Appendix:Old Marathi Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Marathi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| № | English | Old Marathi 𑘦𑘨𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘘𑘲 (marhāṭī) edit (37) | Old Marathi मर्हाटी (marhāṭī) edit (37) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𑘦𑘲 (mī) | मी (mī) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 𑘝𑘳𑘽 (tuṃ) | तुं (tuṃ), तूं (tūṃ) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 𑘝𑘻 (to), 𑘝𑘿𑘧𑘻 (tyo) | तो (to), त्यो (tyo) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 𑘁𑘦𑘲𑘽 (āmīṃ), 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲 (āmhī) | आमीं (āmīṃ), आम्ही (āmhī) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ) | तुम्हे (tumhe), तुम्ही (tumhī) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 𑘝𑘹 (te)*, 𑘝𑘲𑘧𑘰 (tīyā)* | ते (te)*, तिया (tiyā)* |
| 7 | this | 𑘮𑘰 (hā)*, 𑘮𑘹 (he)*, 𑘮𑘹𑘽 (heṃ)* | हा (hā)*, हे (he)*, हें (heṃ)* |
| 8 | that | 𑘝𑘻 (to)*, 𑘝𑘲 (tī)*, 𑘝𑘹𑘽 (teṃ)* | तो (to)*, ती (tī)*, तें (teṃ)* |
| 9 | here | 𑘊𑘞 (etha) | एथ (etha) |
| 10 | there | 𑘝𑘹𑘞 (tetha), 𑘝𑘹𑘎𑘚𑘹 (tekaḍe) | तेथ (tetha), तेकडे (tekaḍe) |
| 11 | who | 𑘎𑘪𑘜 (kavaṇa), 𑘎𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘜 (kavhaṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜 (koṇa), 𑘎𑘻𑘜𑘿𑘮 (koṇha) | कवण (kavaṇa), कव्हण (kavhaṇa), कोण (koṇa), कोण्ह (koṇha) |
| 12 | what | 𑘎𑘰𑘃 (kāī), 𑘎𑘰𑘧 (kāya), 𑘎𑘰𑘧𑘹 (kāye) | काइं (kāiṃ), काय (kāya), काये (kāye) |
| 13 | where | 𑘎𑘻𑘙𑘹 (koṭhe) | कोठे (koṭhe) |
| 14 | when | 𑘎𑘃𑘽 (kaīṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘽𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘰 (keṃvhā), 𑘎𑘺𑘽 (kaiṃ), 𑘎𑘹𑘠𑘪𑘰𑘽 (kedhavāṃ) | कइं (kaïṃ), केंव्हा (keṃvhā), कैं (kaiṃ), केधवां (kedhavāṃ) |
| 15 | how | 𑘎𑘺𑘭 (kaisa), 𑘎𑘺𑘭𑘹𑘡𑘲 (kaisenī) | कैस (kaisa), कैसेनि (kaiseni) |
| 16 | not | 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲 (nāhī), 𑘡𑘰𑘮𑘲𑘽 (nāhīṃ) | नाहि (nāhi), नाहिं (nāhiṃ), नाही (nāhī), नाहीं (nāhīṃ) |
| 17 | all | 𑘭𑘎𑘯 (sakaḷa), 𑘭𑘎𑘯𑘺 (sakaḷai), 𑘭𑘐𑘯 (sagaḷa), 𑘭𑘎𑘯𑘲𑘎 (sakaḷīka), 𑘭𑘎𑘯𑘺𑘎 (sakaḷaika) | सकळ (sakaḷa), सकळै (sakaḷai), सगळ (sagaḷa), सकळिक (sakaḷika), सकळैक (sakaḷaika) |
| 18 | many | ||
| 19 | some | ||
| 20 | few | ||
| 21 | other | ||
| 22 | one | ||
| 23 | two | ||
| 24 | three | ||
| 25 | four | ||
| 26 | five | ||
| 27 | big | ||
| 28 | long | ||
| 29 | wide | ||
| 30 | thick | ||
| 31 | heavy | ||
| 32 | small | 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘰 (lahāṇā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰 (lahānā), 𑘩𑘮𑘰𑘡𑘰𑘩 (lahānāla), 𑘩𑘰𑘡 (lāna) | लहाणा (lahāṇā), लहाना (lahānā), लहानाल (lahānāla), लान (lāna) |
| 33 | short | ||
| 34 | narrow | ||
| 35 | thin | 𑘢𑘰𑘝𑘯 (pātaḷa) | पातळ (pātaḷa) |
| 36 | woman | ||
| 37 | man (adult male) | ||
| 38 | man (human being) | 𑘦𑘰𑘡𑘳𑘭 (mānusa) | मानुस (mānusa) |
| 39 | child | ||
| 40 | wife | ||
| 41 | husband | ||
| 42 | mother | ||
| 43 | father | ||
| 44 | animal | ||
| 45 | fish | 𑘦𑘰𑘭𑘰 (māsā), 𑘦𑘔 (macha), 𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘔 (maccha) | मासा (māsā), मछ (macha), मच्छ (maccha) |
| 46 | bird | 𑘢𑘰𑘏𑘲𑘨𑘳𑘽 (pākhīruṃ), 𑘢𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘲 (pakṣī) | पाखिरूं (pākhirūṃ), पक्षी (pakṣī) |
| 47 | dog | 𑘎𑘳𑘝𑘲𑘨𑘰 (kutīrā) | कुतिरा (kutirā) |
| 48 | louse | ||
| 49 | snake | 𑘭𑘰𑘢 (sāpa) | साप (sāpa) |
| 50 | worm | ||
| 51 | tree | 𑘖𑘰𑘚 (jhāḍa) | झाड (jhāḍa) |
| 52 | forest | ||
| 53 | stick | ||
| 54 | fruit | ||
| 55 | seed | ||
| 56 | leaf | 𑘢𑘰𑘡 (pāna) | पान (pāna) |
