Appendix:Hindi Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of Hindi languages, specifically Hindi, Urdu, Braj, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji, Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi, compared with that of English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

№	English	Hindi हिंदी (hindī) edit (207)	Urdu اردو edit (207)	Braj ब्रज (braj) edit (8)	Awadhi अवधी (avdhī) edit (112)	Haryanvi हरियाणवी (hariyāṇvī) edit (20)
1	I (1sg)	ma͠i	ma͠i	me	ma͠i	mai
2	you (2sg)	tū*, tum*, āp*	tū*, tum*, āp*	tu	tui, tum*
3	he, she, it (3sg)	yah*, vah*	yeh*, voh*	i*, bu*	iu*, yahu*, yā*, yah*, ū*, vahu*, vā*, vah*	vo
4	we (1pl)	ham	ham	ham	ham
5	you (2pl)	tum*, āp*	tum*, āp*	tum	tum
6	they (3pl)	ye*, ve*	yeh*, voh*	ye*, be*	ī*, ui*
7	this	yah	yeh	i*, ye*	iu*, yahu*, yā*, yah*
8	that	vah	voh	bu*, be*	ū*, vahu*, vā*, vah*
9	here	yahā̃	yahā̃		hiā̃	āṛe
10	there	vahā̃	vahā̃		huā̃
11	who	kaun	kaun		ko, kaun
12	what	kyā	kyā		kā
13	where	kahā̃	kahā̃		kahā̃, kahãvā*
14	when	kab	kab		kab, kabbai*
15	how	kaisā	kaisā		kais, kas, kaise	kukar
16	not	nahī̃	nahī̃, nā		nāī, nāhī̃, nahī̃
17	all	sab, sabhī*, sāre	sab, sabhī*, sāre		sab	sāre
18	many	bahut	bahut		bahut, ḍher	bohat
19	some	kuch	kuch
20	few	thoṛā	thoṛā		thorā	dhoṛā
21	other	dūsrā	dūsrā		ān
22	one	ek	ek		ek, yāk*
23	two	do	do		dui
24	three	tīn	tīn		tīni
25	four	cār	cār		cāri
26	five	pā̃c	pānc		pā̃c, pān*
27	big	baṛā	baṛā		baṛā
28	long	lambā	lambā		lambā
29	wide	cauṛā	cauṛā
30	thick	gāṛhā	gāṛhā		sahan
31	heavy	bhārī	bhārī		garū
32	small	choṭā	choṭā		choṭ
33	short	choṭā	choṭā
34	narrow	taṅg*	tang
35	thin	patlā	patlā		pātar, dūbar
36	woman	aurat*, mahilā	'aurat		aurat
37	man (adult male)	ādmī*	ādmī		manaī, admī
38	man (human being)	insān*, manuṣya	insān, ādmī		janā
39	child	baccā*	baccā
40	wife	patnī	bīvī		mehārū, meharvā, istirī
41	husband	pati	śauhar		bhaterā
42	mother	mātā	mā̃, ammī
43	father	pitā	abbū, abbā, bāp			bābu
44	animal	jānvar*	jānvar
45	fish	machlī	machlī		machrī
46	bird	ciṛiyā	ciṛiyā		ciraiyā
47	dog	kuttā	kuttā		kutvā
48	louse	jū̃	jū̃		jũā
49	snake	sā̃p	sānp		sā̃pu
50	worm	kīṛā	kīṛā
51	tree	peṛ	daraxt		birvā
52	forest	jaṅgal	jangal
53	stick	ḍaṇḍā, lāṭhī	ḍanḍā		lāṭhī, svā̃ṭā, chaṛī
54	fruit	phal	phal		phal
55	seed	bīj	bīj		biā
56	leaf	pattā	pattā		pātī
57	root	jaṛ	jaṛ
58	bark (of a tree)	chāl	chāl
59	flower	phūl	phūl		phūl
60	grass	ghās	ghās
61	rope	rassī	rassī
62	skin	camṛī, tvacā	jild
63	meat	mā̃s	gośt
64	blood	xūn*	xūn		rakat
65	bone	haḍḍī	haḍḍī		hā̃ṛ
66	fat (noun)	carbī*	carbī
67	egg	aṇḍā	anḍā
68	horn	sīṅg	sīng		sīṅg
69	tail	pū̃ch	pūnch, dum
70	feather	paṅkh	par
71	hair	bāl	bāl
72	head	sir	sar			sar
73	ear	kān	kān		kān
74	eye	ā̃kh	ā̃kh		ā̃khi	ākh
75	nose	nāk	nāk
76	mouth	mũh	munh		muh
77	tooth	dā̃t	dānt		dā̃t
78	tongue (organ)	jībh	zabān, jībh		jībh
79	fingernail	nāxun*	nāxun		nah
80	foot	pair	pair, pāõ		goṛ	per
81	leg	ṭāṅg	ṭāng		ṭāṅg
82	knee	ghuṭnā	ghuṭnā
83	hand	hāth	hāth		hā̃th, hāthu	hāth
84	wing	paṅkh	bāzū, pankh
85	belly	peṭ*	peṭ		peṭ
86	guts	antṛī	andarūn
87	neck	gardan*	gardan		ghī̃c, ghõṭuā
88	back	pīṭh	pīṭh		pīṭh
89	breast	chātī	sīnā		ā̃car
90	heart	dil*	dil
91	liver	jigar*, kalejā*	jigar
92	to drink	pīnā	pīnā
93	to eat	khānā	khānā		khāvab	khānā
94	to bite	kāṭnā	kāṭnā		kāṭab
95	to suck	cūsnā	cūsnā
96	to spit	thūknā	thūknā
