sil (human), =yuq (animal) | -ch'it, =tʼeːn, =tʼiŋ | dʸ=a=xa-y-aŋ | =sĩh | |
110 | to kill | èj, ɛ̂y | ya-jaaḵ | yiyiiłhé | čʰi==t=ɬ=yuq, (pl. subj.) =ʁun | -wa:n, -łte' (get killed), =weː | oga-ʔaː-če-aŋ | =še, (only killing pl. objects) =siyu | |
111 | to fight | kàl | ḵu-li-gaaw | daʼahijigą́ | k'iłch'ixa:- | ||||
112 | to hunt (transitive) |
assano | a-ya-l'oon | njiljeeh | shtuniyu | k'iwuna:y- | |||
113 | to hit | tàr | sha-ya-x̱eech | jooł jiikał | -wul, -wa:tł', -kis (fist) | ||||
114 | to cut | doo | ya-xaash | niyiiłgeesh | -t'us, -t'a:ts' | ||||
115 | to split | untet | li-x̱oot’ | ałtániiłgizh, hadiiłkaal | -k'il | ||||
116 | to stab (or stick) |
dontet | ya-gwaal | iijííł | -qot | ||||
117 | to scratch (an itch) |
inkit | ka-ya-x’oot’ | deeshchʼił | -ts'e:k' (claw, fingernail), -ge:s (fingers) | ||||
118 | to dig | qɯ̀r | ka-ya-haa | hadahojigeed | xa:- | ||||
119 | to swim | sùj, sʸuy, sʸuːyi, sʸuː()yǝ | ji-si-kwaan (around something), ya-x’aak (underwater) | nanibé | nughebał, =cʰi=l=kʰǝɬ (human), =laʁ (fishes, animals), =l=kʰit (across), =pa | -me:, -me', -'il (along, around) | ul=šuy | =we, (to sit or swim on the surface of water, as in waterfowl, etc.) =ɬǝ=qʰu | |
120 | to fly | dòq, dɔ̂q | di-ḵeen (sg.), dli-yeech, dli-heech (pl.) | ndaatʼaʼ | nut'eh | -xis, -xits' | f=a=ta-g-a iːnaŋ (idiomatic express.) | =tǝ=ɬ=kʼaʔtʼ | |
121 | to walk | ejiŋ, ˈe-iŋ, ˈey-iŋ=tnʸ (also, to go) | ya-goot (sg.), ya-.aat (pl.) | joogááł | gheyuł(sg. go) | -ha:l (along, go) | eä=xeːy-aŋ, iːn-aŋ (also, to go) | ||
122 | to come | igbes, ˈi-g-besʸ | ḵu-ya-teen | jiníyá, yílyeed | niyu, =yu | -ya: | i=toːy-aŋ | =a | |
123 | to lie (as on one's side) |
t-tn, t=...=qot | ya-tee, .aax̱ (cloth), la-.aat | sitį́, jiztį́ | ztan, =tʰa-n | -si, -tiwh (down), -te:n (down), =tʰeː, =tʰeːčʼ | i=teːn-aŋ (down), dʸ=aːt-aŋ | =tʰe (sing.), =tʰuʔčʼ (pl.) | |
124 | to sit | ūŋ | ya-nook (sg.), ya-ḵee (pl.) | sidá, jizdá | zdu, =tu | -dil, -de:tł' | =ta, (pl. subj.) =qʰu | ||
125 | to stand | īn, iˑnʸ | ya-haan (sg.), ya-naaḵ (pl.) | yiizįįh | san | ya:- | f=a=ta-g-aːk-ŋ (to go to stand), ay yatˈɨk, yätɨk (I am standing), dʸ=a=tek-ŋ, dʸ=ä=tek-ŋ, | ||
126 | to turn (change direction) |
ta - kil | a-ya-di-goot | néizgiz | -'eh (away from), na:- | ||||
127 | to fall (as in drop) |
dəqŋ | ka-li-soos (drop) | jootłish | -ts'it (drop), -xut(') (fall), -xi(t)s(') (fall over) | ||||
128 | to give | qəreŋ, n=...=o, aq | ḵaa jèe | yeiyíʼaah | -'awh, -'a:n | hi=peːn-aŋ | =čʼ (to give, bring, move towards) | ||
129 | to hold (in one's hand) |