| 57 | root | ||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ||
| 59 | flower | 𑘣𑘳𑘩 (phula) | फुल (phula) |
| 60 | grass | 𑘐𑘪𑘝 (gavata) | गवत (gavata) |
| 61 | rope | ||
| 62 | skin | ||
| 63 | meat | 𑘦𑘼𑘽𑘭 (mauṃsa) | मौंस (mauṃsa) |
| 64 | blood | ||
| 65 | bone | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | ||
| 67 | egg | ||
| 68 | horn | 𑘭𑘱𑘽𑘐 (siṃga) | सिंग (siṃga) |
| 69 | tail | ||
| 70 | feather | ||
| 71 | hair | ||
| 72 | head | ||
| 73 | ear | ||
| 74 | eye | ||
| 75 | nose | ||
| 76 | mouth | 𑘝𑘻𑘽𑘚 (toṃḍa) | तोंड (toṃḍa) |
| 77 | tooth | 𑘟𑘰𑘽𑘝 (dāṃta) | दांत (dāṃta) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 𑘕𑘲𑘥 (jībha) | जीभ (jībha) |
| 79 | fingernail | ||
| 80 | foot | 𑘢𑘰𑘄𑘩 (pāula) | पाउल (pāula) |
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | ||
| 83 | hand | ||
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | 𑘢𑘻𑘘 (poṭa) | पोट (poṭa) |
| 86 | guts | ||
| 87 | neck | 𑘐𑘯𑘰 (gaḷā) | गळा (gaḷā) |
| 88 | back | 𑘢𑘰𑘘 (pāṭa), 𑘢𑘰𑘙𑘲 (pāṭhī) | पाट (pāṭa), पाठी (pāṭhī) |
| 89 | breast | ||
| 90 | heart | ||
| 91 | liver | ||
| 92 | to drink | ||
| 93 | to eat | ||
| 94 | to bite | ||
| 95 | to suck | ||
| 96 | to spit | ||
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | ||
| 101 | to see | ||
| 102 | to hear | ||
| 103 | to know | ||
| 104 | to think | ||
| 105 | to smell | ||
| 106 | to fear | ||
| 107 | to sleep | ||
| 108 | to live | ||
| 109 | to die | ||
| 110 | to kill | ||
| 111 | to fight | ||
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | ||
| 114 | to cut | ||
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | ||
| 119 | to swim | ||
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | ||
| 122 | to come | ||
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ||
| 124 | to sit | ||
| 125 | to stand | ||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | ||
| 128 | to give | ||
| 129 | to hold | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ||
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | ||
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | ||
| 135 | to push | ||
| 136 | to throw | ||
| 137 | to tie | ||
| 138 | to sew | ||
| 139 | to count | ||
| 140 | to say | ||
| 141 | to sing | ||
| 142 | to play | ||
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | ||
| 148 | moon | ||
| 149 | star | ||
| 150 | water | ||
| 151 | rain | ||
| 152 | river | ||
| 153 | lake | ||
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | ||
| 156 | stone | ||
| 157 | sand | ||
| 158 | dust | ||
| 159 | earth | ||
| 160 | cloud | ||
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | ||
| 163 | wind | ||
| 164 | snow | ||
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | ||
| 167 | fire | ||
| 168 | ash | ||
| 169 | to burn | ||
| 170 | road | ||
| 171 | mountain | ||
| 172 | red | ||
| 173 | green | ||
| 174 | yellow | ||
| 175 | white | ||
| 176 | black | ||
| 177 | night | ||
| 178 | day | ||
| 179 | year | ||
| 180 | warm | ||
| 181 | cold | ||
| 182 | full | ||
| 183 | new | ||
| 184 | old | ||
| 185 | good | ||
| 186 | bad | ||
| 187 | rotten | ||
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | ||
| 190 | round | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | ||
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | ||
| 196 | correct | ||
| 197 | near | ||
| 198 | far | ||
| 199 | right | ||
| 200 | left | ||
| 201 | at | ||
| 202 | in | ||
| 203 | with | ||
| 204 | and | ||
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name |