Appendix:Indonesian Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Indonesian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishIndonesian
bahasa Indonesia
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1I (1sg)saya, aku, kawula
2you (2sg)kamu, engkau, kau, Anda
3he, she, it (3sg)dia
4we (1pl)kami (exclusive), kita (inclusive)
5you (2pl)kalian
6they (3pl)mereka
7thisini
8thatitu
9heredi sini
10theredi sana, di situ
11whosiapa
12whatapa
13wheredi mana
14whenkapan
15howbagaimana
16notbukan, tidak
17allsemua
18manybanyak
19somebeberapa
20fewsedikit
21otherlain
22onesatu
23twodua
24threetiga
25fourempat
26fivelima
27bigbesar
28longpanjang
29widelebar
30thicktebal
31heavyberat
32smallkecil
33shortpendek
34narrowsempit
35thintipis
36womanperempuan, wanita
37man (adult male)lelaki, laki-laki, pria
38man (human being)manusia
39childanak
40wifeistri
41husbandsuami
42motheribu
43fatherayah
44animalbinatang
45fishikan
46birdburung
47doganjing
48lousekutu
49snakeular
50wormcacing
51treepohon
52foresthutan
53stickranting
54fruitbuah
55seedbiji
56leafdaun
57rootakar
58bark (of a tree)pepagan
59flowerbunga
60grassrumput
61ropetali
62skinkulit
63meatdaging
64blooddarah
65bonetulang
66fat (noun)lemak
67eggtelur
68horntanduk
69tailekor
70featherbulu
71hairrambut
72headkepala
73eartelinga
74eyemata
75nosehidung
76mouthmulut
77toothgigi
78tongue (organ)lidah
79fingernailkuku
80footkaki
81legtungkai
82kneelutut
83handtangan
84wingsayap
85bellyperut
86gutsusus
87neckleher
88backpunggung
89breastpayudara
90heartjantung
91liverhati
92to drinkminum, meminum
93to eatmakan, memakan
94to bitegigit, menggigit
95to suckhisap, menghisap
96to spitludah, meludah
97to vomitmuntah
98to blowtiup, meniup
99to breathenafas, bernafas
100to laughtawa, tertawa
101to seelihat, melihat
102to heardengar, mendengar
103to knowtahu, mengetahui
104to thinkpikir, berpikir
105to smellbau, membau
106to feartakut
107to sleeptidur
108to livehidup
109to diemati
110to killbunuh, membunuh
111to fightkelahi, berkelahi
112to huntburu, berburu
113to hitpukul, memukul
114to cutpotong, memotong
115to splitbelah, membelah
116to stabtusuk, menusuk
117to scratchgaruk, mengaruk
118to diggali, menggali
119to swimrenang, berenang
120to flyterbang
121to walkjalan, berjalan
122to comedatang
123to lie (as in a bed)baring, berbaring
124to sitduduk (action, state)
125to standdiri, berdiri (action, state)
126to turn (intransitive)belok, berbelok
127to falljatuh
128to giveberi, memberi
129to holdpegang, memegang
130to squeezeperas, memeras
131to rubgosok, menggosok
132to washcuci, mencuci
133to wipehapus, menghapus
134to pulltarik, menarik
135to pushdorong, mendorong
136to throwlempar, melempar
137to tieikat, mengikat
138to sewjahit, menjahit
139to counthitung, menghitung
140to saykata, berkata
141to singnyanyi, bernyanyi
142to playmain, bermain
143to floatapung, mengapung
144to flowalir, mengalir
145to freezebeku, membeku
146to swellbengkak, membengkak
147sunmatahari
148moonbulan
149starbintang
150waterair
151rainhujan
152riversungai
153lakedanau
154sealaut
155saltgaram
156stonebatu
157sandpasir
158dustdebu
159earthbumi
160cloudawan
161fogkabut
162skylangit
163windangin
164snowsalju
165icees
166smokeasap
167fireapi
168ashabu
169to burnbakar
170roadjalan
171mountaingunung
172redmerah
173greenhijau
174yellowkuning
175whiteputih
176blackhitam
177nightmalam
178dayhari
179yeartahun
180warmhangat
181colddingin
182fullpenuh
183newbaru
184oldlama, tua
185goodbaik
186badburuk
187rottenbusuk
188dirtykotor
189straightlurus
190roundbulat
191sharp (as a knife)tajam
192dull (as a knife)tumpul
193smoothhalus
194wetbasah
195drykering
196correctbenar
197neardekat
198farjauh
199rightkanan
200leftkiri
201atdi
202indalam
203withdengan
204anddan
205ifkalau
206becausekarena
207namenama
  • Orthography:

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following:

  • Verbs: infinitive
  • Other words: neutral or masculine, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance); the simplest form, the root (makanmemakan) is used.

Bibliography

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  • Tuttle's Concise Indonesian Dictionary, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo 1993 - →ISBN
  • Colloquial Indonesian (Sutanto Atmosumarto), Routledge, New York 1994 - →ISBN
  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

See also

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Further reading

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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