Appendix:Tunisian Arabic Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Tunisian Arabic, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| No. | English | Tunisian Arabic تونسي (tūnsī) |
Transcription (DIN 31635) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | آنَا | ʾānā |
| 2 | you (singular) | اِنْتِ | ʾinti |
| 3 | he | هُوَّ | huwwa |
| 4 | we | اَحْنَا | ʾaḥnā |
| 5 | you (plural) | اِنْتُومَا | ʾintūmā |
| 6 | they | هُومَا | hūmā |
| 7 | this | هَاذَا | hāḏā |
| 8 | that | هَاذَاكَ | hāḏāka |
| 9 | here | هُونِي, هْنَا | hūnī, hnā |
| 10 | there | غَادِي | ġādī |
| 11 | who | شْكُونْ | škūn |
| 12 | what | شْنُوَّ | šnuwwa |
| 13 | where | وِينْ, فِينْ | wīn, fīn |
| 14 | when | وَقْتَاشْ | waqtāš |
| 15 | how | كِيفَاشْ | kīfāš |
| 16 | not | مُوشْ | mūš |
| 17 | all | اِلْكُلْ | ʾilkul |
| 18 | many | بَرْشَ | barša |
| 19 | some | شْوَيَّ, بَعْضْ | šwayya, baʿḍ |
| 20 | few | شْوَيَّ, بَعْضْ | šwayya, baʿḍ |
| 21 | other | آخِرْ | ʾāḫir |
| 22 | one | وَاحِدْ | wāḥid |
| 23 | two | ثْنِينْ, زوْز | zūz, ṯnīn |
| 24 | three | ثْلَاثَة | ṯlāṯa |
| 25 | four | اَرْبْعَة | ʾarbʿa |
| 26 | five | خَمْسَة | ḫamsa |
| 27 | big | كْبِيرْ | kbīr |
| 28 | long | طْوِيلْ | ṭwīl |
| 29 | wide | وَاسِعْ | wāsiʿ |
| 30 | thick | خْشِينْ | ḫšīn |
| 31 | heavy | ثْقِيلْ | ṯqīl |
| 32 | small | صْغِيرْ | ṣġīr |
| 33 | short | قْصِيرْ | qṣīr |
| 34 | narrow | ضِيِّقْ | ḍiyyiq |
| 35 | thin | رْقِيقْ | rqīq |
| 36 | woman | مْرَة | mra |
| 37 | man (adult male) | رَاجِلْ | rājil |
| 38 | man (human being) | عَبْد | ʿabd |
| 39 | child | فزغول | fazġūl |
| 40 | wife | مْرَة | mra |
| 41 | husband | رَاجِلْ | rājil |
| 42 | mother | اُمْ | ʾum |
| 43 | father | بُو | bū |
| 44 | animal | حَيَوَانْ | ḥayawān |
| 45 | fish | حُوتَة | ḥūta |
| 46 | bird | عَصْفُورْ | ʿaṣfūr |
| 47 | dog | كَلْبْ | kalb |
| 48 | louse | قَمْلَة | qamla |
| 49 | snake | حْنَشْ | ḥnaš |
| 50 | worm | دُودَة | dūda |
| 51 | tree | شُجْرَة | šujra |
| 52 | forest | غَابَة | ġāba |
| 53 | stick | عْصَا | ʿṣā |
| 54 | fruit | غَلَّة | ġalla |
| 55 | seed | زُرِّيعَة | zurrīʿa |
| 56 | leaf | وَرْقَة | warqa |
| 57 | root | عِرْقْ | ʿirq |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | قِشْرَة | qišra |
| 59 | flower | نَوَّارَة | nawwāra |
| 60 | grass | حْشِيشْ | ḥšīš |
| 61 | rope | حْبَلْ | ḥbal |
| 62 | skin | جِلْدَة | jilda |
| 63 | meat | لْحَمْ | lḥam |
| 64 | blood | دَمْ | dam |