utoq | li-shaat | dah yootįįł | -tun' | ||||
130 | to squeeze | hataŋbet | li-g̱oots, ya-g̱ootl (also, to mash by squeezing) | ałchʼįʼjiinih | -tik, -chwun' (make something bulge by squeezing) | ||||
131 | to rub | kīt | lli-g̱eex̱' | bídinéyiizh | -łiw (something on), -q'a: (against) | ||||
132 | to wash | ulgaŋ | ya-.oos' | iigis, tánéígis | -diw | ||||
133 | to wipe | abbet | li-g̱oo | yitʼood | -chwit | ||||
134 | to pull | tàŋ | ya-x̱óot’ (haul), si-xaat’ (haul heavy object), si-yeeḵ (string), | déloʼ | -yo:s | ||||
135 | to push | telaŋij | ya-gooḵ | bíjooyił, naaʼííłhad | -chwit | ||||
136 | to throw | esdaq | ya-g̱eech | iijiłneʼ, ajiiłhan | -mil, -me:tł' | ||||
137 | to tie | aŋej | ya-doox’ | beʼjitłʼó | du | -loy', -tł'o:wh (onto something), -tł'on' (onto s.) | tl'i | ||
138 | to sew | həlsej | ya-ḵaa | náʼáłkad | q'a | -xut' | |||
139 | to count | dèr | dzi-toow, dzi-teew | óltaʼ | -tuq' | ||||
140 | to say | sˈaɣ-a-bet, =ma | ya-ya-ḵaa | jiní | ya, =ni, =nax (imperf.), =nak (perf.) | -ne', -ne: | dʸ=a=čagar-aŋ | =tǝ=le, (to tell about) =ʔ=χa | |
141 | to sing | iˀl | ya-shee | hataał | -'aw(h), -'a:n | ||||
142 | to play | aniŋbet | ḵudzi.ook' (quietly) | naané | chi | -ne:l (w/ game, toys, etc.), -ne: (music), -ne' (music) | |||
143 | to float | doqŋ | li-haash, a-ka-ya-haa | dah naaʼeeł | -ta'w (in air), -la:t (to there), -xiwh (off), -xe:n (off) | łə-dux | |||
144 | to flow | qɯ̄n | ya-daa | nílí | (-win)-lin | ||||
145 | to freeze | təəl | li-t’eex’ | dootį́į́ł | |||||
146 | to swell | hɯˀŋ (noun) | dli-x’ees’ | dínóochał | -yo:tł, -yol | ||||
147 | sun | ī | g̱agaan | shá, jóhonaaʼéí | ni'i, nu'uy, n=ʔu-yi, nu=ʔu-y, ni=ʔ-i | jingkyo:wit-qa:l, de:di-qa:l, wha, ʍaː | eːga, eːgä, (older sources) ˈega | qǝtǝ=kǝɬ, qǝtǝ=kiɬ (formed from v. "to shrivel") | |
148 | moon | qīp | dís | ooljééʼ | geljay, ʁǝ=l=ca-y, ʁǝ=l=ča(-y) | xitł'e'-wha, wha, ʍaː | šuy (also, yellow) | qʰǝχah | |
149 | star | qòʁ, qɔʔ, qoaɢ | ḵutx̱.ayanahá | sǫʼ | sem, sin, sǝm, sim | tsing', cʰiŋʼ | al=ag, al=ak, al=ˈax | laʔχcʼ-ɬ | |
150 | water | ūl, uˑlʸ, uolʸ | héen | tó | tu, minłni, vinɬni, piɬni, miɬni | tʰaʔ=naːn, (body of water) tʰoː | u(ː)l | kiyah, (preverb) tʰaʔ (into water) | |
151 | to rain | ˈulʸ-esʸ (noun), qòʁ | séew, sóow | nahałtin | ełkun, (noun) kʰun | naː=n=ya-y (noun; also means it's raining) | ur, uːr (noun) | kʼu=leh (n.), (it's raining) yãːʔ t-ʔya | |
152 | river | sēs, qōks | héen | tooh nílíní | k'etnu | to (any body of water), hun' (specifically the Trinity River) | šēt | ||
