Appendix:Dalmatian Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Dalmatian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Swadesh list

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No. English Dalmatian
Dalmata
1 I ju
2 you (singular) te
3 he, she, it jal
4 we nu, noi
5 you (plural) vu, voi
6 they jali, jale
7 this cost
8 that cost
9 here kauk
10 there luk
11 who ko
12 what ce
13 where jo
14 when kand
15 how kal
16 not na, naun
17 all tot
18 many un maur
19 some certioin
20 few un pauk
21 other jultro, jiltri
22 one join
23 two doi
24 three tra
25 four kuatro
26 five cenk
27 big maur, luarg
28 long luang
29 wide luarg
30 thick dais
31 heavy pesunt
32 small pedlo
33 short kort
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman femia
37 man (adult male) jomno, vair
38 man (human being) jomno
39 child kratoir
40 wife mulier
41 husband marait
42 mother njena
43 father tuota
44 animal
45 fish pask
46 bird paserain
47 dog kun
48 louse pedoklo
49 snake
50 worm viarm
51 tree jarbul
52 forest buask
53 stick stal
54 fruit froit
55 seed grun
56 leaf fualja
57 root radaika
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower fiaur
60 grass jarba
61 rope kanapial
62 skin pial
63 meat kuarne
64 blood suang
65 bone vuas
66 fat (noun) gruas
67 egg juf, juv
68 horn kuarno
69 tail kauda
70 feather
71 hair kapei
72 head kup
73 ear orakla
74 eye vaklo
75 nose nuas
76 mouth buka
77 tooth diant
78 tongue (organ) langa
79 fingernail jongla
80 foot pi
81 leg
82 knee denaklo
83 hand mun
84 wing jal
85 belly viantro
86 guts alaite
87 neck kual
88 back duas
89 breast
90 heart kur
91 liver fekuat
92 to drink bar
93 to eat mancur
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit spoit
97 to vomit
98 to blow sublar
99 to breathe
100 to laugh redro
101 to see vedar
102 to hear senter
103 to know sapar
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear taimo
107 to sleep dormer
108 to live
109 to die morer
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit botur
114 to cut taljur
115 to split spartar
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig pasnur
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk kaminur
122 to come venir
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit
125 to stand stur
126 to turn (intransitive)
127 to fall kadar
128 to give duor
129 to hold tenar
130 to squeeze shtrengar
131 to rub jongar
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw truar
137 to tie
138 to sew koser
139 to count embruar
140 to say dekro
141 to sing kantur
142 to play jukur
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze glazir
146 to swell
147 sun saul
148 moon loina
149 star stala
150 water jakva
151 rain pluaia
152 river fluaim
153 lake lak
154 sea mur
155 salt suol
156 stone pitra
157 sand sablaun, salbaun
158 dust pulvro
159 earth tiara
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky cil
163 wind viant
164 snow nai
165 ice glaz
166 smoke
167 fire fuk
168 ash kanaisa
169 to burn ardar
170 road kale
171 mountain muant
172 red
173 green viart
174 yellow zuola
175 white jualb
176 black fosk, niar
177 night nuat
178 day dai
179 year jan
180 warm
181 cold
182 full plain
183 new nuv
184 old vieklo
185 good bun
186 bad mul, ri
187 rotten muas, ri
188 dirty
189 straight drat
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife)
192 dull (as a knife)
193 smooth
194 wet joit
195 dry
196 correct drat, jost
197 near alic
198 far distuont
199 right diastro
200 left
201 at saupra
202 in in
203 with kon
204 and e
205 if
206 because perko
207 name naum

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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