Appendix:Maharastri Prakrit Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Maharastri Prakrit, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

№	English	Maharastri Prakrit 𑀫𑀭𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀻 𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀅 (marahaṭṭhī pāua) edit (127)
1	I (1sg)	𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ), 𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁 (ahaaṃ)
2	you (2sg)	𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (tumaṃ), 𑀢𑀁 (taṃ)
3	he, she, it (3sg)	𑀲𑁄 (so), 𑀲 (sa)
4	we (1pl)	𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (amhe), 𑀯𑀅𑀁 (vaaṃ)
5	you (2pl)	𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (tumhe)
6	they (3pl)	𑀢𑁂 (te) (distal masculine), 𑀢𑀸𑀑 (tāo) (distal feminine), 𑀢𑀸𑀇 (tāi) (distal neuter), 𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀺 (tāṇi) (distal neuter)
7	this	𑀅𑀅𑀁 (aaṃ), 𑀇𑀫 (ima)
8	that	𑀢 (ta)
9	here	𑀇𑀳 (iha), 𑀏𑀢𑁆𑀣 (ettha)
10	there	𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 (tattha)
11	who	𑀓 (ka), 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ)
12	what	𑀓 (ka), 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ)
13	where	𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀣 (kattha), 𑀓𑀳𑀺𑀁 (kahiṃ)
14	when	𑀓𑀆 (kaā), 𑀓𑀸𑀳𑁂 (kāhe)
15	how	𑀓𑀳𑀁 (kahaṃ)
16	not	𑀡 (ṇa)
17	all	𑀲𑀯𑁆𑀯 (savva)
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other	𑀅𑀡𑁆𑀡 (aṇṇa), 𑀇𑀅𑀭 (iara)
22	one	𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka), 𑀏𑀕 (ega)
23	two	𑀤𑁄 (do), 𑀤𑀼𑀯𑁂 (duve), 𑀤𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀺 (donni)
24	three	𑀢𑀺𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀺 (tiṇṇi)
25	four	𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑀺 (cattāri)
26	five	𑀧𑀁𑀘 (paṃca)
27	big
28	long	𑀤𑀻𑀳 (dīha)
29	wide
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman
37	man (adult male)	𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀺𑀲 (purisa), 𑀡𑀭 (ṇara)
38	man (human being)	𑀚𑀡 (jaṇa), 𑀫𑀡𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲 (maṇussa)
39	child	𑀩𑀸𑀮𑀅 (bālaa), 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙 (vaccha)
40	wife	𑀪𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀸 (bhajjā)
41	husband	𑀧𑀈 (paī), 𑀪𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀼 (bhattu)
42	mother	𑀫𑀸𑀉 (māu)
43	father	𑀧𑀺𑀉 (piu)
44	animal
45	fish	𑀫𑀘𑁆𑀙 (maccha)
46	bird	𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (pakkhi)
47	dog
48	louse
49	snake	𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀧 (sappa)
50	worm
51	tree	𑀭𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔 (rukkha)
52	forest	𑀯𑀡 (vaṇa)
53	stick
54	fruit	𑀨𑀮 (phala)
55	seed	𑀩𑀻𑀅 (bīa)
56	leaf	𑀧𑀡𑁆𑀡 (paṇṇa)
57	root	𑀫𑀽𑀮 (mūla)
58	bark (of a tree)
59	flower	𑀧𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀨 (puppha), 𑀨𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮 (phulla)
60	grass
61	rope	𑀭𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼 (rajju)
62	skin
63	meat	𑀫𑀁𑀲 (maṃsa)
64	blood
65	bone	𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀺 (aṭṭhi), 𑀳𑀟𑁆𑀟 (haḍḍa)
66	fat (noun)
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail	𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙 (puccha), 𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙 (puṃcha)
70	feather	𑀧𑀡𑁆𑀡 (paṇṇa)
71	hair
72	head
73	ear	𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀡 (kaṇṇa)
74	eye	𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (akkhi), 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀺 (acchi)
75	nose	𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ṇakka)
76	mouth	𑀫𑀼𑀳 (muha)
77	tooth	𑀤𑀁𑀢 (daṃta)
78	tongue (organ)	𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (jibbhā)
79	fingernail	𑀡𑀳 (ṇaha)
80	foot	𑀧𑀸𑀅 (pāa)