153 | lake | deˀ | áa | tooh | ven | to (same as above), minq' | ma· | ||
154 | sea (as in ocean) |
mora (Russian) | éil' | tónteel | to (same as above), to:-dingq'och' (salt water) | shi· | |||
155 | salt | təˀ, tɜʔ, tʸɜʔɛ, tʸaʔa, tɜʔa | éil’ | áshįįh | nuti, nu-tʰi | łehq'onch', ɬeh=qʼončʼ | šin-če(ː)t, | tiːyaʔ | |
156 | stone | təˀs, tɨʔsʸ, tɨɜs | té | tsé | tsa, qʰa(=n=)ɬ=nik-i | cʰeː | šiːš | cʰaː | |
157 | sand | hˈɜnʸaŋ, hˈɜnʸeŋ, hɜnǝŋ, hɜɛneŋ | l'éiw | séí | suy, suɣ(i) | łich'iwh, ɬi=čʼiʍ | tʰagan, tʰakˈan, (in older sources) tagˈan-aŋ | čʰiːš-k | |
158 | dust | huˀs | kadánjaa, chʼéix̱ʼw | łeezh | łich'iwh, ɬi=čʼiʍ | ||||
159 | earth (as in soil) |
baˀŋ | tl’átk, l’éx̱’kw | nahosdzáán | ełnen | nin', ninʼ, neʔn, (original form) *ninʼV. | paŋ | ʔãh | |
160 | cloud | espul, ˈasʸpulʸ | ḵugóosʼ | kʼos | q'es, qʼǝs | 'ah, ʔah | ašpar, ašpˈor | qʼahs | |
161 | fog | ulij | ḵugáas’, x’úkjaa (steam) | áhí | uq, nunigi | mi=s=čeː, mi=s=čeh (fog, haze) | |||
162 | sky | ēs | góos’ (cloudy sky), xáats’ (blue sky) | yá | yuq' | ēš | |||
163 | wind (as in breeze) |
bēj, beˑy | óoxjaa, xóon (north), l’ag̱akáx̱ (south) | níyol | ɬ=cʼǝy, ɬ=čʼǝy, ɬ=čʼǝɣ (from it blows) | tʰeh=s=čʼeː (lit. it blows along) | peːi, (older sources) pei | kʼuːy, (archaic) kʼuːya, kʼuːyǝ | |
164 | snow | beˀt, tīk | dleit | yas | yus | nundil | tʰiːk, (icy snow crust) sāk | xiƛʼ, xuƛʼ, xǝƛʼ, (snow, ice) t'it, (soft snow, tundra) wehs | |
165 | ice | qō | (snow, ice, hard) t’éex’ | tin, (hard) tˡ'lz | ten | k'ilo (hail, ice), ningxosting (frost), ningxiwinte:n (tree frost), (hard) tˡ'itˢ' | t'it (snow, ice) | ||
166 | smoke | duˀ, duʔo | s'eeḵ | łid | dasgedi, ta=s=kǝt-i | łit | tu, (older sources) tug | ɬãht | |
167 | fire | бо’к (boˀk), bɔʔk | x̱’aan | kǫʼ | qen, daz'i, qʰǝn, tazʔi | xong', xoŋʼ | hat, (older forms) xott, xot, xat | tǝ=qʼaː-k, (roots, always bound) qʰuʔ, qʰuː, qʰũː | |
168 | ash | qolan, qˈɔlɨn, qˈɔlǝn, qˈɔlan | kél't' | łeeshchʼih | kʼǝ=lac-a, kʼǝ=lačʼ-a (ashes), (orig. form *kʼǝ=lač-ʔa.) | xong'-din, xoŋʼ-tin, xoŋʼ-tiŋ (ashes) | fenaŋ, finaŋ, funaŋ (f=voiceless bilabial fricative, Ф), pʰenaŋ | cʰĩʔƛʼ-k (ashes) | |
169 | to burn (intransitive) |
inoʁat (intr.), duut (tr.) |
si-gaan (tr.), ya-gaan (intr.) (also ‘shine’) | diltłiʼ | diltlut | -lit | č=augan-aŋ | =ɬ=qʼa (tr.), =tǝ=qʼa | |
170 | road | qoˀt, qɔʔt | dei | daʼnitiingóó | tinitun | tin, tʰin | hek, (older sources) xɨk | tʰaː | |
171 | mountain | qaˀj, ʎɨʔt | shaa, g̱íl’ (cliff) | dził | dghelay, dghili, tes (hill), tʁili, tʁǝlay | ninis'a:n (world, surface of the earth, country, mountain) | dʸiː, dʸix, (older forms) ǯii, ǯiy, (mountain ridge) xē-lēx | ʔiƛʼ | |
