Appendix:Northern Mansi Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Northern Mansi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| № | English | Northern Mansi мāньси лāтыӈ (mānʹsi lātyň) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ам (am) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | наӈ (naň) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | тав (taw) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ме̄н (mēn) (dual), ма̄н (mān) (plural) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | нэ̄н (nè̄n) (dual), на̄н (nān) (plural) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | тэ̄н (tè̄n) (dual), та̄н (tān) (plural) |
| 7 | this | ты (ty) |
| 8 | that | та (ta) |
| 9 | here | тыт (tyt) |
| 10 | there | тот (tot) |
| 11 | who | хотьют (hotʹût) |
| 12 | what | ма̄ныр (mānyr) |
| 13 | where | хо̄т (hōt) |
| 14 | when | хунь (hunʹ) |
| 15 | how | хумус (humus) |
| 16 | not | а̄ти (āti) |
| 17 | all | пуссын (pussyn) |
| 18 | many | са̄в (sāw) |
| 19 | some | то̄ва (tōwa) |
| 20 | few | мось (mosʹ) |
| 21 | other | мо̄т (mōt) |
| 22 | one | аква (akwa) |
| 23 | two | китыг (kityg) |
| 24 | three | хӯрум (hūrum) |
| 25 | four | нила (nila) |
| 26 | five | ат (at) |
| 27 | big | яныг (ânyg) |
| 28 | long | хоса (hosa) |
| 29 | wide | харыс (harys), хара (hara) |
| 30 | thick | осыӈ (osyň) |
| 31 | heavy | та̄рвитыӈ (tārwityň) |
| 32 | small | ма̄нь (mānʹ) |
| 33 | short | ва̄ти (wāti) |
| 34 | narrow | осься (osʹsâ) |
| 35 | thin | во̄вта (wōwta) (thin ice), осься (osʹsâ) |
| 36 | woman | нэ̄ (nè̄) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | хум (hum) |
| 38 | man (human being) | э̄лмхо̄лас (è̄lmhōlas), хум (hum) |
| 39 | child | ня̄врам (nâ̄wram) |
| 40 | wife | э̄ква (è̄kwa), нэ̄ (nè̄) |
| 41 | husband | хум (hum) |
| 42 | mother | ома (oma) |
| 43 | father | атя (atâ) |
| 44 | animal | ӯй (ūj) |
| 45 | fish | хӯл (hūl) |
| 46 | bird | товлыӈ ӯй (towlyň ūj) (winged animal) |
| 47 | dog | кӯтюв (kūtûw), а̄мп (āmp), лӯӈи (lūňi) |
| 48 | louse | та̄кум (tākum) |
| 49 | snake | ялпынг уй (âlpyng uj) |
| 50 | worm | матар (matar), няруй (nâruj) |
| 51 | tree | йӣв (jīw) |
| 52 | forest | во̄р (wōr) |
| 53 | stick | са̄гла (sāgla) |
| 54 | fruit | пил (pil) (berry) |
| 55 | seed | ӯрлах (ūrlah), сам (sam) |
| 56 | leaf | лӯпта (lūpta) |
| 57 | root | та̄р (tār) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кэ̄р (kè̄r) (obsolete), хуруп (hurup), сӯл (sūl) |
| 59 | flower | сё̄ри (së̄ri) |
| 60 | grass | пум (pum) (hay/grass) |
| 61 | rope | ква̄лыг (kwālyg) |
| 62 | skin | алписов (alpisow) (skin of the body), о̄хыӈтовыль (ōhyňtowylʹ) (treated leather), сов (sow) |
| 63 | meat | нё̄выль (në̄wylʹ) |
| 64 | blood | ке̄лп (kēlp) (blood/red) |
| 65 | bone | лув (luw) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | во̄й (wōj) |
| 67 | egg | мӯӈи (mūňi) |
| 68 | horn | а̄ньт (ānʹt) (antler/horn) |
