Appendix:Albanian Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Albanian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishAlbanian
shqip
edit (207)
1I (1sg)unë
2you (2sg)ti, ju (respectful)
3he, she, it (3sg)ai (masculine), ajo (feminine)
4we (1pl)ne
5you (2pl)ju
6they (3pl)ata (masculine), ato (feminine)
7thisky
8thati cili, ai
9herekëtu
10thereatje
11whokush, cili
12whatçfarë, ç'
13whereku
14whenkur
15howsi
16notnuk, s'
17alltë gjithë, të tërë, të tanë (Gheg)
18manyshumë
19somedisa, ca
20fewpak
21otheri tjetër
22onenjë
23twody
24threetre, tri
25fourkatër
26fivepesë
27bigi madh
28longi gjatë
29widei gjerë, i gjanë (Gheg)
30thicki trashë
31heavyi rëndë
32smalli vogël
33shorti shkurtër
34narrowi ngushtë
35thini hollë
36womangrua
37man (adult male)burrë
38man (human being)njeri
39childfëmijë, fëmi (Gheg)
40wifegrua
41husbandburrë
42mothernënë, mëmë, ëmë, nanë (Gheg), mâmë (Gheg), âmë (Gheg)
43fatheratë, babë, baba
44animalshtazë, kafshë
45fishpeshk
46birdzog
47dogqen
48lousemorr
49snakegjarpër
50wormkrimb
51treedru
52forestpyll
53stickshkop
54fruitfrutë, fryt
55seedfarë, bërthamë
56leafgjeth
57rootrrënjë, rrâj (Gheg)
58bark (of a tree)shkëlbozë
59flowerlule
60grassbar
61ropelitar
62skinlëkurë
63meatmish
64bloodgjak
65boneeshtër
66fat (noun)dhjamë
67eggve, vezë
68hornbri
69tailbisht
70featherpendë
71hairflok, qime, lesh
72headkokë, krye, kre
73earvesh
74eyesy
75nosehundë
76mouthgojë
77toothdhëmb, dhâm (Gheg)
78tongue (organ)gjuhë
79fingernailthua
80footkëmbë, kâmbë (Gheg)
81legkëmbë, kâmbë (Gheg)
82kneegju
83handdorë
84wingfletë, flatër
85bellybark, stomak
86gutszorrë
87neckqafë
88backkurriz, shpinë
89breastgji
90heartzemër
91livermëlçi
92to drinkpi
93to eatha
94to bitekafshoj
95to suckthith
96to spitpështyj
97to vomitvjell
98to blowfryj
99to breathemarr frymë
100to laughqesh
101to seeshoh
102to heardëgjoj
103to knowdi
104to thinkmendoj
105to smellnuhas
106to feardruaj
107to sleepfle
108to livejetoj
109to dievdes
110to killvras
111to fightluftoj, përleshem
112to huntgjuaj
113to hitgodas
114to cutpres
115to splitçaj
116to stabther, shpoj
117to scratchkruaj
118to diggërmoj
119to swimnotoj
120to flyfluturoj
121to walkeci, heci (Gheg)
122to comevij
123to lie (as in a bed)shtrihem
124to situlem
125to standrri
126to turn (intransitive)kthehem
127to fallbie
128to givejap, ap (Gheg)
129to holdmbaj
130to squeezeshtrydh
131to rubfërkoj
132to washlaj
133to wipefshij
134to pulltërheq
135to pushshtyj
136to throwhedh
137to tielidh
138to sewqep
139to countnumëroj, njeh, njef (Gheg)
140to saythem
141to singkëndoj
142to playluaj
143to floatpluskoj
144to flowrrjedh
145to freezengrij
146to swellbymehem, fryhem, ënjtem
147sundiell
148moonhënë, hânë (Gheg)
149staryll
150waterujë
151rainshi
152riverlumë
153lakeliqen
154seadet
155saltkripë, krypë (Gheg)
156stonegur
157sandrërë, rânë (Gheg)
158dustpluhur
159earthdhe, tokë, trokë
160cloudre
161fogmjegull
162skyqiell
163winderë
164snowborë, dëborë
165iceakull
166smoketym
167firezjarr
168ashhi
169to burndjeg
170roadudhë, rrugë
171mountainmal
172redi kuq
173greeni blertë
174yellowi verdhë
175whitei bardhë
176blacki zi
177nightnatë
178dayditë
179yearvit, mot
180warmi ngrohtë, i nxehtë
181coldi ftohtë, i ftoftë (Gheg)
182fulli mbushur, i plotë
183newi
184oldplak, i vjetër
185goodi mirë
186badi keq
187rotteni kalbur
188dirtyi fëlliqët
189straighti drejtë
190roundrrumbullak, rrotullak
191sharp (as a knife)i mprehtë
192dull (as a knife)i mpirë
193smoothi lëmuar
194weti lagur
195dryi thatë
196correcti drejtë
197neari afërm
198fari largë
199righti djathtë
200lefti majtë
201atte, tek
202in
203withme
204anddhe, e, edhe
205ifnëse, në qoftë se
206becausesepse
207nameemër, emën (Gheg)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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