Appendix:Carpathian Rusyn Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Carpathian Rusyn, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| № | English | Carpathian Rusyn русиньскый язык (rusynʹskŷj jazŷk) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | я (ja) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ты (tŷ) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | он (on) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | мы (mŷ) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | вы (vŷ) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | вни (vny) |
| 7 | this | гевсесь (hevsesʹ), гевса (hevsa), гевсе (hevse) |
| 8 | that | сесь (sesʹ), тамтота (tamtota), тамтото (tamtoto) |
| 9 | here | ту (tu), гев (hev) |
| 10 | there | ген (hen), гын (hŷn) |
| 11 | who | хто (xto) |
| 12 | what | што (što) |
| 13 | where | де (de) |
| 14 | when | кідь (kidʹ) |
| 15 | how | ги (hy), як (jak) |
| 16 | not | нї (nji), не (ne) |
| 17 | all | вшытко (všŷtko) |
| 18 | many | много (mnoho), велё (veljo) |
| 19 | some | дакілько (dakilʹko) |
| 20 | few | мало (malo) |
| 21 | other | другый (druhŷj), іншый (inšŷj), інакшый (inakšŷj) |
| 22 | one | єден (jeden) |
| 23 | two | два (dva) |
| 24 | three | три (try) |
| 25 | four | штири (štyry) |
| 26 | five | пять (pjatʹ) |
| 27 | big | великый (velykŷj) |
| 28 | long | довгый (dovhŷj) |
| 29 | wide | шырокый (šŷrokŷj) |
| 30 | thick | тлустый (tlustŷj) |
| 31 | heavy | тяжкый (tjažkŷj) |
| 32 | small | малый (malŷj), дрібный (dribnŷj) |
| 33 | short | короткый (korotkŷj), куртый (kurtŷj) |
| 34 | narrow | узкый (uzkŷj) |
| 35 | thin | тонкый (tonkŷj) |
| 36 | woman | жена (žena) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | муж (muž) |
| 38 | man (human being) | чоловік (čolovik) |
| 39 | child | дїтя (djitja), дїтина (djityna) |
| 40 | wife | жона (žona) |
| 41 | husband | муж (muž), манжел (manžel) |
| 42 | mother | мати (maty), матїрь (matjirʹ), мама (mama) |
| 43 | father | отець (otecʹ), нянё (njanjo), нянько (njanʹko) |
| 44 | animal | звіря (zvirja), жывина (žŷvyna) |
| 45 | fish | рыба (rŷba) |
| 46 | bird | птах (ptax) |
| 47 | dog | пес (pes) |
| 48 | louse | уша (uša) |
| 49 | snake | гад (had) |
| 50 | worm | червяк (červjak) |
| 51 | tree | дерево (derevo), стром (strom), стрім (strim) |
| 52 | forest | лїс (ljis) |
| 53 | stick | паліця (palicja) |
| 54 | fruit | овоцина (ovocyna) |
| 55 | seed | насїня (nasjinja) |
| 56 | leaf | лист (lyst) |
| 57 | root | корїнь (korjinʹ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кора (kora) |
| 59 | flower | квітка (kvitka) |
| 60 | grass | трава (trava) |
| 61 | rope | шпарґа (šparga), шнура (šnura) |
| 62 | skin | скора (skora) |
| 63 | meat | мясо (mjaso), мнясо (mnjaso) |
| 64 | blood | кров (krov) |
| 65 | bone | кість (kistʹ), кістка (kistka) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | жыр (žŷr), смар (smar) |
| 67 | egg | яйце (jajce) |
| 68 | horn | ріг (rih) |
| 69 | tail | хвіст (xvist) |
| 70 | feather | перо (pero) |
| 71 | hair | волося (volosja), волосы (volosŷ) |
| 72 | head | голова (holova) |
| 73 | ear | ухо (uxo) |
| 74 | eye | око (oko) |
| 75 | nose | ніс (nis) |
| 76 | mouth | рот (rot), уста (usta) |
| 77 | tooth | зуб (zub) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | язык (jazŷk) |
| 79 | fingernail | нохоть (noxotʹ) |
| 80 | foot | стопа (stopa) |
| 81 | leg | нога (noha) |
| 82 | knee | колїно (koljino) |
| 83 | hand | рука (ruka) |
| 84 | wing | крыло (krŷlo) |
| 85 | belly | черево (čerevo), бріх (brix) |
| 86 | guts | кышкы (kŷškŷ), флякы (fljakŷ) |
| 87 | neck | шыя (šŷja) |
| 88 | back | хырбет (xŷrbet) |
| 89 | breast | груди (hrudy) |
| 90 | heart | сердце (serdce) |
| 91 | liver | печунка (pečunka) |
| 92 | to drink | пити (pyty) |
| 93 | to eat | їсти (jisty) |
| 94 | to bite | кусати (kusaty), грызти (hrŷzty) |
| 95 | to suck | ссати (ssaty) |
| 96 | to spit | плювати (pljuvaty) |
| 97 | to vomit | блювати (bljuvaty) |
| 98 | to blow | дути (duty) |
| 99 | to breathe | дыхати (dŷxaty) |