| 69 | tail | лэ̄г (lè̄g), маськ (masʹk) (deers tail) |
| 70 | feather | пун (pun) (feather/fur) |
| 71 | hair | а̄т (āt) |
| 72 | head | пуӈк (puňk) |
| 73 | ear | паль (palʹ) |
| 74 | eye | сам (sam) |
| 75 | nose | нёл (nël) |
| 76 | mouth | сӯп (sūp) |
| 77 | tooth | пуӈк (puňk) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | не̄лум (nēlum) |
| 79 | fingernail | кос (kos) |
| 80 | foot | ла̄гылпатта (lāgylpatta) |
| 81 | leg | ла̄гыл (lāgyl) |
| 82 | knee | са̄нс (sāns) |
| 83 | hand | ка̄т (kāt) |
| 84 | wing | марк (mark) (arm/wing), товыл (towyl) (wing/cover feather) |
| 85 | belly | со̄рыг (sōryg), пукы (puky) (tummy/belly) |
| 86 | guts | сах (sah) |
| 87 | neck | сыплув (sypluw), сып (syp) (neck area) |
| 88 | back | сыс (sys) (back side) |
| 89 | breast | ма̄гыл (māgyl) |
| 90 | heart | сым (sym) |
| 91 | liver | ма̄йт (mājt) |
| 92 | to drink | аюӈкве (aûňkwe) |
| 93 | to eat | тэ̄ӈкве (tè̄ňkwe) |
| 94 | to bite | пуруӈкве (puruňkwe) |
| 95 | to suck | сыпгуӈкве (sypguňkwe) |
| 96 | to spit | сальгуӈкве (salʹguňkwe) |
| 97 | to vomit | ойтэнтахтаӈкве (ojtèntahtaňkwe) |
| 98 | to blow | во̄тумтаӈкве (wōtumtaňkwe) (the wind start blowing), во̄туӈкве (wōtuňkwe) (the wind is blowing) |
| 99 | to breathe | лылтуӈкве (lyltuňkwe) |
| 100 | to laugh | мувиньтаӈкве (muwinʹtaňkwe) (laugh), мовала̄лаӈкве (mowalālaňkwe) (smile/laugh) |
| 101 | to see | ва̄ӈкве (wāňkwe) |
| 102 | to hear | хӯлуӈкве (hūluňkwe) |
| 103 | to know | ва̄ӈкве (wāňkwe) |
| 104 | to think | номсуӈкве (nomsuňkwe) |
| 105 | to smell | атая̄луӈкве (ataâ̄luňkwe) |
| 106 | to fear | пилуӈкве (piluňkwe) |
| 107 | to sleep | хуюӈкве (huûňkwe) |
| 108 | to live | о̄луӈкве (ōluňkwe) |
| 109 | to die | āтимыг ēмтуӈкве (ātimyg ēmtuňkwe), хо̄луӈкве (hōluňkwe) |
| 110 | to kill | алуӈкве (aluňkwe) |
| 111 | to fight | воритотуӈкве (woritotuňkwe) |
| 112 | to hunt | во̄раяӈкве (wōraâňkwe) |
| 113 | to hit | ю̄ныгтаӈкве (û̄nygtaňkwe) |
| 114 | to cut | пасатуӈкве (pasatuňkwe) (to drill/stab/cut) |
| 115 | to split | халытаӈкве (halytaňkwe) |
| 116 | to stab | пувтуӈкве (puwtuňkwe) (to stab/poke/chisel) |
| 117 | to scratch | консуӈкве (konsuňkwe) |
| 118 | to dig | хилуӈкве (hiluňkwe) |
| 119 | to swim | уйгалаӈкве (ujgalaňkwe) |
| 120 | to fly | тыглуӈкве (tygluňkwe) |
| 121 | to walk | яласаӈкве (âlasaňkwe), ялантаӈкве (âlantaňkwe) |
| 122 | to come | йиӈкве (jiňkwe) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | хӯлуӈкве (hūluňkwe) |
| 124 | to sit | ӯнлуӈкве (ūnluňkwe) |
| 125 | to stand | лю̄люӈкве (lû̄lûňkwe) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ё̄ӈхыгпаптуӈкве (ë̄ňhygpaptuňkwe) |
| 127 | to fall | патуӈкве (patuňkwe) |
| 128 | to give | миӈкве (miňkwe) |
| 129 | to hold | о̄ньсюӈкве (ōnʹsûňkwe), пувуӈкве (puwuňkwe) (catch/hold) |
| 130 | to squeeze | пасиртаӈкве (pasirtaňkwe) |
| 131 | to rub | сартлуӈкве (sartluňkwe) |
