Appendix:Luwian Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Luwian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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[script needed]

No. English Luwian
1 I (a)mu
2 you (singular)
3 he, she, it -as, apās
4 we -
5 you (plural) -
6 they -ata, apinzi
7 this zās
8 that apās
9 here zāwi(n)
10 there -
11 who kuis
12 what kuī
13 where kuwar(i) (?)
14 when kuwati
15 how -
16 not nāwa
17 all pūnatinzi, tanimminzi
18 many -
19 some -
20 few -
21 other -
22 one in
23 two an
24 three tarris
25 four māwinzi
26 five -
27 big urazzas
28 long ārrāyis
29 wide -
30 thick -
31 heavy 𒋗𒉿𒀀𒊒𒍑 (suwārus), 𒆪𒉿𒀭𒍪𒍑 (kuwanzus)
32 small -
33 short mannakunas
34 narrow -
35 thin -
36 woman 𒉿𒈾𒀜𒋾𒅖 (wanattis), 𒉿𒉿𒈾𒀸 (wānas)
37 man (adult male) 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zītis)
38 man (human being) 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zītis)
39 child nimuwizas
40 wife -
41 husband 𒍣𒋾𒅖 (zītis)
42 mother 𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅖 (ānnis)
43 father 𒋫𒀀𒋾𒅖 (tātis)
44 animal 𒄷𒌋𒄿𒋻𒊭 (huitarsa)
45 fish -
46 bird -
47 dog zuwanis
48 louse -
49 snake -
50 worm -
51 tree -
52 forest -
53 stick winal
54 fruit 𒀀𒆷𒀜𒋻𒊭 (alattarsa)
55 seed warwalan
56 leaf -
57 root -
58 bark (of a tree) -
59 flower -
60 grass zuhri
61 rope -
62 skin -
63 meat -
64 blood āsharsa
65 bone 𒄩𒀀𒀸𒊭 (hāssa)
66 fat (noun) -
67 egg -
68 horn zurni
69 tail -
70 feather -
71 hair 𒋰𒉺𒀀𒉌𒅖 (tappānis)
72 head harmahis
73 ear 𒌈𒈠𒀀𒀭 (tummān)
74 eye tāwīs
75 nose -
76 mouth 𒀀𒀀𒀸𒊭 (āssa)
77 tooth -
78 tongue (organ) lālis
79 fingernail -
80 foot 𒉺𒋫𒀀𒀸 (patās)
81 leg pārtas (?)
82 knee -
83 hand 𒄿𒅖𒊭𒊑𒅖 (īssaris)
84 wing aruti
85 belly -
86 guts -
87 neck -
88 back -
89 breast tītan
90 heart 𒍝𒀀𒅈𒍝 (zārza)
91 liver -
92 to drink ūtti
93 to eat azti
94 to bite -
95 to suck -
96 to spit tappāti
97 to vomit -
98 to blow -
99 to breathe -
100 to laugh -
101 to see manāti
102 to hear tūmmantitti
103 to know un(a)i-
104 to think maliti
105 to smell -
106 to fear kuwaya-
107 to sleep -
108 to live -
109 to die *walati
110 to kill -
111 to fight -
112 to hunt -
113 to hit dūpiti
114 to cut kuwarti, karsti
115 to split -
116 to stab -
117 to scratch -
118 to dig -
119 to swim -
120 to fly -
121 to walk -
122 to come awīti
123 to lie (as in a bed) zīyari
124 to sit asti
125 to stand tāi
126 to turn (intransitive) kuwalīti (?)
127 to fall -
128 to give piyai
129 to hold -
130 to squeeze wisiti
131 to rub kūsāti
132 to wash īlhāti, lāhunti
133 to wipe ammassiti
134 to pull -
135 to push -
136 to throw -
137 to tie hishiti, hāpiti
138 to sew -
139 to count -
140 to say āssatti (?)
141 to sing -
142 to play -
143 to float -
144 to flow ārsi(ya)-
145 to freeze -
146 to swell -
147 sun 𒋾𒉿𒊍 (tiwaz)
148 moon *armas
149 star -
150 water 𒉿𒀀𒅈𒊭 (wārsa)
151 rain -
152 river 𒄩𒀀𒁉𒅖 (hāpis)
153 lake -
154 sea 𒀀𒆷𒀸𒊭𒄠𒈪𒅖 (alasammis)
155 salt -
156 stone -
157 sand -
158 dust pasūriyas (?)
159 earth 𒋾𒄿𒀀𒄠𒈪𒅖 (tiyammis)
160 cloud -
161 fog -
162 sky 𒋫𒀊𒉺𒀸𒊭 (tappassa)
163 wind -
164 snow -
165 ice -
166 smoke -
167 fire 𒉺𒀀𒄷𒌋𒌨 (pāhūr)
168 ash -
169 to burn -
170 road harwas
171 mountain *ariyattis
172 red -
173 green hahhaluwantis
174 yellow hahhaluwantis
175 white -
176 black dakkuīs, marwāy-
177 night -
178 day halli
179 year ussis
180 warm -
181 cold -
182 full -
183 new nāwis
184 old -
185 good wāsus
186 bad ādduwālis
187 rotten -
188 dirty -
189 straight -
190 round -
191 sharp (as a knife) -
192 dull (as a knife) -
193 smooth -
194 wet -
195 dry -
196 correct -
197 near -
198 far -
199 right isarwilis
200 left ipalis
201 at -
202 in ānta
203 with -
204 and -ha
205 if mān
206 because kuiza
207 name atamanza (?)
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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