81	leg	𑀧𑀸𑀅 (pāa)
82	knee
83	hand	𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣 (hattha)
84	wing
85	belly	𑀧𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (poṭṭa)
86	guts
87	neck	𑀕𑀮 (gala)
88	back
89	breast	𑀣𑀡 (thaṇa), 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙 (vaccha)
90	heart
91	liver
92	to drink	𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇 (pivaï)
93	to eat	𑀔𑀸𑀅𑀇 (khāaï), 𑀪𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (bhakkhaï)
94	to bite	𑀟𑀲𑀇 (ḍasaï)
95	to suck
96	to spit	𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (thukkaï)
97	to vomit
98	to blow	𑀨𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (phukkaï)
99	to breathe
100	to laugh	𑀳𑀲𑀇 (hasaï)
101	to see	𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (dissaï) (intransitive), 𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀇 (pāsaï) (transitive)
102	to hear	𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 (suṇaï)
103	to know	𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀇 (jāṇaï)
104	to think	𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁂𑀇 (ciṃtei)
105	to smell
106	to fear
107	to sleep	𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀇 (suvaï)
108	to live
109	to die	𑀫𑀭𑀇 (maraï)
110	to kill	𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (mārei)
111	to fight	𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (jujjhaï)
112	to hunt
113	to hit
114	to cut	𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇 (ciṃdaï) (to cut off)
115	to split	𑀯𑀁𑀝𑀇 (vaṃṭaï) (to share)
116	to stab
117	to scratch	𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀇 (lihaï)
118	to dig	𑀔𑀡𑀇 (khaṇaï)
119	to swim
120	to fly	𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁂𑀇 (uḍḍei)
121	to walk	𑀘𑀮𑀇 (calaï), 𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (gacchaï) (to go, walk)
122	to come	𑀆𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (āgacchaï), 𑀏𑀇 (ei)
123	to lie (as in a bed)
124	to sit	𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï)
125	to stand	𑀘𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇 (ciṭṭhaï) (to stand, stay), 𑀞𑀸𑀇 (ṭhāi), 𑀞𑀸𑀆𑀇 (ṭhāāi) (to stand up)
126	to turn (intransitive)	𑀯𑀮𑀇 (valaï)
127	to fall	𑀧𑀟𑀇 (paḍaï)
128	to give	𑀤𑁂𑀇 (dei)
129	to hold	𑀥𑀭𑀇 (dharaï)
130	to squeeze
131	to rub	𑀖𑀸𑀲𑀇 (ghāsaï)
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull
135	to push
136	to throw	𑀔𑀺𑀯𑀇 (khivaï)
137	to tie	𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇 (baṃdhaï)
138	to sew	𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 (sivvaï)
139	to count	𑀕𑀡𑁂𑀇 (gaṇei)
140	to say	𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (bollaï) (intransitive), 𑀪𑀡𑀇 (bhaṇaï) (transitive)
141	to sing	𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀇 (gāaï)
142	to play	𑀓𑀻𑀮𑀇 (kīlaï), 𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀇 (khelaï)
143	to float
144	to flow	𑀲𑀭𑀇 (saraï)
145	to freeze
146	to swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water	𑀚𑀮 (jala), 𑀯𑀸𑀭𑀺 (vāri)
151	rain	𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀲 (pāusa)
152	river	𑀡𑀈 (ṇaī)
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand	𑀯𑀸𑀮𑀼𑀆 (vāluā)
158	dust	𑀥𑀽𑀮𑀻 (dhūlī)
159	earth	𑀧𑀼𑀳𑀯𑀻 (puhavī), 𑀫𑀳𑀻 (mahī), 𑀪𑀽𑀫𑀺 (bhūmi)
160	cloud	𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪 (abbha), 𑀫𑁂𑀳 (meha)
161	fog
162	sky	𑀡𑀳 (ṇaha)
163	wind	𑀯𑀸𑀉 (vāu)
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire	𑀅𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀺 (aggi)
168	ash
169	to burn	𑀚𑀮𑀇 (jalaï)
170	road	𑀫𑀕𑁆𑀕 (magga), 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝 (vaṭṭa)
171	mountain	𑀧𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀬 (pavvaya)
172	red
173	green
174	yellow	𑀧𑀻𑀯𑀮 (pīvala)
175	white	𑀧𑀁𑀟𑀼𑀭 (paṃḍura)
