Wiktionary

Appendix:Lojban Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Lojban, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation edit

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List edit

No. English Lojban
jbobau 		IPA
pronunciation
1 I mi
2 you (singular) do
3 he ko'a
4 we mi, mi'o, mi'a, ma'a
5 you (plural) do'o
6 they ko'a
7 this ti
8 that ta, tu
9 here vi
10 there va
11 who ma
12 what ma
13 where bu'u ma
14 when ca ma, cu'e
15 how ta'i ma, tai ma
16 not na, na'e, no'e
17 all ro
18 many so'i
19 some su'o
20 few so'u
21 other drata /ˈdrata/
22 one pa
23 two re
24 three ci
25 four vo
26 five mu
27 big barda
28 long clani, clatei
29 wide ganra
30 thick rotsu
31 heavy tilju
32 small cmalu
33 short tordu, tortei
34 narrow jarki
35 thin cinla, tolplana
36 woman ninmu
37 man (male) nanmu
38 man (human) remna
39 child verba
40 wife fetspe
41 husband nakspe
42 mother mamta
43 father patfu
44 animal danlu
45 fish finpe
46 bird cipni
47 dog gerku
48 louse civla
49 snake since
50 worm curnu
51 tree tricu
52 forest ricfoi
53 stick grana
54 fruit grute
55 seed tsiju
56 leaf pezli
57 root genja
58 bark (of a tree) korka
59 flower xrula
60 grass srasu
61 rope skori
62 skin skapi
63 meat rectu
64 blood ciblu
65 bone bongu
66 fat (noun) grasu
67 egg sovda
68 horn jirna
69 tail rebla
70 feather pimlu
71 hair kerfa
72 head stedu
73 ear kerlo
74 eye kanla
75 nose nazbi
76 mouth moklu /ˈmok.lu/
77 tooth denci /ˈden.ʃi/
78 tongue tance /ˈtan.ʃe/
79 fingernail degycalku, jgalu /ˈʒɡalu/
80 foot jamfu
81 leg tuple
82 knee cidni
83 hand xance
84 wing nalci
85 belly betfu
86 guts canti
87 neck cnebo
88 back cutyti'e, bekpi
89 breast tatru
90 heart risna
91 liver livga
92 to drink pinxe
93 to eat citka
94 to bite batci
95 to suck sakci
96 to spit sputu
97 to vomit vamtu
98 to blow tolsakci
99 to breathe vasxu
100 to laugh cmila
101 to see viska
102 to hear tirna
103 to know djuno, slabu
104 to think pensi
105 to smell panci
106 to fear terpa
107 to sleep sipna
108 to live jmive
109 to die mrobi'o
110 to kill catra
111 to fight damba
112 to hunt kalte
113 to hit darxi
114 to cut katna
115 to split fendi
116 to stab tunta
117 to scratch sraku
118 to dig kakpa
119 to swim limna
120 to fly vofli, voikla
121 to walk cadzu
122 to come klama
123 to lie (as in a bed) vreta, pinvre
124 to sit zutse
125 to stand sanli
126 to turn (intransitive) carna
127 to fall farlu
128 to give dunda
129 to hold jgari
130 to squeeze
131 to rub termosygau
132 to wash lumci
133 to wipe
134 to pull lacpu
135 to push catke, ca'ermuvgau
136 to throw renro
137 to tie ciljongau, jgegau
138 to sew fenso
139 to count kancu, nacpoiba'u
140 to say cusku
141 to sing sanga
142 to play kelci, zdizu'e
143 to float fulta
144 to flow flecu
145 to freeze dunja
146 to swell
147 sun solri
148 moon lunra
149 star tarci
150 water djacu
151 rain carvi
152 river rirxe
153 lake lalxu
154 sea xamsi
155 salt silna
156 stone rokci
157 sand canre
158 dust pulce
159 earth terdi
160 cloud dilnu
161 fog bumru
162 sky tsani
163 wind brife
164 snow snime
165 ice bisli
166 smoke danmo
167 fire fagri
168 ash fagyfesti
169 to burn jelca
170 road dargu
171 mountain cmana
172 red xunre
173 green crino
174 yellow pelxu
175 white blabi
176 black xekri
177 night nicte
178 day donri
179 year nanca, detna'a
180 warm kufygla, mligla, glamli
181 cold tolkuflenku, lenku
182 full culno, tolxagji
183 new cnino
184 old tolci'o, laldo
185 good xamgu
186 bad xlali
187 rotten fusra
188 dirty toljinsa
189 straight sirji
190 round bolci, cukla
191 sharp (as a knife) kinli
192 dull (as a knife) kandi
193 smooth xutla
194 wet cilmo
195 dry sudga
196 correct drani, smudra
197 near jibni, zvajbi
198 far darno
199 right pritu, ri'u
200 left zunle, zu'a
201 at zvati, bu'u
202 in nenri, ne'i
203 with se pi'o, ka'ai
204 and je, .e, gi'e, jo'u
205 if va'o, ja nai, a nai, gi'a nai
206 because ki'u, mu'i, ri'a, ni'i
207 name cmene, cmevla

Sources edit

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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