| 65 | bone | عْظَمْ | ʿđ̣am |
| 66 | fat (noun) | شْحَمْ | šḥam |
| 67 | egg | عَظْمَة | ʿađ̣ma |
| 68 | horn | ڤَرْنْ | garn |
| 69 | tail | بَعْبُوصْ | baʿbūṣ |
| 70 | feather | رِيشَة | rīša |
| 71 | hair | شْعَرْ | šʿar |
| 72 | head | رَاسْ | rās |
| 73 | ear | وْذِنْ | wḏin |
| 74 | eye | عِينْ | ʿīn |
| 75 | nose | خْشَمْ | ḫšam |
| 76 | mouth | جَلْغَة | jalġa |
| 77 | tooth | سِنَّة | sinna |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | لْسَانْ | lsān |
| 79 | fingernail | ظْفَرْ | đ̣far |
| 80 | foot | سَاقْ | sāq |
| 81 | leg | رْجِلْ | rjil |
| 82 | knee | رُكْبَة | rukba |
| 83 | hand | يِدْ | yid |
| 84 | wing | جْنَاحْ | jnāḥ |
| 85 | belly | كِرْشْ | kirš |
| 86 | guts | بْزيز | bzīz |
| 87 | neck | كرومَة | krūma |
| 88 | back | ظْهَرْ | đ̣har |
| 89 | breast | بَزّولة | bazzūla |
| 90 | heart | قَلْبْ | qalb |
| 91 | liver | كِبْدَة | kibda |
| 92 | to drink | شْرَبْ | šrab |
| 93 | to eat | كْلَا | klā |
| 94 | to bite | ڤْدِمْ | gdim |
| 95 | to suck | رْضَعْ | rḍaʿ |
| 96 | to spit | بْزَقْ | bzaq |
| 97 | to vomit | رَدْ | rad |
| 98 | to blow | نْفَخْ | nfaḫ |
| 99 | to breathe | تْنَفِّسْ | tnaffis |
| 100 | to laugh | ضْحَكْ | ḍḥak |
| 101 | to see | را | rā |
| 102 | to hear | سْمَعْ | smaʿ |
| 103 | to know | عْرَفْ | ʿraf |
| 104 | to think | خَمِّمْ | ḫammim |
| 105 | to smell | شَمْ | šam |
| 106 | to fear | خَافْ | ḫāf |
| 107 | to sleep | رْقَدْ | rqad |
| 108 | to live | عَاشْ | ʿāš |
| 109 | to die | مَاتْ | māt |
| 110 | to kill | قْتَلْ | qtal |
| 111 | to fight | تْعَارِكْ | tʿārik |
| 112 | to hunt | اِصْطَادْ | ʾiṣṭād |
| 113 | to hit | ضْرَبْ | ḍrab |
| 114 | to cut | قَصْ | qaṣ |
| 115 | to split | قْسَمْ | qsam |
| 116 | to stab | دْغَرْ | dġar |
| 117 | to scratch | حَكْ | ḥak |
| 118 | to dig | حْفَرْ | ḥfar |
| 119 | to swim | عاَمْ | ʿām |
| 120 | to fly | طار | ṭār |
| 121 | to walk | مْشَا | mšā |
| 122 | to come | جَا | jā |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | تْمَدْ | tmad |
| 124 | to sit | قَعمِز | ga'miz |
| 125 | to stand | وْقِفْ | wqif |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | دَارْ | dār |
| 127 | to fall | طَاحْ | ṭāḥ |
| 128 | to give | عْطَا | aʿṭā |
| 129 | to hold | شَدْ | šad |
| 130 | to squeeze | عْصَرْ | ʿṣar |
| 131 | to rub | حَكْ | ḥak |
| 132 | to wash | غْسَلْ | ġsal |
| 133 | to wipe | مْسَحْ | msaḥ |
| 134 | to pull | جْبِدْ | jbid |
| 135 | to push | دَزْ | daz |