172 | red | sulej, sʸˈulʸ-am-sʸ, sʸˈulʸ-em-sʸ | x̱’aan (fire) | łichííʼ | dagheldel, (=l)=tǝl | tse:l-nehwa:n (it is red, lit. blood-it resembles) | šur-um-# (now only exists as infinit.), (older form) šurama | =tǝ=čʼeːʔ (to turn red) | |
173 | green | qəlaj, sʸɜnʸ-sʸ, | s’oow (greenstone), kayaaní (leaf) | dootłʼizh | dgheltl'ech', kʼ=tʼun qʰi-ti-l-tʼan-i | -tsow, =cʰow | šapkan (it is green) | tiːyaʔ-kaʔ (green, light blue, blue-green; lit. salt similar-to) | |
174 | yellow | qəlaj, qˈɜlʸ-ay-sʸ (formed from gall) | tl’áatl’ (canary), ch’áak’ loowú (dark yellow, lit. bald eagle’s beak) | łitsooí | dgheltsegh, ti=tǝ=cʰik-i, ti=t=čʰik-i | da'kya:w-nehwa:n (it is yellow, lit. canary-it resembles) | šuy (also, moon) | χǝwaː-cʰeʔqʼ-kaʔ (lit. dog urine-like) | |
175 | white | taɣam, tˈaɣ-ɨm | dleit (snow) | łigaii | dghelggeyi, =l=qǝy | -qay | tʰeːg-am, tʰeːk-am, (older sources) tegama | xiƛʼ-kaʔ, xǝƛʼ-kaʔ (lit. snow-like) | |
176 | black | tūm, tuˑm-sʸ | t’ooch’ (charcoal) | łizhiní | dghelt'ich'i, =ƛʼǝčʼ, =l=tʼǝš, =l=tʼicʼ | -whin, =ʍin | tʰum | tǝ=ɬ=tʼuːčʼ (it turns black), cʼǝq-ɬ-kaʔ (black-like) | |
177 | night | sī, sʸi | taat | tłʼééʼ | tl'aq', tets, tʰǝc, ƛʼaqʼ | xutł'e', xitł'e' | šiːg, šiːx | χǝƛʼ | |
178 | day (daytime) |
iˀ | yagiyee | jį́ | jani | je:nis | |||
179 | year | sɯɯ, sʸɨː, sɨ | táakw (winter) | nááhai | heyi | xay | šeːga, šeːgä, (older sources) šega | leh q=ʔya | |
180 | warm (as in weather) |
ūs, uˑsʸ, ūś | ḵu-ya-t’aa (weather) | sizílí, honeezílí | hnalqen | -nse:l | fal, pʰal, (hot) kuši | ||
181 | cold (as in weather) |
taʔy (frost, feeling, also exists as frost (n.)), qaqtɯm | ḵu-si-.aat’ (weather) | deeskʼaaz, hakʼaz | edli, ezhi, ǝ=ži | 'isyah, 'usyah (it's cold!), -quts, =qʼacʼ | čal (feeling) | =ƛʼe (v.) | |
182 | full | qō (more idiomatic), uˑt | sha-ya-heek | hadéébįįd | =l=vǝn | =min | uːti | tǝq-i-taʔ -tǝ-ʔya (to become full) | |
183 | new | kî-sʸ | yées | ániidí | qʼu-ti-ti, qʼu-ti-qʰǝ-ya-ʔa, qʼu-ti-χ-ya-ʔa | q'ung, qʼaŋ | ki | qʼaː-yaː (lit. already one-thing) | |
184 | old | sīn | shaan (of people), tlagu (of things) | sání | suk'i, q'et'i | -diya:n | |||
185 | good | aqta, ˈaqta-sʸ | ya-k’ei, kalé (archaic) | yáʼátʼééh | yagheli, ya=ʁǝl-i | -who:n, =ʍoːn | hag-ši, hamaː | =čuː | |
186 | bad | sēl | tléil ... shi-k'ei (not good) | doo yáʼátʼéeh da | qil | -chwin' | |||
187 | rotten (as a log) |
sīn | li-s’eex, naaḵw (rotten wood), ḵúlk (rotten wood) | dláád | -git, -łiw, -łiq | ||||
