Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists
This is a Swadesh list of Sino-Tibetan languages, specifically Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Tangut, Japhug, Drung, Kurtöp, Tangsa and Yakkha, compared with that of English.
| 1-25 | 26-50 | 51-75 | 76-100 | 101-125 | 126-150 | 151-175 | 176-207 |
List
edit| № | Gloss | Old Chinese | Written Burmese | Written Tibetan | Tangut | Kamnyu Japhug | Drung | Kurtöp | Hakhun Tangsa | Yakkha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 吾 (*ŋˤa (B-S), *ŋaː (ZS)) 台 (*lə (B-S), *lɯ (ZS)) 予 (*laʔ (B-S), *la (ZS)), some others |
ငါ (nga), ကျွန်တော် (kywantau), ကျွန်မ (kywanma.) | ང (nga) | 𗧓 (*ŋa²), 𗕘 (*ŋə¹), 𘘮 (*mjo²) | aʑo, aj | nga | ngat (absolutive), ngai (ergative) | ŋà | ka |
| 2 | you (singular) | 汝 (rǔ) (naʔ (B-S), njaʔ (ZS)) 若 (nak (B-S), njag (ZS)) 爾／尔 (ěr) (neʔ (B-S), njelʔ (ZS)) 乃 (nǎi) (nˤəʔ (B-S), nɯːʔ (ZS)), some others |
နင် (nang), မင်း (mang:), ခင်ဗျား (hkangbya:), ရှင် (hrang) | རང (rang), ཁྱེད་རང (khyed rang) | 𘀍 (*nja²) (informal), 𗍳 (*nji²) (formal) | nɤʑo, nɤj | na | wit (absolutive), wî (ergative) | nɤ̂ | nda |
| 3 | he | 伊 (yī) (ʔij (B-S), qlil (ZS)) 彼 (bǐ) (pajʔ (B-S), pralʔ (ZS)), some others |
သူ (su) | ཁོང (khong) | 𗳱 (*thja²), 𘑶 (*tsjij¹), 𗤧 (*tśjụ¹), 𘉑 (*mjɨ¹) | ɯʑo | vng | khit (absolutive), khî (ergative) | atî, atîvà | uŋ |
| 4 | we | 我 (*ŋˤajʔ (B-S), *ŋaːlʔ (ZS)) | ငါတို့ (ngatui.), ကျုပ်တို့ (kyuptui.), တို့ (tui.) | ང་ཚོ (nga tsho) | 𗧦𗣊 (*gjɨ² mji²) | tɕiʑo (dual), iʑo, iʑora, iʑɤra (plural) | vne (dual), ing (plural), rvng (plural inclusive) | ner (absolutive inclusive), neri (ergative inclusive), net (absolutive exclusive), nei (ergative exclusive) | nɤhiʔ (dual inclusive), cʰəniʔ (dual exclusive), nɤrûm (plural inclusive), nîrûm (plural exclusive) | kanciŋ (dual), kaniŋ (plural) |
| 5 | you (plural) | 汝 (rǔ) (naʔ (B-S), njaʔ (ZS)) | နင်တို့ (nangtui.), မင်းတို့ (mang:tui.) | རང་ཚོ (rang tsho) | 𗍳 (*nji²) | ndʑiʑo (dual), nɯʑo, nɯʑora, nɯʑɤra (plural) | nvne (dual), nvning (plural) | nin (absolutive), ningi (ergative) | nuʔcʰuʔ (dual), nuʔrûm (plural) | njiŋda (dual), nniŋda (plural) |
| 6 | they | same as he | သူတို့ (sutui.), သူများ (su-mya:) | ཁོང་ཚོ (khong tsho) | [Term?] | ʑɤni (dual), ʑara (plural) | vngne (dual), vngning (plural) | bot (absolutive), boi (ergative) | hənîmɤ̂ni, tâni (dual), hənîrûm, târûm (plural) | uŋci |
| 7 | this | 是 (shì) (*[d]eʔ (B-S), *djeʔ (ZS)) 此 (cǐ) (*[tsʰ]e(j)ʔ (B-S), *sʰeʔ (ZS)) 斯 (sī) (*[s]e (B-S), *se (ZS)) |
ဒီ (di), ဒါ (da) | འདི ('di) | 𘌽 (*thjɨ²), 𗣜 (*thju²) | ki (singular), kiki (plural) | kai (very proximal), gya (proximal) | wo, wozi | abə́ (unstressed short form), abeʔ (stressed short form), arə́bə́ (unstressed singular long form), arə́beʔ (stressed singular long form), arə́hɤ́bə́ (unstressed plural long form), arə́hɤ́beʔ (stressed plural long form) | na (singular), kha (plural) |
| 8 | that | 彼 (bǐ) (pajʔ (B-S), pralʔ (ZS)) | အဲဒီ (ai:di), ထို (htui), အဲဒါ (ai:da), ဟို (hui) | དེ (de) | 𗳌 (*tjịj¹), 𗬙 (*tśhju²), 𗳺 (*thja²) | nɯ (singular), nɯnɯ (plural) | vya (medial), ko (distal) | wudi | ibə́ (unstressed short form), ibeʔ (stressed short form), irə́bə́ (unstressed singular long form), irə́beʔ (stressed singular long form), irə́hɤ́bə́ (unstressed plural long form), irə́hɤ́beʔ (stressed plural long form) | nna (singular), ŋkha, nnakha (plural) |
