Appendix:Mandaic Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Mandaic, compared with definitions in English.
Introduction edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| No. | English | Neo-Mandaic Mandɔyí |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ana [ˈæːnɔ] |
| 2 | you (singular) | at [ɔt] |
| 3 | he, she, it | hui [ˈhuwi] |
| 4 | we | ani [ˈæni] |
| 5 | you (plural) | atan [ˈætton] |
| 6 | they | huni [ˈhonni] |
| 7 | this | auha [ˈɔːhɔ] |
| 8 | that | aku [ˈaχu] |
| 9 | here | hna [ɛhˈnɔː] |
| 10 | there | akak [ɛkˈkaχ] |
| 11 | who | man [mæn] |
| 12 | what | mia [mu] |
| 13 | where | alia [ˈɛljɔ] |
| 14 | when | hamdu [ˈhɛmdɔ] |
| 15 | how | kmu [ˈkæmmɔ] |
| 16 | not | lu [lu] |
| 17 | all | gaš [gɛʃ] |
| 18 | many | ginza [ˈgɛnzɔ] |
| 19 | some | parz [ˈpɛɹzi] |
| 20 | few | parzi [ˈpɛɹzi] |
| 21 | other | hurina [hoˈriːnɔ] |
| 22 | one | ahda [ˈɛhdɔ] |
| 23 | two | trin [trɛn] |
| 24 | three | klata [ˈklɔːθɔ] |
| 25 | four | arbu [ˈaɹbɔ] |
| 26 | five | hamša [ˈhæmʃɔ] |
| 27 | big | rabu [ˈræbbɔ] |
| 28 | long | arik [əˈriːχɔ] |
| 29 | wide | patia [ˈpæθjɔ] |
| 30 | thick | smika [səˈmiːχɔ] |
| 31 | heavy | kadira [kæˈdiːrɔ] |
| 32 | small | hanin [hoˈniːnɔ] |
| 33 | short | gṭan [gəˈtˁɔːnɔ] |
| 34 | narrow | zalil [zæˈliːlɔ] |
| 35 | thin | hapip [hæˈfif] |
| 36 | woman | ata (ainša) [ˈɛθθɔ] |
| 37 | man (adult male) | gabra [ˈgævrɔ] |
| 38 | man (human being) | barnaša [baɹˈnɔːʃɔ] |
| 39 | child | gihal [ˈʤiːhɛl] |
| 40 | wife | ata [ˈɛθθɔ] |
| 41 | husband | bla [ˈbɛllɔ] |
| 42 | mother | ama [ˈɛmmɔ] |
| 43 | father | baua [ˈbɔːwɔ] |
| 44 | animal | uahši [ˈwæħʃi] |
| 45 | fish | panida [foˈniːdɔ] |
| 46 | bird | supra [ˈsˁoprɔ] |
| 47 | dog | kalba [ˈkælbɔ] |
| 48 | louse | qmulta [qəˈmolθɔ] |
| 49 | snake | hauia [ˈhɛvjɔ] |
| 50 | worm | tla [ˈtʌljɔ] |
| 51 | tree | drakt / šagra [dəˈraχt] |
| 52 | forest | [ʤænˈgɑl] |
| 53 | stick | gasna [ˈʁʌsˁnɔ] |
| 54 | fruit | miua [ˈmiːwɔ] |
| 55 | seed | bazra [ˈbæzrɔ] |
| 56 | leaf | pr [pæɹ] |
| 57 | root | gazra [ˈʤæðrɔ] |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | mašk šagra [ˌmɛʃkˈʃɪʤrɔ] |
| 59 | flower | gal / gul [gol] |
| 60 | grass | hašiš [ħaˈʃiʃ] |
| 61 | rope | mašua [ˈmæʃwɔ] |
| 62 | skin | maška [ˈmɛʃkɔ] |
| 63 | meat | basra [ˈbɛsrɔ] |
| 64 | blood | dma / zama [dəˈmɒː] |
| 65 | bone | garma [ˈgɛɹmɔ] |
| 66 | fat (noun) | šamna [ˈʃæmnɔ] |
| 67 | egg | baia [ˈbɛɪjɔ] |
| 68 | horn | qarn [qæɹn] |
