Appendix:Lombard Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Lombard, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation edit

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List edit

EnglishLombard
lombard
edit (207)
1I (1sg)
2you (2sg)
3he, she, it (3sg), lüü
4we (1pl)nun, nüm
5you (2pl)violter, viòltar, viotar
6they (3pl)luur
7thisquellchì, calché, chì, queschì, isto
8thatquell, cal,
9herechì, chichinscì, chiloo, scià
10there, ,
11whochiè, s'cè, chiè che, s'cè che
12whatcosè, cusè, sa
13whereindoè, inde
14whenquaant, quand
15howcomè
16notminga, mìa, méa,
17alltutt, tüt, töt, tucc, tücc, tücòos, tuscòss
18manyparicc, assee, tanc
19someon quaj
20fewpòcch
21otherolter, òltar, otar
22onevun, vün
23twoduu, düü, ,
24threetrii, tré, trè
25fourquater, quatar
26fiveciinch
27biggraant, gross
28longluunch
29widelaarch
30thickèrtegh
31heavygréef, ch'el dà al pées
32smallpinìn
33shortcüürt
34narrowstréeng, strénc, strècc
35thinfin, sutiir, màgher
36womandòna
37man (adult male)óm, òmm
38man (human being)persóna, òmen
39childbagaj, bagajìn, fioeu, tuus
40wifemiée, dòna
41husbandmarii, òmm
42mothermamm, mam
43father, pader
44animalbèstia
45fishpèss
46birdüsèl
47dogcaŋ
48lousepiöcc
49snakebiss
50wormgiuanìŋ, biótt, cagnon
51treepiànta, piònta
52forestbusch
53stickbastùŋ
54fruitfrüt
55seedsoménza, suménza
56leafföja, foeuja
57rootsciocch, sciùch
58bark (of a tree)scòrza, pèll
59flowerfiuur, fiùu
60grassèrba
61ropecòrda
62skinpèll
63meatcàrna
64bloodsàanch
65boneòss
66fat (noun)grass
67eggööf, oeuf
68horncòrnu
69tailcùa
70featherpèna, badina, piüm
71haircavèj
72headcoo, cràpa
73earurégia
74eyeoeugg, öcc
75nosenaas
76mouthbuca
77toothdinc, déent
78tongue (organ)léngua
79fingernailüngia
80foot
81leggàmba, garon
82kneegenoeugg, genöcc, ginöcc
83handmaŋ
84wingàla
85bellyborigia, venter, pànza
86gutsbüèl, buvell
87neckcòl
88backs'céna, r'céna, schèna
89breastpecc
90heartcöör, coeur
91liverfidegh, fìdech
92to drinkbéef, trincà
93to eatmangià, majà, maeà, magnà
94to bitecagnà, sgagnà
95to sucksciüscià, ciücà
96to spitspüà, spuvà
97to vomittrà sù, trà sü
98to blowboffà, bufà
99to breathefiadà
100to laughghignà, riit
101to seevedè, véet
102to hearsentì
103to knowsavè, cognoss, cugnuss
104to thinkpensà
105to smellspuzà, fà uduur, savè de, sentì de
106to fearvecch pagüra, sgagiass, strimiss
107to sleepdurmì, dörmì
108to liveviif
109to diemurì
110to killmazà, cupà
111to fightfà guèra, cumbàtt
112to huntcascià
113to hittrüssà, picà, ciappà
114to cuttajà, mucià, fà giò, scürtà
115to splitspartì, separà
116to stabsbögià, infulcinà
117to scratchsfrisà, sbregà, sgarbelà, sgraffignà
118to digscavà, rugà, fà giò ona zocca, spalà foeu
119to swimnudà, nuà
120to flysgorà, sgurà
121to walkcaminà
122to comevegnì, vegnì scià
123to lie (as in a bed)stravacass giò, trass là, slongass giò
124to sitsetass giò
125to standvess in pee, stà sù drizz
126to turn (intransitive)voltass, girà
127to fallburlà giò
128to give
129to holdtegnì
130to squeezeschiscià
131to rubstrusà, gratà, fregà sù
132to washlavà, sgorà
133to wipesügà
134to pulltirà in scià
135to pushrüzà
136to throwslanzà, trà per ari, tirà
137to tieligà sü, fà sù
138to sewcüsì
139to countcüntà
140to say
141to singcantà
142to playgiügà
143to floatstà dessoravìa, andà a gala, stà a gala, stà sü
144to flowsculà
145to freezegelà
146to swellsgonfià
147sunsuu
148moonlüna
149starstéla
150wateraqua
151rainpioèuva
152riverfjüm
153lakelaach
154seamaar
155saltsaa, saal
156stonesass
157sandgèra
158dustpùlvura
159earthtèra
160cloudnìgula
161fognèbia
162skycél
163windveent
164snowneef
165icegiàz
166smokefumèra
167fireföög
168ashscindra
169to burnbrüsà
170roadstrada, via
171mountainmuunt
172redrós
173greenveert
174yellowgiàalt
175whitebiàanch
176blacknégar
177nightnòcc
178day
179year
180warmcaalt
181coldfrecc
182fullpiéŋ
183newnööf
184oldvécc
185goodbóŋ
186badcatìif
187rottenmars
188dirtytenc
189straightdriss
190roundrudùund, rudùunt
191sharp (as a knife)güz
192dull (as a knife)mucch
193smoothliss
194wetümit
195drysech
196correctgiüst
197nearvisìŋ
198farluntàŋ
199rightdèstra
200leftsinistra
201ata, em
202inin, in da
203withcon
204ande
205ifse
206becauseparchè
207namenóm
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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