Appendix:Ingush Swadesh list
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
1=wrd087фоарт 2=wrd089накха 3=wrd091дийхк 4=wrd179шу 5=wrd195дакъа wrd68=муIа wrd69=цIогPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
| No. | English | Ingush гӀалгӀай мотт (Ğalğay mott) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | со |
| 2 | you (singular) | хьо |
| 3 | he, she, it | из |
| 4 | we | тхо |
| 5 | you (plural) | шо |
| 6 | they | уж |
| 7 | this | ер |
| 8 | that | дӀа вар |
| 9 | here | укхаз |
| 10 | there | цига |
| 11 | who | мала |
| 12 | what | фу |
| 13 | where | мича |
| 14 | when | маца |
| 15 | how | мишта |
| 16 | not | дац |
| 17 | all | деррига |
| 18 | many | дукха |
| 19 | some | масайтта |
| 20 | few | къеззига |
| 21 | other | кхаво |
| 22 | one | цхьаъ |
| 23 | two | шиъ |
| 24 | three | кхоъ |
| 25 | four | диъ |
| 26 | five | пхиъ |
| 27 | big | сийлахь |
| 28 | long | дIаьха |
| 29 | wide | шера |
| 30 | thick | сома |
| 31 | heavy | деза |
| 32 | small | зIамига |
| 33 | short | лоаца |
| 34 | narrow | готта |
| 35 | thin | диткъа |
| 36 | woman | кхалсаг |
| 37 | man (adult male) | маӀсаг |
| 38 | man (human being) | саг, адам |
| 39 | child | бер |
| 40 | wife | сесаг |
| 41 | husband | мар |
| 42 | mother | нана |
| 43 | father | да |
| 44 | animal | аькха |
| 45 | fish | чкъаьра |
| 46 | bird | оалхазар |
| 47 | dog | жӀали |
| 48 | louse | меза, маза |
| 49 | snake | бIехал |
| 50 | worm | нIана |
| 51 | tree | га |
| 52 | forest | хьу |
| 53 | stick | гIадж |
| 54 | fruit | сом |
| 55 | seed | ги, генараш |
| 56 | leaf | гIа |
| 57 | root | овла |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | коаст |
| 59 | flower | зиза |
| 60 | grass | буц |
| 61 | rope | муш |
| 62 | skin | цIока |
| 63 | meat | дулх |
| 64 | blood | цIий |
| 65 | bone | тIехк |
| 66 | fat (noun) | мухь |
| 67 | egg | фуъ |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | бедарг |
| 71 | hair | мос |
| 72 | head | корт |
| 73 | ear | лерг |
| 74 | eye | бIарг |
| 75 | nose | мераж |
| 76 | mouth | баге |
| 77 | tooth | царг |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | мотт |
| 79 | fingernail | мIара |
| 80 | foot | лаьпа, ког |
| 81 | leg | ког |
| 82 | knee | го |
| 83 | hand | кулг |
| 84 | wing | ткъам |
| 85 | belly | гийг |
| 86 | guts | че |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | букъ |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | дог |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | мал |
| 93 | to eat | даа |
| 94 | to bite | царгаш етт |
| 95 | to suck | Iувда |
| 96 | to spit | тугаш кхувса |
| 97 | to vomit | Iеттаде |
| 98 | to blow | хьекха |
| 99 | to breathe | садаха |
| 100 | to laugh | дела |
| 101 | to see | бIаргаго |
| 102 | to hear | хаза |
| 103 | to know | ха |
| 104 | to think | уйла е |
| 105 | to smell | хьаж кхета |
| 106 | to fear | кхера |
| 107 | to sleep | наб е |
| 108 | to live | даха |
| 109 | to die | ле |
| 110 | to kill | ве |
| 111 | to fight | лата |
| 112 | to hunt | тIакхе |
| 113 | to hit | тоха |
| 114 | to cut | теда, даккха |
| 115 | to split | декъа |
| 116 | to stab | Ӏотта |
| 117 | to scratch | секаш даха |
| 118 | to dig | ахка, баккха, даха |
| 119 | to swim | наьк де |
| 120 | to fly | гIетта |
| 121 | to walk | лела |
| 122 | to come | ва |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | алла |
| 124 | to sit | вагIа |
| 125 | to stand | латта |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | кхастра |
| 127 | to fall | тIадала |
| 128 | to give | [[]] |
| 129 | to hold | лацца |
| 130 | to squeeze | [[]] |
| 131 | to rub | [[]] |
| 132 | to wash | [[]] |
| 133 | to wipe | [[]] |
| 134 | to pull | [[]] |
| 135 | to push | [[]] |
| 136 | to throw | [[]] |
| 137 | to tie | де |
| 138 | to sew | тега |
| 139 | to count | [[]] |
| 140 | to say | ала |
| 141 | to sing | илли ала |
| 142 | to play | ловза |
| 143 | to float | [[]] |
| 144 | to flow | [[]] |
| 145 | to freeze | [[]] |
| 146 | to swell | деста |
| 147 | sun | малх |
| 148 | moon | бутт |
| 149 | star | седкъа |
| 150 | water | хий |
| 151 | rain | догӏа |
| 152 | river | хий |
| 153 | lake | Iам |
| 154 | sea | форд |
| 155 | salt | тух |
| 156 | stone | кхера |
| 157 | sand | гӀум |
| 158 | dust | дом |
| 159 | earth | лаьтта |
| 160 | cloud | морх |
| 161 | fog | дохк |
| 162 | sky | сигале |
| 163 | wind | мух |
| 164 | snow | лоа |
| 165 | ice | ша |
| 166 | smoke | кӏур |
| 167 | fire | цӀи |
| 168 | ash | йокъ |
| 169 | to burn | доагаде |
| 170 | road | никъ |
| 171 | mountain | гув |
| 172 | red | цӏе |
| 173 | green | баьццара |
| 174 | yellow | ӏажагӏа |
| 175 | white | кӀай |
| 176 | black | Ӏаьржа |
| 177 | night | бийса |
| 178 | day | ди |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | мела |
| 181 | cold | шийла |
| 182 | full | диза |
| 183 | new | керда |
| 184 | old | шира, тиша, къаьна |
| 185 | good | дика |
| 186 | bad | бирса, во |
| 187 | rotten | дохкаданна |
| 188 | dirty | бIеха |
| 189 | straight | нийса |
| 190 | round | герга |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ира |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | аьрхӀа |
| 193 | smooth | шаьра |
| 194 | wet | тӀаьда |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | нийса |
| 197 | near | уллув, гаргара, юхера |
| 198 | far | гаьнара |
| 199 | right | аьтта |
| 200 | left | аьрда |
| 201 | at | [[]] |
| 202 | in | -чухьа |
| 203 | with | [[]] |
| 204 | and | а |
| 205 | if | нагахьа санна |
| 206 | because | хӀана аьлча |
| 207 | name | цӀи |