| 69 | tail | dama [ˈdɛmmɔ] |
| 70 | feather | gapu / gapa [ˈgæppɔ] |
| 71 | hair | manza [ˈmænzɔ] |
| 72 | head | riša [ˈriʃɔ] |
| 73 | ear | adna / ana [ˈonnɔ] |
| 74 | eye | aina [ˈiːnɔ] |
| 75 | nose | nhira [nəˈhiːrɔ] |
| 76 | mouth | pama [ˈpommɔ] |
| 77 | tooth | šana [ˈʃɛnnɔ] |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lšan [lɛˈʃɔːnɔ] |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | kraia [kəˈrɔːjɔ] |
| 81 | leg | kraia / lagra [ˈloʁərɔ] |
| 82 | knee | burka [ˈbʌɹkɔ] |
| 83 | hand | aida [ˈiːdɔ] |
| 84 | wing | gapa [ˈgæppɔ] |
| 85 | belly | karṣa [ˈkaɹsɔ] |
| 86 | guts | karsa [ˈkaɹsɔ] |
| 87 | neck | paqata [foˈqʌttˁɔ] |
| 88 | back | butar [ˈbɔːθaɹ] |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | libu [ˈlɛbbɔ] |
| 91 | liver | kabda [ˈkæbdɔ] |
| 92 | to drink | št [ʃot] |
| 93 | to eat | akal [χol] |
| 94 | to bite | nakti [nəˈχot] |
| 95 | to suck | šat [ʃot] |
| 96 | to spit | araq [ˈarrɛq] |
| 97 | to vomit | gha [gəˈhɔː] |
| 98 | to blow | rahu ata [ˌrɛhhu ɛˈθɔː] |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | ghak [gəˈhoχ] |
| 101 | to see | hzi [həˈziː] |
| 102 | to hear | ṣat [sˁot] |
| 103 | to know | bašqir [ˈbaʃqɛɹ] |
| 104 | to think | pakr auad [ˌfɛkrɛˈwod] |
| 105 | to smell | arah [ˈærrɛ] |
| 106 | to fear | dhalta [dəˈholtɔ] |
| 107 | to sleep | gni [gəˈniː] |
| 108 | to live | hian hauin [həˈjɔːnɔ] |
| 109 | to die | mt [mɛθ] |
| 110 | to kill | gṭal [gəˈtˁol] |
| 111 | to fight | šr [ʃɛɹ əˈvod] |
| 112 | to hunt | ṣaid [sˁaɪd] |
| 113 | to hit | mhi [məˈhiː] |
| 114 | to cut | pṣqi [ˈposqi] |
| 115 | to split | palga [ˈpalʁɒ] |
| 116 | to stab | mhi [məˈhiː] |
| 117 | to scratch | huk [ˈhoːχɔ] |
| 118 | to dig | hpr [həˈfoɹ] |
| 119 | to swim | šnu [ʃəˌnɔ əˈvod] |
| 120 | to fly | ahr azgu [ˌohhr̩ɛzˈgiː] |
| 121 | to walk | duti [ˈdoːθi] |
| 122 | to come | gni [gəˈniː] |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ihm [jəˈhom] |
| 124 | to sit | bgaṣ [bəˈʁosˁ] |
| 125 | to stand | hadar [həˈdoɹ] |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | npal [nəˈfol] |
| 127 | to fall | phar [pəˈhoɹ] |
| 128 | to give | ahau [əˈhov] |
| 129 | to hold | lkuṭ [ləˈχotˁ] |
| 130 | to squeeze | asra [ˈasˁra] |
| 131 | to rub | parki [ˈpoɹχi] |
| 132 | to wash | hauar [ˈhawwɛɹ] |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | tli [təˈliː] |
| 135 | to push | hul aud [hol əˈvod] |
| 136 | to throw | ṭuhi [ˈtˁaʊħi] |
| 137 | to tie | uaiaq [ˈvaɪjɛq] |