| 132 | to wash | ловтуӈкве (lowtuňkwe), посуӈкве (posuňkwe) (wash cloths) |
| 133 | to wipe | сэ̄гуӈкве (sè̄guňkwe) |
| 134 | to pull | хартуӈкве (hartuňkwe) |
| 135 | to push | туюӈкве (tuûňkwe), пувтуӈкве (puwtuňkwe), нарыгта̄лыглаӈкве (narygtālyglaňkwe) |
| 136 | to throw | па̄хвтуӈкве (pāhwtuňkwe) |
| 137 | to tie | ха̄суӈкве (hāsuňkwe) |
| 138 | to sew | ю̄нтуӈкве (û̄ntuňkwe) |
| 139 | to count | ловиньтаӈкве (lowinʹtaňkwe) |
| 140 | to say | ла̄вуӈкве (lāwuňkwe) |
| 141 | to sing | э̄ргуӈкве (è̄rguňkwe) |
| 142 | to play | ёнгуӈкве (ënguňkwe) |
| 143 | to float | ра̄мпуӈкве (rāmpuňkwe) |
| 144 | to flow | овтуӈкве (owtuňkwe) |
| 145 | to freeze | по̄льтуӈкве (pōlʹtuňkwe) |
| 146 | to swell | лэ̄нтгэ̄нттаӈкв (lè̄ntgè̄nttaňkw) |
| 147 | sun | хо̄тал (hōtal) |
| 148 | moon | э̄тпос (è̄tpos) |
| 149 | star | сов (sow) |
| 150 | water | вит (wit) |
| 151 | rain | ракв (rakw) |
| 152 | river | я̄ (â̄) |
| 153 | lake | тӯр (tūr) |
| 154 | sea | ща̄рыщ (ŝāryŝ) |
| 155 | salt | солвал (solwal) |
| 156 | stone | а̄хвтас (āhwtas) |
| 157 | sand | хыс (hys) |
| 158 | dust | порс (pors) |
| 159 | earth | ма̄ (mā) |
| 160 | cloud | тул (tul) |
| 161 | fog | сэ̄ӈкв (sè̄ňkw) |
| 162 | sky | то̄рум (tōrum) (god/sky) |
| 163 | wind | во̄т (wōt) |
| 164 | snow | тӯйт (tūjt) |
| 165 | ice | я̄ӈк (â̄ňk) |
| 166 | smoke | посым (posym) |
| 167 | fire | на̄й (nāj) |
| 168 | ash | хӯльм (hūlʹm) |
| 169 | to burn | на̄йн тыттуӈкве (nājn tyttuňkwe) |
| 170 | road | лё̄ӈх (lë̄ňh) (trace, way) |
| 171 | mountain | ур (ur) |
| 172 | red | вы̄гыр (wȳgyr), ке̄лп (kēlp), меруп (merup), ке̄лпхарпа (kēlpharpa) |
| 173 | green | ня̄рппум оспа (nâ̄rppum ospa) (green as grass) |
| 174 | yellow | вощрам (woŝram) |
| 175 | white | я̄ӈк (â̄ňk) |
| 176 | black | сэ̄мыл (sè̄myl) |
| 177 | night | э̄ти (è̄ti) |
| 178 | day | хо̄тал (hōtal) |
| 179 | year | тāл (tāl) |
| 180 | warm | ма̄лтып (māltyp) |
| 181 | cold | асирма (asirma) |
| 182 | full | та̄глыӈ (tāglyň) |
| 183 | new | йильпи (jilʹpi) |
| 184 | old | пе̄с (pēs) (thing), матум (matum) (being) |
| 185 | good | ёмас (ëmas) |
| 186 | bad | лю̄ль (lû̄lʹ) |
| 187 | rotten | сайым (sajym) |
| 188 | dirty | восьлахыӈ (wosʹlahyň) |
| 189 | straight | сохт (soht) |
| 190 | round | е̄ӈта (ēňta) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | пе̄лп (pēlp) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ляӈквы (lâňkwy) |
| 193 | smooth | састум (sastum) |
| 194 | wet | витыӈ (wityň) |
| 195 | dry | ка̄тра (kātra) |
| 196 | correct | ёмас (ëmas) |
| 197 | near | ляпа (lâpa) |
| 198 | far | хоса (hosa) |
| 199 | right | ёмаспа̄л (ëmaspāl) (right side) |
| 200 | left | во̄ртыпа̄л (wōrtypāl) (left side) |
| 201 | at | па̄лт (pālt) |
| 202 | in | какыр (kakyr) (inside (chest)), кхулт (khult) |
| 203 | with | -эл (-èl), -л (-l) |
| 204 | and | йа (ja), ос (os) |
| 205 | if | э̄рт (è̄rt) |
| 206 | because | ма̄гыс (māgys), кастыл (kastyl) |
| 207 | name | нам (nam) |