176	black	𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm
181	cold	𑀲𑀻𑀅𑀮 (sīala)
182	full
183	new
184	old	𑀚𑀼𑀡𑁆𑀡 (juṇṇa)
185	good	𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀼 (sāhu) (good, virtuous)
186	bad	𑀤𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀞 (duṭṭha) (wicked)
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight	𑀉𑀚𑀼 (uju)
190	round
191	sharp (as a knife)	𑀢𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔 (tikkha)
192	dull (as a knife)
193	smooth
194	wet	𑀑𑀮𑁆𑀮 (olla)
195	dry
196	correct
197	near	𑀉𑀯- (uva-) (verbal prefix)
198	far	𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
199	right	𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡 (dakkhiṇa)
200	left
201	at	locative case
202	in	locative case
203	with	𑀲𑀳 (saha)
204	and	𑀘 (ca)
205	if	𑀚𑀇 (jaï)
206	because
207	name	𑀡𑀸𑀫 (ṇāma)

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Abinomn Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Big Nambas Breton Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Chamorro Chechen Chinese Mandarin Standard Mandarin Sichuanese Nanjingese Cantonese Gan Hakka Min Hokkien Eastern Min Old Chinese Wu Shanghainese Suzhounese Xiang Cornish Creole Antillean Creole Guinea-Bissau Creole Jamaican Creole Haitian Creole Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Dutch Zealandic Dutch Egyptian English Old English Middle English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Old French Frisian Friulian Galician Garo Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Guaraní Gujarati Hausa Hawaiian Hindustani Hindi Fiji Hindi Urdu Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Indonesian Ingush Irish Italian Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Javan Betawi Javanic Standard Javanese Eastern Javanic Kangeanic Osing Sundanese Kannada Kashubian Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Koreanic Korean Middle Korean Jeju Kurmanji Kurukh Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Ligurian Lingala Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Sallaands Lower Sorbian Macedonian Malagasy Malayalam Maltese Mandaic Mansi Northern Mansi Manx Māori Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Mongolian Murui Huitoto Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk Occitan Ojibwe Okinawan Old Tupi Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Old Persian Middle Persian Philippines Bikol Central Bikol Cebuano Hiligaynon Ilocano Kapampangan Kinaray-a Maguindanao Maranao Sambali Tagalog Waraywaray Pirahã Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Rajasthani Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Semitic Arabic Standard Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Hebrew Biblical Hebrew Modern Hebrew Yiddish Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Chavacano Sranan Sulawesi Southern Sulawesi Bugis Makasar Sumatran Eastern Sumatran Malay Southeast Sumatran Musi Sumerian Swahili Swedish Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tigrinya Thai Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Turkic Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Coast Bajau Wutunhua Wyandot Zazaki Zulu ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Algonquian and Iroquoian Arabic Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic Hmong-Mien Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Indo-Iranian Italian Japonic Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Romance Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Interlingue Klingon Láadan Lingua Franca Nova Lingwa de Planeta (Lidepla) Lojban Novial Toki Pona Volapük
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Italic Proto-Japanese Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-West Germanic
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