188 | dirty | sintu | li-ch’eix̱’w, tl’eex (filth) | niłhin, chin bąąh | chwin-ch'iliw (he is/gets dirty), -chwin' | ||||
189 | straight | tatiŋ | tléil ... ka-dzi-teix̱' (not crooked) | kʼézdon | ts'it, -don' | ||||
190 | round | teɛp (obsolete; no modern attestation), krˈuglʸay-sʸ (Russian) | k’wát’ (egg) | názbąs | dghelbits' | -wol, -ma:ts' | eːper | qǝmǝkʼ | |
191 | sharp (as a knife) |
ēt | li-k'aats' | deení | daghiłyan | -me:n | ēti | ||
192 | dull (as a knife) |
salan | ya-di-g̱eel | doo deení da | ch'daghiłyan | -chwil | |||
193 | smooth | uul | ka-di-yaas' | dilkǫǫh | -xit (slippery, slick, smooth) | ||||
194 | wet | ultu | di-tl'aak' | ditłééʼ, hoditłééʼ | nułchel | -chwil, niłchwił (it is wet; compare to Dena-ina!!) | ūra | łq'u· (to become damp) | |
195 | dry (adjective) |
toʁojiŋ, tɔʁˈɔyiŋ-sʸ, toˑyiŋ-sʸ | ya-xook | yíłtseii, hóółtseii | -tsa:y | šiː=gal | =tǝ=ɬ=ʔeht (v.; to become dry, as in foodstuff) | ||
196 | right (correct) |
baˀt | ayáx̱ (like that) | ákótʼé | lach'aq'u | xo'ji, xo'ch (true, really, correctly) | |||
197 | near | ɯlga | ka-ya-sei | áhání | dghiłggech' | xunding (it is nearby, close) | =taː-, (near, close, visiting) =teːleh, (near, by, with, in poss. of OBJ) OBJ=χaʔ | ||
198 | far | bìl | ya-lei | nízah | daghiset | 'ułtsa:ch'ing' (distant), nisah (a long way) | =ʔaːw (same as long) | ||
199 | right (side) |
boɣot | g̱aayéinax̱.á, sheeynax̱.á | nishʼnáájígo | xo'ji-ching' | ||||
200 | left (side) |
tūl | lḵaax̱éinax̱.á, s’át’nax̱.á | nishtłʼajígo | tl'egheshch'en | nichwin'-ch'ing' | |||
201 | at | ka | -x’, eex’, -t, eet | -di, -gi | egh | digyun(g) (at this location, here) | |||
202 | in | ka | (inside of) g̱ei, (inside) yík, tu (its inside) | biiʼ | va, veyi | -' | |||
203 | with (accompanying) |
-as | teen, een, -n | ił, bee | eł | mił | |||
204 | and | haj | ḵa | dóó | ch'u | hijit, hichit (and then) | |||
205 | if | sīm, ū | ládą́ą́ʼ | -de' | |||||
206 | because | -diŋta, doʁot | ách áwé (that's why) | háálá | ghuda | mich'in(g)'-ding (because of it) | |||
207 | name | ī | saa | bízhiʼ | izhi, =i=yi, =i=ya, =i=ži | -whe', -whe:, =oː=ʍe-ʔ | ix, iːx | wǝšeh | |
208 | house | iŋɢus | hít | kin | qenq'a (log) | xontah (modern) | kų́ę́ | yahd | |
209 | door | ella, lamel | x̱’aháat | dáádílkał | dukaq'di | no:na:witse (door, gate) | |||
210 | deer | sèl | g̱uwakaan, dzískw (moose), watsíx (caribou) | bįįh | vejex (caribou) | k'iłixun | |||
211 | mouse | ūt | kag̱áak, kuts’een | naʼatsʼǫǫsí | nk'eła, dlin'a | ło'n (white-faced mouse) | ďūta | tl'u·tiyas | |
