Appendix:Occitan Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Occitan, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishOccitan
occitan
edit (205)
IPA
1I (1sg)jo, ieu/ʒu/, /jew/
2you (2sg)tu/ty/
3he, she, it (3sg)el (m), ela (f)
4we (1pl)nosautres
5you (2pl)vosautres
6they (3pl)eles (m), elas (f)
7thisaqueste (m), aquesta (f)
8thataquel (m), aquela (f)
9hereaquí, ça, çai
10there, lai, ailà, alai
11whoqual, cu, qui
12whatqué
13whereont, onte
14whenquand (conjunction), quora (adverb)
15howcossí
16notnon
17alltot (m), tota (f)
18manyfòrça, beucòp, molt
19somequalque
20fewpauc
21otherautre
22oneun (m), una (f)
23twodos (m), doas (f)
24threetres
25fourquatre
26fivecinc
27biggrand, gròs
28longlong
29widelarg
30thickespés
31heavypesuc
32smallpichòt, pichon, petit
33shortcort
34narrowestreit
35thinmagre
36womanfemna
37man (adult male)òme
38man (human being)uman
39childenfant
40wifefemna, esposa, molher
41husbandmarit, espós
42mothermaire
43fatherpaire
44animalanimal
45fishpeis, peisson
46birdaucèl
47dogcan, gos, chin
48lousepesolh
49snakesèrp
50wormvèrm
51treearbre
52forestforest
53stickbaston
54fruitfruit
55seedgrana
56leaffuèlha
57rootrasic, raiç, racina
58bark (of a tree)escòrça, rusca
59flowerflor
60grassèrba
61ropecòrda
62skinpèl
63meatcarn
64bloodsang
65boneòs
66fat (noun)graissa, grais
67egguòu
68hornbana, còrn
69tailcoa
70featherpluma
71hairpel, cabel
72headcap, tèsta
73earaurelha
74eyeuèlh
75nosenas
76mouthboca
77toothdent
78tongue (organ)lenga
79fingernailungla
80foot
81legcamba
82kneegenolh
83handman
84wingala
85bellyventre
86gutsbudèl
87neckcòl
88backesquina
89breastpopa
90heartcòr
91liverfetge
92to drinkbeure, béver
93to eatmanjar
94to bitemossegar, mòrdre, nhacar
95to suckchucar
96to spitescupir
97to vomitvomir
98to blowbufar, bofar
99to breathealenar, respirar, polsar
100to laughrire
101to seeveire, véser
102to hearausir
103to knowsaupre, saber
104to thinkpensar
105to smellsentir, pimpar
106to fearcrénher, crentar
107to sleepdormir
108to liveviure
109to diemorir
110to killmatar, tuar, maselar
111to fightcombatre, luchar
112to huntcaçar
113to hittustar, trucar, picar
114to cutcopar, trencar
115to splitseparar, desseparar
116to stabescotelar
117to scratchescarraunhar, radiar
118to digcavar, curar
119to swimnadar
120to flyvolar
121to walkcaminar, marchar
122to comevenir
123to lie (as in a bed)jaire
124to sitsèire, assetar, siclar
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)girar, virar
127to fallcaire, tombar
128to givedonar, balhar, dar
129to holdténer
130to squeezeesquichar
131to rubfretar, fregar
132to washlavar
133to wipeeissugar
134to pulltraire
135to pushempénher, butar
136to throwlançar, getar
137to tieligar
138to sewcóser, cordurar
139to countcomptar
140to saydire
141to singcantar
142to playjogar
143to floatflotar
144to flowcolar
145to freezeglaçar
146to swellconflar
147sunsolelh
148moonluna
149starestela, estel
150wateraiga
151rainpluèja
152riverriu, rèc
153lakelac
154seamar
155saltsal
156stonepèira
157sandsabla, arena, sorra
158dustposca, polsa, pols
159earthtèrra
160cloudnívol, niu
161fognèbla
162skycèl
163windvent
164snownèu
165iceglaç, gèl, glaça
166smokefum
167firefòc
168ashcendre
169to burncremar
170roadrota, estrada
171mountainmontanha
172redroge
173greenverd
174yellowjaune
175whiteblanc
176blacknegre
177nightnuèit
178dayjorn
179yearan, annada
180warmcaud
181coldfreg, freid
182fullplen, comol
183newnòu, nòvel
184oldvièlh
185goodbon
186badmal
187rottenpoirit
188dirtybrut
189straightdreit
190roundredond
191sharp (as a knife)talhant
192dull (as a knife)
193smoothlis, len
194wetbanhat
195drysec
196correctcorrècte, just
197nearpròche, prèp
198farluènh
199rightdreit
200leftsenèstre, esquèr, mance
201ata, en
202indins, en
203withamb, avèque
204ande
205ifse
206becausecar, perque
207namenom
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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