Presentation
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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
No.
English
Kangean besa Kangayan
1
I
ako nira kaula
2
you (singular)
kao nae panjenengan
3
he , she , it
rea direkna
4
we
abekna (exclusive) , keta (inclusive)
5
you (plural)
kao hakalean
6
they
[Term?]
7
this
ena
8
that
ento
9
here
dina
10
there
diye dito
11
who
hapa pasera
12
what
apa
13
where
dimma
14
when
pabila
15
how
mamma
16
not
beni endek tak
17
all
kabih
18
many
manyak
19
some
ha
20
few
halik haling
21
other
aseng laen
22
one
hetong sekok
23
two
due
24
three
telo
25
four
empa
26
five
lema
27
big
raje
28
long
lanjeng
29
wide
ambe
30
thick
kandel
31
heavy
berak
32
small
dumik dumit cimit
33
short
pandek
34
narrow
selak cekak
35
thin
tepes
36
woman
bibini bibinian bebinian
37
man (adult male)
lalake lalakean
38
man (human being)
reng to manongsa
39
child
anak nanak
40
wife
bini
41
husband
lakean
42
mother
ebu mak mamak ummik
43
father
pak mpak rama abah
44
animal
keben eban
45
fish
jukok laok
46
bird
manok jangang
47
dog
patek
48
louse
koto tumo
49
snake
olar
50
worm
caceng
51
tree
pokok poon
52
forest
rembe alas
53
stick
betang tongkat
54
fruit
bua
55
seed
bigi
56
leaf
deon
57
root
akar
58
bark (of a tree)
bebegan
59
flower
kembeng
60
grass
rompot
61
rope
tale
62
skin
kolek
63
meat
deging
64
blood
dera
65
bone
tolang
66
fat (noun)
gejih
67
egg
telor
68
horn
[Term?]
69
tail
buntot buntek
70
feather
bulu
71
hair
obu
72
head
olo
73
ear
kopeng talenga
74
eye
mata
75
nose
elong
76
mouth
colok congor
77
tooth
onto gigi
78
tongue (organ)
ila
79
fingernail
koko
80
foot
soko
81
leg
[Term?]
82
knee
toot
83
hand
tanang
84
wing
jangjang sajep swiwi
85
belly
tabuk
86
guts
osos
87
neck
gulu leer
88
back
geger
89
breast
soso tetek
90
heart
jentong
91
liver
ate
92
to drink
enom ngenom
93
to eat
kakan ngakan
94
to bite
kekek ngekek
95
to suck
esep ngesep
96
to spit
copa ngacopa
97
to vomit
ngota
98
to blow
sebul nyebul
99
to breathe
napas anapas
100
to laugh
gelak agelak agelakan
101
to see
abes ngabes
102
to hear
nenger anenger nengeragen
103
to know
tao ngataoe
104
to think
peker apeker
105
to smell
seom nyeom
106
to fear
takok
107
to sleep
tedung
108
to live
odik
109
to die
mate
110
to kill
pate patee
111
to fight
kalae akalae
112
to hunt
buro aburo ngaburo
113
to hit
antep ngantep
114
to cut
pangkak aranggek ketok ngetok
115
to split
belah abelah
116
to stab
tojeb nojeb tojes nojes tosok nosok
117
to scratch
cakar nyakar
118
to dig
gele agele
119
to swim
langoy alangoy
120
to fly
meber ngeber
121
to walk
jelan ajelanan
122
to come
deteng
123
to lie (as in a bed)
goler agoleran alotsot ngalotsot
124
to sit
tojuk
125
to stand
manjeng mamanjeng
126
to turn (intransitive)
poter moter belok abelok
127
to fall
geger
128
to give
berek eberek
129
to hold
tegik negik tegit ategitan (hold on to something)
130
to squeeze
peres meres
131
to rub
kosok ngosok
132
to wash
sasa nyasa gira agirae
133
to wipe
elos ngelos
134
to pull
tarek narek
135
to push
sorong nyorong
136
to throw
oncal ngoncal sawat nyawat
137
to tie
tale nalee
138
to sew
jeek ajeek
139
to count
etong ngetong
140
to say
ocak ngocak caca acaca
141
to sing
kedong ngedong tembang nembang
142
to play
maen maen
143
to float
apong ngapong
144
to flow
mili amili aler ngaler
145
to freeze
beko abeko
146
to swell
kembeng ngembeng
147
sun
mataare sorje
148
moon
bulan buwan
149
star
lentang
150
water
aeng terta banyu
151
rain
ojen
152
river
songay kang
153
lake
talage
154
sea
tasek
155
salt
buje
156
stone
beto
157
sand
bedi
158
dust
debu
159
earth
tanah bome
160
cloud
ondem
161
fog
arbut
162
sky
langet
163
wind
angen
164
snow
saljo kembeng es
165
ice
es
166
smoke
asep
167
fire
apoy
168
ash
abu
169
to burn
tunu nunu bekar abekar
170
road
jelan
171
mountain
gunong
172
red
mirah
173
green
biru
174
yellow
koneng
175
white
poteh
176
black
celeng
177
night
malem
178
day
are
179
year
taon
180
warm
angak
181
cold
celep
182
full
posak
183
new
anyar
184
old
toa lawas
185
good
becek lebur begos
186
bad
jubek
187
rotten
bucok
188
dirty
kotor ngeres
189
straight
loros
190
round
bungkol
191
sharp (as a knife)
tajem
192
dull (as a knife)
tompol
193
smooth
lecen lunyu
194
wet
beca
195
dry
kereng
196
correct
bener
197
near
semak celak dek
198
far
jeoh
199
right
kanan
200
left
kere
201
at
e
202
in
delem
203
with
ben
204
and
ben
205
if
mon
206
because
polana lakar
207
name
nyama asma
Bibliography
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Dialectal Variation of Kangean: An Intonation and Lexical Study [1] 2016 See also
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Bahasa Kangean ( article about Kangean language in Indonesian Wikipedia )
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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