| 138 | to sew | huṭ [hotˁ] |
| 139 | to count | mni [məˈniː] |
| 140 | to say | amar [əˈmoɹ] |
| 141 | to sing | zmr [zəˈmoɹ] |
| 142 | to play | ṭalal [ˈtˁallɛl] |
| 143 | to float | šanu [ʃɛˈnɔː] |
| 144 | to flow | npaq [nəˈfoq] |
| 145 | to freeze | gmad [ʤəˈmod] |
| 146 | to swell | smar [sˁəmoɹ] |
| 147 | sun | šamaš [ˈʃɔːmɛʃ] |
| 148 | moon | sara [ˈsɛrrɔ] |
| 149 | star | kakua [ˈkoχwɔ] |
| 150 | water | mia / mina [ˈmiɛn̆ ɔ] |
| 151 | rain | maṭra [ˈmatˁrɔ] |
| 152 | river | nahra [ˈnæhrɔ] |
| 153 | lake | iama [ˈjæmmɔ] |
| 154 | sea | iama [ˈjæmmɔ] |
| 155 | salt | mahla [ˈmɛhlɔ] |
| 156 | stone | glal [gəˈlæltɔ] |
| 157 | sand | hala [ˈhɔːlɔ] |
| 158 | dust | gbar [ʁʌˈbɔɹ] |
| 159 | earth | dašta [ˈdɛʃtɔ] |
| 160 | cloud | aiua [ˈiːvɔ] |
| 161 | fog | [ʕaˈʤɒʤ] |
| 162 | sky | arqiha [rˈ̩qiːhɔ] |
| 163 | wind | rahua [ˈrɛhwɔ] |
| 164 | snow | talg nihat [talg nəˈhaθ] |
| 165 | ice | talga [ˈtælgɔ] |
| 166 | smoke | gatra [ˈgʌtˁrɔ] |
| 167 | fire | nura [ˈnuːrɔ] |
| 168 | ash | tauša / ṭauša [ˈtˁɑʊʃo] |
| 169 | to burn | qla [qəˈliː] |
| 170 | road | ahra [ˈohrɔ] |
| 171 | mountain | ṭur [ˈtˁuːrɔ] |
| 172 | red | ṣmaqa [səˈmɔːqɔ] |
| 173 | green | iaraqa [jæˈroːqɔ] |
| 174 | yellow | sapra [ˈsofrɔ] |
| 175 | white | hbara [həˈwɔːrɔ] |
| 176 | black | akumu [oˈkuːmɔ] |
| 177 | night | lilia [ˈlɪljɔ] |
| 178 | day | iuma [ˈjuːmɔ] |
| 179 | year | šta [ˈʃɛttɔ] |
| 180 | warm | hamim [hæˈmim] |
| 181 | cold | msi [məˈsiː] |
| 182 | full | mli [məˈliː] |
| 183 | new | hata [ˈhæθθɔ] |
| 184 | old | hatiqa [hæˈtiɛq̆ ɔ] |
| 185 | good | ṣanii / ṣanua [sˁʌnaʕa] |
| 186 | bad | bṭala [bəˈtˁɔːlɔ] |
| 187 | rotten | sari [səˈriː] |
| 188 | dirty | ṭaušana [tˁaʊˈʃɔːnɔ] |
| 189 | straight | raṣ [rɔs] |
| 190 | round | gird [giɹd] |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | tiz [tiz] |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | nrm [ˈnaɹmɔ] |
| 194 | wet | msamar [məˈsˁammaɹ] |
| 195 | dry | ibuša [jæˈbuːʃɔ] |
| 196 | correct | durust [doˈros] |
| 197 | near | nazdik [næzˈdik] |
| 198 | far | baiid [baˈʕid] |
| 199 | right | iamin [jɛˈmiːnɔ] |
| 200 | left | asmala [ˈsmɔːlɔ] |
| 201 | at | qar [qɔɹ] |
| 202 | in | gu [gɔʊ] |
| 203 | with | ark [oɹk] |
| 204 | and | u [wə] |
| 205 | if | agr [ˈægæɹ] |
| 206 | because | ka [kɛ] |
| 207 | name | ašma [ˈɛʃmɔ] |
References edit
- Häberl, Charles (2009) The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr[1], Otto Harrassowitz,