| 9 | here | same as this | ဒီမှာ (dihma) | འདིར ('dir) | 𗣜 (*thju²) | kutɕu, kɯre | gya, gya do | tshô | akə́ | nhe |
| 10 | there | same as that | ဟိုမှာ (huihma) | དེར (der) | 𗳺 (*thja²) | nɯtɕu, nɯre | ko do | ikə́ | nnhe | |
| 11 | who | 孰 (shú) (*[d]uk (B-S), *djɯwɢ (ZS)) | ဘယ်သူ (bhaisu) | སུ (su) | 𗖶 (*sjwɨ¹) | ɕɯ | vmi | ’ê | hwé | isa |
| 12 | what | 何 (*[ɡ]ˤaj (B-S), *ɡaːl (ZS)) 奚 (xī) (*[ɡ]ˤe (B-S), *ɡeː (ZS)) 曷 (hé) (*[ɡ]ˤat (B-S), *ɡaːd (ZS)) |
ဘာ (bha) | ག་རེ (ga re) | 𗣄 (*thwo²) | tɕʰi (probably from Tibetan ཅི (ci)), cognate native form tsʰi- found in tsʰitsuku (“whatever”) | tvng, vtvng | zhâ | cà, càlì, càlìlì | i, ina, iya |
| 13 | where | same as what | ဘယ် (bhai) | ག་པར (ga par) | [Term?] | ŋotɕu, ŋoj | vra | ’au | bə́kə, bə́rə́kə́, bə́nɤ́, bə́rə́nɤ́ | heʔne, hetne |
| 14 | when | same as what | ဘယ်တော့ (bhaitau.), ဘယ်တုန်းက (bhaitun:ka.) | ག་དུས (ga dus) | 𗾮 (*zjɨ̣¹) | tʰɤjtɕu | vdang | ’arwa | bə́doʔkə́ | heʔniŋ, hetniŋ |
| 15 | how | 安 (ān) (*[ʔ]ˤa[n] (B-S), *qaːn (ZS)) 焉 (yān) (*ʔa[n] (B-S), *qan, *qran (ZS)), some of the interrogative terms above |
ဘယ်လို (bhailui) | ག་ལ (ga la) | 𘕣 (*wa²) | combining tɕʰi with the verbs fse (“to be like”) or stu (“to do like”) | tei, tvngkya | bəruʔ | imin | |
| 16 | not | Several terms, such as 不 (*pəʔ (B-S), *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ' (ZS)) 毋 (wú) (*mo (B-S), *ma (ZS)) |
မ (ma.)...ဘူး (bhu:) | མེད (med), མིན (min) | 𗅋 (*mji¹) | mainly expressed by negative prefixes: mɤ-, mɯ-, ma-, mɯ́j-, with distribution determined by TAME and finiteness. | mv- | ma- (perfective), me- (imperfective-future, verb roots with non-high vowel), mi- (imperfective-future, verb roots with high vowel) | mà | constructions involved affixes such as me(N)-, N-…-n, -nin |
| 17 | all | 凡 (fán) (*[b]rom (B-S), *bom (ZS)) | အားလုံး (a:lum:) | ཚང་མ (tshang ma) | 𗄊 (*źji²) | rmɯrmi | vshing, svnaq | pura, rita | tʰúmlà, bî, cʰôcʰiʔ | ghak |
| 18 | many | 多 (*[t.l]ˤaj (B-S), *ʔl'aːl (ZS)) | များ (mya:) | མང་བ (mang ba) | 𗫔 (*ꞏji¹), 𗮅 (*rejr²), 𘜗 (*mja̱²), 𗧸 (*zjịj²), 𗫤 (*nju²) | ʑimkʰɤm, kʰro | beum, mvjeu | ’ngam | aʒaʔ | pyak |
| 19 | some | 些 (sjaːl (ZS)) | တချို့ (ta.hkyui.), အချို့ (a.hkyui.) | ཁ་ཤས (kha shas) | [Term?] | tsuku | dakti | hîŋkʰó | koi | |
| 20 | few | 少 (*[s.t]ewʔ (B-S), *hmjewʔ (ZS)) | နည်း (nany:) | ཉུང (nyung), ཉུང་ཤས (nyung shas), ཁ་ཤས (kha shas) | 𘚇 (*wjọ¹) | rkɯn | chuq | dakti | miyaŋ, mimik ('a little') | |
| 21 | other | 他 (l̥ˤaj (B-S), l̥ʰaːl (ZS)) 它 (l̥ˤaj (B-S), l̥ʰaːl (ZS)) |
အခြား (a.hkra:) | གཞན་དག (gzhan dag) | 𗉲 (*tśhjiw¹), 𘈒 (*dzjij²) | kɯɕte, kɯmaʁ | zhanma | -he | heko | |
| 22 | one | 一 (*ʔi[t] (B-S), *qliɡ (ZS)) | တစ် (tac) | གཅིག (gcig) | 𘈩 (*lew¹) | ci | kye, ti | thê | mɤ̂tʰeʔ | i, eko (Nepali loan) |
| 23 | two | 二 (èr) (*ni[j]-s (B-S), *njis (ZS)) | နှစ် (hnac) | གཉིས (gnyis) | 𗍫 (*njɨ̱¹), 𗍱 (*zjɨ̣²) | ʁnɯz | vni | zon | mɤ̂ni | hiC (C- assimilates to the following consonant) |
| 24 | three | 三 (*s.rum (B-S), *suːm (ZS)) | သုံး (sum:) | གསུམ (gsum) | 𗛰 (*lhejr²), 𘕕 (*sọ¹) | χsɯm | vseum | sum | mɤ̂rûm | sum |
| 25 | four | 亖 (sì)/四 (sì) (*s.li[j]-s (B-S), *hljids (ZS)) | လေး (le:) | བཞི (bzhi) | 𗥃 (*ljɨr¹), 𗝝 (*ŋwər¹) | kɯβde | vbli | ble | bəlí | (Nepali loan) |
References
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