97	to vomit	ulṭī karnā, ulṭī mārnā	ulṭī karnā, ulṭī mārnā, qai karnā
98	to blow	phū̃knā	phū̃knā
99	to breathe	sā̃s lenā	sā̃ns lenā
100	to laugh	hãsnā	hãsnā		hãsab
101	to see	dikhnā*, dekhnā*	dikhnā*, dekhnā*		dekhab
102	to hear	sunnā	sunnā		sunab
103	to know	jānnā	jānnā		jānab
104	to think	socnā	socnā
105	to smell	sūṅghnā	sū̃ghnā		sūṅghab
106	to fear	ḍarnā	ḍarnā
107	to sleep	sonā	sonā
108	to live	jīnā	jīnā
109	to die	marnā	marnā		marab
110	to kill	mārnā	mārnā		mārab
111	to fight	laṛnā	laṛnā
112	to hunt	śikār karnā*	śikār karnā
113	to hit	mārnā	mārnā		mārab
114	to cut	kāṭnā	kāṭnā		kāṭab	kāṭnā
115	to split	baṇṭnā	bā̃ṭnā*
116	to stab	bhoṅknā	bhoṅknā
117	to scratch	kharoñcnā	khuracnā
118	to dig	khodnā	khodnā
119	to swim	tairnā	tairnā
120	to fly	uṛnā	uṛnā		uṛab
121	to walk	calnā	calnā
122	to come	ānā	ānā
123	to lie (as in a bed)	leṭnā	leṭnā
124	to sit	baiṭhnā	baiṭhnā		baiṭhab
125	to stand	khaṛā honā	khaṛā honā		ṭhāṛh hob
126	to turn (intransitive)	muṛnā	muṛnā
127	to fall	girnā	girnā		girab
128	to give	denā	denā		deb	deṇā
129	to hold	pakaṛnā	pakaṛnā
130	to squeeze	dabānā, nicoṛnā*	dabānā, nicoṛnā*
131	to rub	malnā	malnā
132	to wash	dhonā	dhonā		dhovab
133	to wipe	poñchnā	poñchnā		põchab
134	to pull	khīñcnā	khīncnā
135	to push	dhakkā denā, dhakkā mārnā	dhakkā denā, dhakkā mārnā
136	to throw	pheṅknā	pheṅknā
137	to tie	bāndhnā	bā̃dhnā		bāndhab
138	to sew	sīnā	sīnā		sĩab
139	to count	ginnā	ginnā		ganab
140	to say	kahnā, bolnā*	kahnā, bolnā*		kahab
141	to sing	gānā	gānā
142	to play	khelnā	khelnā
143	to float	tairnā	tairnā
144	to flow	bahnā	bahnā
145	to freeze	jamnā	jamnā
146	to swell	sūjnā	sūjnā
147	sun	sūraj	sūraj
148	moon	cānd	cānd
149	star	tārā	sitārā		nakhat
150	water	pānī	pānī		pānī
151	rain	bāriś*	bāriś
152	river	nadī	nadī
153	lake	jhīl	jhīl
154	sea	samandar	samundar
155	salt	namak*	namak		lon, non
156	stone	patthar	patthar		pāthar
157	sand	ret	ret
158	dust	dhūl	dhūl
159	earth	dhartī	zamīn		bhuĩ	dhartī
160	cloud	bādal	bādal
161	fog	dhundh	dundh
162	sky	āsmān*	āsmān
163	wind	havā*	havā		bajāri
164	snow	barf*	barf
165	ice	barf*	barf
166	smoke	dhuā̃	dhūā̃
167	fire	āg	āg		āgi, āgī
168	ash	rākh	rākh
169	to burn	jalnā*, jalānā*	jalnā		jarab*, jārab*
170	road	saṛak	saṛak
171	mountain	pahāṛ	pahāṛ
172	red	lāl*	surx, lāl		lāl
173	green	harā	sabz
174	yellow	pīlā	pīlā
175	white	safed*	safed		sapet, ujar
176	black	kālā*	siyāh		kariā
177	night	rāt	rāt
178	day	din	din			din
179	year	sāl*	sāl
180	warm	garm*	garm		tāt	tātā
181	cold	ṭhaṇḍā*	sard, ṭhaṇḍā		ṭhaṇḍh, jūṛ, sīl	śīlā
182	full	pūrā	pūrā
183	new	nayā	nayā
184	old	purānā	purānā		būṛh*
185	good	acchā	acchā		nīk, āchā	ācyā
186	bad	burā	burā, xarāb		kharāb
187	rotten	saṛā	bosīdāh, saṛā
188	dirty	gandā*	gandā
189	straight	sīdhā	sīdhā
190	round	gol	gol
191	sharp (as a knife)	tīkhā	tīkhā		pain
192	dull (as a knife)	kund*	kund
193	smooth	ciknā	hamvār, narm		cīkan
194	wet	gīlā	gīlā		gīl
195	dry	sūkhā	xuśk		sūkh
196	correct	sahī*	ṭhīk, sahī, durust		sā̃cu*
197	near	pās	pās, qarīb, nazdīk		nere, nagīce, tīr
198	far	dūr	dūr		dūri
199	right	dāyā̃, dāhinā	dāyā̃, dāhinā
200	left	bāyā̃	bāyā̃
201	at	pe, par, mẽ*	pe, par, mẽ*		pe, par, parihā̃
202	in	mẽ, ke andar*	mẽ, ke andar*		me, mā, maihā̃
203	with	ke sāth	ke sāth		sāth
204	and	aur	aur		au, au
205	if	agar*	agar
206	because	kyoṅki*	kyūṅki
207	name	nām	nām