| 136 | to throw | لَوَح | lwaḥ |
| 137 | to tie | رْبَطْ | rbaṭ |
| 138 | to sew | خَيِّطْ | ḫayyiṭ |
| 139 | to count | حْسِبْ | ḥsib |
| 140 | to say | قَالْ | qāl |
| 141 | to sing | غَنَّا | ġannā |
| 142 | to play | لْعَبْ | lʿab |
| 143 | to float | عَامْ | ʿām |
| 144 | to flow | جْرَا | jrā |
| 145 | to freeze | جْمِدْ | jmid |
| 146 | to swell | تِنْفَخْ | tinfaḫ |
| 147 | sun | سمش | samš |
| 148 | moon | ڤَمْرَة | gamra |
| 149 | star | نِجْمَة | nijma |
| 150 | water | مَا | mā |
| 151 | rain | شْتَا | štā |
| 152 | river | وَادْ | wād |
| 153 | lake | سَبْخَة | sabḫa |
| 154 | sea | بْحَرْ | bḥar |
| 155 | salt | مِلْحْ | milḥ |
| 156 | stone | حَجْرَة | ḥajra |
| 157 | sand | رْمَلْ | rmal |
| 158 | dust | غَبْرَة | ġabra |
| 159 | earth | تْرَابْ | trāb |
| 160 | cloud | سْحَابْ | sḥāb |
| 161 | fog | ضْبَابْ | ḍbāb |
| 162 | sky | سْمَا | smā |
| 163 | wind | رِيحْ | rīḥ |
| 164 | snow | ثِلْجْ | ṯilj |
| 165 | ice | ثِلْجْ | ṯilj |
| 166 | smoke | دُخّانْ | duḫḫān |
| 167 | fire | نَارْ | nār |
| 168 | ash | رْمَادْ | rmād |
| 169 | to burn | حْرَقْ | ḥraq |
| 170 | road | كَيَّاسْ | kayyās |
| 171 | mountain | جْبَلْ | jbal |
| 172 | red | اَحْمَرْ | ʾaḥmar |
| 173 | green | اَخْضِرْ | ʾaḫḍir |
| 174 | yellow | اَصْفِرْ | ʾaṣfir |
| 175 | white | اَبْيِضْ | ʾabyiḍ |
| 176 | black | اَكْحِلْ | ʾakḥil |
| 177 | night | لِيلْ | līl |
| 178 | day | نْهَارْ | nhār |
| 179 | year | عَامْ | ʿām |
| 180 | warm | دَافِي | dāfī |
| 181 | cold | بَارِدْ | bārid |
| 182 | full | مْعِبِّي | mʿibbī |
| 183 | new | جْدِيدْ | jdīd |
| 184 | old | قْدِيمْ | qdīm |
| 185 | good | بَاهِي | bāhī |
| 186 | bad | خَايِبْ | ḫāyib |
| 187 | rotten | خامج | ḫāmij |
| 188 | dirty | مَّسِّخْ | mmassiḫ |
| 189 | straight | طُولْ | ṭūl |
| 190 | round | مْدَوِّرْ | mdawwir |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | مَاضِي | māḍī |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | حَافِي | ḥāfī |
| 193 | smooth | اَرْطِبْ | ʾarṭib |
| 194 | wet | مَبْلُولْ | mablūl |
| 195 | dry | شَايَحْ | šāyaḥ |
| 196 | correct | صْحِيحْ | ṣḥīḥ |
| 197 | near | قْرِيبْ | qrīb |
| 198 | far | بْعِيدْ | bʿīd |
| 199 | right | لِيمِينْ | līmīn |
| 200 | left | لِيسَارْ | līsār |
| 201 | at | عَنْدْ | ʿand |
| 202 | in | فِي | fī |
| 203 | with | مْعَا | mʿā |
| 204 | and | و | ū |
| 205 | if | اِذَا | ʾiḏā |
| 206 | because | عْلَى خَاطِرْ | ʾlā ḫāṭir |
| 207 | name | اِسْمْ | ʾism |