Wiktionary

Appendix:Kapampangan Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Kapampangan, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction edit

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List edit

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No. English Kapampangan
1 I yaku
2 you (singular) ika
3 he, she, it ia
4 we inclusive: ikatamu exclusive: ikami
5 you (plural) ikayu
6 they ila
7 this [Term?]
8 that [Term?]
9 here [Term?]
10 there [Term?]
11 who [Term?]
12 what anu
13 where [Term?]
14 when san-o
15 how [Term?]
16 not [Term?]
17 all paua
18 many [Term?]
19 some [Term?]
20 few [Term?]
21 other [Term?]
22 one isa
23 two addua
24 three atlu
25 four apat
26 five lima
27 big maragul
28 long lakkue
29 wide malapad
30 thick makapal
31 heavy mabayat
32 small malati
33 short makuyad
34 narrow [Term?]
35 thin [Term?]
36 woman babai
37 man (adult male) lalaki
38 man (human being) tau
39 child anak, bata
40 wife asaua
41 husband
42 mother indu
43 father ibpa
44 animal ayup
45 fish saing
46 bird ayup
47 dog ayam
48 louse kutu
49 snake ubingan
50 worm ulad, bitungul
51 tree dutung
52 forest kakeuan
53 stick [Term?]
54 fruit bunga
55 seed bini
56 leaf bulung
57 root yamut
58 bark (of a tree) balat
59 flower bulaklak
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood daya
65 bone tulang
66 fat (noun) taba
67 egg ebun
68 horn sagu
69 tail [Term?]
70 feather bulbul
71 hair buak
72 head ulu
73 ear balugbug
74 eye mata
75 nose arung
76 mouth [Term?]
77 tooth [Term?]
78 tongue (organ) dila
79 fingernail kuku
80 foot bitis
81 leg [Term?]
82 knee tud
83 hand kamau
84 wing pakpak
85 belly atian
86 guts [Term?]
87 neck [Term?]
88 back likud
89 breast susu
90 heart pusu
91 liver ate
92 to drink minum
93 to eat mangan
94 to bite kayat
95 to suck [Term?]
96 to spit [Term?]
97 to vomit [Term?]
98 to blow [Term?]
99 to breathe [Term?]
100 to laugh [Term?]
101 to see [Term?]
102 to hear [Term?]
103 to know [Term?]
104 to think [Term?]
105 to smell [Term?]
106 to fear [Term?]
107 to sleep tungdu
108 to live [Term?]
109 to die mate
110 to kill [Term?]
111 to fight pantuk
112 to hunt [Term?]
113 to hit [Term?]
114 to cut [Term?]
115 to split [Term?]
116 to stab [Term?]
117 to scratch [Term?]
118 to dig [Term?]
119 to swim kaue
120 to fly [Term?]
121 to walk [Term?]
122 to come [Term?]
123 to lie (as in a bed) [Term?]
124 to sit [Term?]
125 to stand [Term?]
126 to turn (intransitive) [Term?]
127 to fall [Term?]
128 to give [Term?]
129 to hold [Term?]
130 to squeeze [Term?]
131 to rub [Term?]
132 to wash [Term?]
133 to wipe [Term?]
134 to pull [Term?]
135 to push [Term?]
136 to throw [Term?]
137 to tie [Term?]
138 to sew [Term?]
139 to count isip
140 to say [Term?]
141 to sing [Term?]
142 to play [Term?]
143 to float [Term?]
144 to flow [Term?]
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun aldo
148 moon bulan
149 star batuin
150 water danum
151 rain uran
152 river ilug
153 lake laug
154 sea bebe
155 salt asin
156 stone batu
157 sand buangin
158 dust [Term?]
159 earth [Term?]
160 cloud [Term?]
161 fog [Term?]
162 sky [Term?]
163 wind angin
164 snow niebi
165 ice yelu
166 smoke asu
167 fire api
168 ash abu
169 to burn [Term?]
170 road dalan
171 mountain bunduk
172 red lutu
173 green aluntian
174 yellow [Term?]
175 white puti
176 black itam
177 night bengi
178 day aldo
179 year banua
180 warm [Term?]
181 cold marimla
182 full buta
183 new bayu
184 old tua
185 good [Term?]
186 bad [Term?]
187 rotten [Term?]
188 dirty [Term?]
189 straight [Term?]
190 round [Term?]
191 sharp (as a knife) taram
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet basa
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at king
202 in king
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name laggiu
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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