| 100 | to laugh | сміяти (smijaty) |
| 101 | to see | відїти (vidjity) |
| 102 | to hear | чути (čuty) |
| 103 | to know | знати (znaty) |
| 104 | to think | думати (dumaty) |
| 105 | to smell | нюхати (njuxaty) |
| 106 | to fear | бояти (bojaty) |
| 107 | to sleep | спати (spaty) |
| 108 | to live | жыти (žŷty) |
| 109 | to die | умерати (umeraty) |
| 110 | to kill | забити (zabyty) |
| 111 | to fight | боёвати (bojovaty) |
| 112 | to hunt | ловити (lovyty) |
| 113 | to hit | ударити (udaryty) |
| 114 | to cut | рїзати (rjizaty) |
| 115 | to split | роздїлити (rozdjilyty) |
| 116 | to stab | колоти (koloty) |
| 117 | to scratch | шкрябати (škrjabaty) |
| 118 | to dig | копати (kopaty) |
| 119 | to swim | плавати (plavaty) |
| 120 | to fly | летїти (letjity) |
| 121 | to walk | ходити (xodyty) |
| 122 | to come | прийти (pryjty) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | лежати (ležaty) |
| 124 | to sit | сїдїти (sjidjity) |
| 125 | to stand | стати (staty), стояти (stojaty) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | обернути (obernuty) |
| 127 | to fall | падати (padaty) |
| 128 | to give | дати (daty), давати (davaty) |
| 129 | to hold | держати (deržaty), тримати (trymaty) |
| 130 | to squeeze | стисковати (styskovaty) |
| 131 | to rub | терти (terty) |
| 132 | to wash | мыти (mŷty) |
| 133 | to wipe | утерати (uteraty) |
| 134 | to pull | тягати (tjahaty), тїгати (tjihaty) |
| 135 | to push | пхати (pxaty) |
| 136 | to throw | метати (metaty), шмаряти (šmarjaty), веречі (vereči) |
| 137 | to tie | вязати (vjazaty) |
| 138 | to sew | шыти (šŷty) |
| 139 | to count | раховати (raxovaty) |
| 140 | to say | повісти (povisty) |
| 141 | to sing | співати (spivaty) |
| 142 | to play | грати (hraty), бавити ся (bavyty sja) |
| 143 | to float | плавати (plavaty) |
| 144 | to flow | течі (teči) |
| 145 | to freeze | мерзнути (merznuty) |
| 146 | to swell | напухнути (napuxnuty) |
| 147 | sun | сонце (sonce) |
| 148 | moon | місяць (misjacʹ) |
| 149 | star | звізда (zvizda) |
| 150 | water | вода (voda) |
| 151 | rain | додж (dodž) |
| 152 | river | ріка (rika) |
| 153 | lake | озеро (ozero) |
| 154 | sea | море (more) |
| 155 | salt | сіль (silʹ) |
| 156 | stone | камінь (kaminʹ) |
| 157 | sand | пісок (pisok) |
| 158 | dust | порох (porox) |
| 159 | earth | земля (zemlja) |
| 160 | cloud | хмара (xmara) |
| 161 | fog | молга (molha) |
| 162 | sky | небо (nebo) |
| 163 | wind | вітор (vitor) |
| 164 | snow | снїг (snjih) |
| 165 | ice | лед (led) |
| 166 | smoke | дым (dŷm) |
| 167 | fire | огень (ohenʹ) |
| 168 | ash | попіль (popilʹ) |
| 169 | to burn | горїти (horjity) |
| 170 | road | дорога (doroha) |
| 171 | mountain | гора (hora) |
| 172 | red | червеный (červenŷj) |
| 173 | green | зеленый (zelenŷj) |
| 174 | yellow | жовтый (žovtŷj) |
| 175 | white | білый (bilŷj) |
| 176 | black | чорный (čornŷj) |
| 177 | night | ніч (nič) |
| 178 | day | день (denʹ) |
| 179 | year | рік (rik) |
| 180 | warm | теплый (teplŷj) |
| 181 | cold | зимный (zymnŷj), студеный (studenŷj), холодный (xolodnŷj) |
| 182 | full | повный (povnŷj) |
| 183 | new | новый (novŷj) |
| 184 | old | старый (starŷj) |
| 185 | good | добрый (dobrŷj) |
| 186 | bad | планый (planŷj) |
| 187 | rotten | гнилый (hnylŷj) |
| 188 | dirty | брудный (brudnŷj) |
| 189 | straight | прямый (prjamŷj) |
| 190 | round | округлый (okruhlŷj) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | острый (ostrŷj) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | тупый (tupŷj) |
| 193 | smooth | гладкый (hladkŷj) |
| 194 | wet | мокрый (mokrŷj) |
| 195 | dry | сухый (suxŷj) |
| 196 | correct | правилный (pravylnŷj) |
| 197 | near | близкый (blyzkŷj) |
| 198 | far | далекый (dalekŷj) |
| 199 | right | правый (pravŷj) |
| 200 | left | лївый (ljivŷj) |
| 201 | at | коло (kolo), при (pry) |
| 202 | in | в (v), у (u) |
| 203 | with | з (z), зо (zo), із (iz) |
| 204 | and | і (i), а (a), та (ta) |
| 205 | if | кідь (kidʹ) |
| 206 | because | бо (bo), затоже (zatože), протоже (protože) |
| 207 | name | імя (imja), мено (meno) |