212 | rabbit | beˀs (Yugh: ak (jumping hare) < Proto-Yeniseian: ʔak ~ ʔaχ) | g̱áx̱ | gah | hvaya | na:q'itah-k'iłixun (jackrabbit), tł'oh-me:we (cottontail rabbit) | g̣əx̣ | ||
213 | eagle | diˀ | ch’áak’ (bald eagle) | atsá | ło:q'-ya:n (bald eagle), tismil (large eagle) | ||||
214 | spider | elim | kanas.aadí, asgutuyiksháa ('woman in the forest') | naʼashjéʼii | nuhqelashi, tuk'ejay | k'iłwe:-kyoh | |||
215 | face | bāt | yá | aniiʼ | -nan | -ning' | |||
216 | body | kīt | daadleeyí (‘flesh around’) | atsʼíís | -nist'e' (physical body) | ||||
217 | navel | tɯ̄l | kool | atsʼééʼ | -ts'e:q' | ||||
218 | finger | təˀq | tl’eiḵ | álánééz | -la' | ||||
219 | sick (painful) |
àr | néekw (noun) | daatsaah, tsʼííh niidóóh | chinah | -ch'a:t | |||
220 | needle | ìn | táax’al’ | tsah bee náʼálkadí | tl'unqin | mił-wa'yo:s | |||
221 | cloth | sujgiŋ | s'ísaa (sailcloth) | naakʼaʼatʼą́hí | itl' (clothing) | ||||
222 | thunder | ekŋ, ekin | xeitl | iiʼniʼ | k'eltemi | k'ehniwh | |||
223 | lightning | ekkinna boˀk | xeitl l’íkws’i | atsiniltłʼish | shila | k'iqiwh (there is lighthing) | |||
224 | above | əət | kináak, shakée | bikáaʼgi | q'ech' | je:nah (up above), -t'a:w | |||
225 | under | hɯtka | tayee, k’iyee | biyaa | t'ugh | me:wi- (underneath), -yeh | |||
226 | to cough | qaqtɯmej | a-dzi-kooḵ | dikos | -xos | ||||
227 | to buy | kitbet | ya-.oo | naʼiiniih | -xe:t | ||||
228 | to choose | qòs | ya-ya-g̱eech | ííyizh | |||||
229 | to grow | tijiŋ | ya-waat | biyaa hooʼaʼ, biyaa hazlį́į́ʼ | nazyun | -chwil, -chwe:n (physically), -yiw, -ya:n (developmentally; e.g. a generation of people), -yun' (old) | |||
230 | to open | uskij | shu-ya-taan | yighéígéésh | -tse: | ||||
231 | to steal | uddiŋ | ya-taaw | yiniʼįįh | yenast'in | -kyo:t | ch'u' | ||
232 | to dream | a-ya-joon | naʼiigeeł | -la:l | |||||
233 | to cry | den | ya-g̱aax̱ | atídínéshdlį́į́ʼ, iʼniicha | chegh | chweh (noun), -chwiw | |||
234 | to yawn | esqontiŋ | ḵ'a-ya-waash | bił níʼdiiłchʼah | -sa:l | ||||
235 | to cook | ə̄n | si-.ee | yitʼees / yibéézh | yelach | -na:, -na' | |||
236 | six | ā | tleidooshú | hastą́ą́ | k'uzhch'en'i | xosta:n | ehtsʼę́tai | xelu:cha | tsi'i:n |
237 | seven | oˀn | dax̱adooshú | tsostsʼid | qents'eghuyi | xohk'it | lą́hdįgh | xeli:na | la'dits'i:n |
238 | eight | ɯnam bənsaŋ qō | nas’gadooshú | tseebíí | łtaqul'i | ke:nim | ehtsʼę́dįį | xalto:nga | q'adits'i:n |
239 | nine | qusam bənsaŋ qō | gooshúk | náhástʼéí | łq'ich'idi | miq(')os-t'aw | lúúli | chumua:ga | guts'de: |
240 | ten | qō | jinkaat | neeznáá | qeluzhun | minłung | honénǫ | ha:ga | dAGa:q' |