Appendix:Brahui Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Brahui, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
edit- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
edit| № | English | Brahui براہوئی edit (117) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ای (ī) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | نی (nī) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | دا (dā), او (o) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | نَن (nan) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | نُم (num) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | اوفْک (ofk), اوک (ok), دَاک (dāk) |
| 7 | this | دا (dā) |
| 8 | that | او (o) |
| 9 | here | داڑے (dāṛe) |
| 10 | there | ایڑے (eṛe) |
| 11 | who | دیر (der) |
| 12 | what | اَنْت (ant) |
| 13 | where | اَرَانْگ (arāṅg) |
| 14 | when | اَرَاتَم (arātam), ہَرَاتَم (harātam) |
| 15 | how | اَمَر (amar) |
| 16 | not | اَف (af) |
| 17 | all | کُل (kul) |
| 18 | many | باز (bāz), چندی, بھاز (bhāz) |
| 19 | some | گِڑَاس (giṛās) |
| 20 | few | مَنَہ (mana) |
| 21 | other | پین (pen) |
| 22 | one | اَسِٹ (asiṭ) |
| 23 | two | اِرَٹ (iraṭ) |
| 24 | three | مُسِٹ (musiṭ) |
| 25 | four | چار (cār) |
| 26 | five | پَنْچ (panc) |
| 27 | big | بَلُن (balun), بھَلُن (bhalun), بَلّا (ballā), بھَلّا (bhallā), ڈَلَہ (ḍala) |
| 28 | long | مُرْغُن (murġun) |
| 29 | wide | شَبِیت (śabīt), پَتَن (patan) |
| 30 | thick | ہُولُن (hūlun), پَنْگُن (pangun), مَٹ (maṭ) |
| 31 | heavy | کُبین (kuben) |
| 32 | small | چُنَک (cunak), چُنْک (cuṅk) |
| 33 | short | گَوَنْڈ (gavanḍ) |
| 34 | narrow | تَنْگ (taṅg) |
| 35 | thin | اُنکش |
| 36 | woman | نِیَاڑی (niyāṛī), زَالْبُل (zālbul) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | نَرِینَہ (narīna), اَرِہ (ari), آدَمِی (ādamī), بَنْدَغ (bandaġ) |
| 38 | man (human being) | اِنْس (ins), اِنْسَان (insān), بَنْدَغ (bandaġ), آدُمْزَات (ādumzāt), آدْمِیزَات (ādmīzāt) |
| 39 | child | چُنَا (cunā) |
| 40 | wife | زَیْفَہ (zayfa), زَائِیفَہ (zāīfa), زَن (zan), اُرَائِی (urāī) |
| 41 | husband | اَرِہ (ari), اَرِغ (ariġ) |
| 42 | mother | امَّا, آئی (āī), لُمَّہ (lumma) |
| 43 | father | بَاوَہ (bāva) |
| 44 | animal | حیوان (hevān), سَاہْدَار (sāhdār), سَادَار (sādār) |
| 45 | fish | ماہی (māhī) |
| 46 | bird | چُکّ (cukk) |
| 47 | dog | سَگ (sag), کُچَک (kucak) |
| 48 | louse | بوڈ (boḍ) |
| 49 | snake | دُوشَہ (dūśa) |
| 50 | worm | پُو (pū) |
| 51 | tree | دْرَخْت (draxt), دَرَخْت (daraxt) |
| 52 | forest | جَنْگَل (jangal) |
| 53 | stick | لَٹ (laṭ), شَت (śat) |
| 54 | fruit | میوَہ (meva) |
| 55 | seed | گَڈَّہ (gaḍḍa), بِجّ (bijj) |
| 56 | leaf | پَن (pan), پھَن (phan), وَرْخ (varx) |
| 57 | root | مَاس (mās), روتَہ (rota) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | پھُلّ (phull) |
| 60 | grass | بَئے (bae) |
| 61 | rope | چِٹ (ciṭ), چِیلِک (cīlik) |
| 62 | skin | سِل (sil) |
| 63 | meat | سُو (sū) |
| 64 | blood | دِتَر (ditar) |
| 65 | bone | ہَڈ (haḍ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | خَایَۃ (xāya), خْوَایَۃ (xvāya) |
| 68 | horn | مَرْغ (marġ) |
| 69 | tail | لِٹِّک (liṭṭik) |
| 70 | feather | پَرَّغ (parraġ) |
| 71 | hair | پُٹ (puṭ), پُژَّہ (puźźa) |
| 72 | head | کَاٹُم (kāṭum), سَرَہ (sara), سَر (sar) |
| 73 | ear | خَف (xaf) |
| 74 | eye | خَن (xan) |
| 75 | nose | بامُس (bāmus) |
| 76 | mouth | با (bā) |
| 77 | tooth | دَنَّان (dannān) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | دُوِی (duvī) |
| 79 | fingernail | زِیل (zīl) |
| 80 | foot | نَت (nat) |
| 81 | leg | نَت (nat) |
| 82 | knee | گوڈ (goḍ), زَان (zān) |
| 83 | hand | دُو (dū) |
| 84 | wing | پَرَّہ (parra) |
| 85 | belly | پِڈ (piḍ), پھِڈ (phiḍ) |
| 86 | guts | روتِینْک (rotīṅk) |
| 87 | neck | لِخ (lix) |
| 88 | back | بَج (baj) |
| 89 | breast | خَد (xad), سِینَہ (sīna) |
| 90 | heart | اُسْت (ust) |
| 91 | liver | جَغَر (jaġar) |
| 92 | to drink | کُنِنْگ (kuniṅg), تِنْگِنْگ (tingiṅg) |
| 93 | to eat | کُنِنْگ (kuniṅg) |
| 94 | to bite | ڈَلِنْگ (ḍaliṅg) |
| 95 | to suck | ہُڑِنْگ (huṛiṅg) |
| 96 | to spit | تُف کَنِّنْگ (tuf kanniṅg) |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | کَشِّنْگ (kaśśiṅg) |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | مَخِّنْگ (maxxiṅg) |
| 101 | to see | خَنِنْگ (xaniṅg), ہُنِّنْگ (hunniṅg) |
| 102 | to hear | بِنِنْگ (biniṅg) |
| 103 | to know | چَائِنْگ (cāiṅg) |
| 104 | to think | ہُنِّنْگ (hunniṅg), ٹَک خَلِّنْگ (ṭak xalliṅg), سوچِنْگ (sociṅg) |
| 105 | to smell | گَنْد خَلِّنْگ (gand xalliṅg) |
| 106 | to fear | خُلِنْگ |
| 107 | to sleep | خَاچِنْگ (xāciṅg) |
| 108 | to live | رَہینْگِنْگ (rahengiṅg), تَمِّنْگ (tammiṅg) |
| 109 | to die | کَہِنْگ (kahiṅg) |
| 110 | to kill | خَلِّنْگ (xalliṅg) |
| 111 | to fight | جَنْگ کَنِّنْگ (jaṅg kanniṅg) |
| 112 | to hunt | شِکَار کَنِّنْگ (śikār kanniṅg) |
| 113 | to hit | خَلِّنْگ (xalliṅg), لَگِّنْگ (laggiṅg) |
| 114 | to cut | تَڑِنْگ (taṛiṅg), گُڈِّنْگ (guḍḍiṅg), کَاٹ کَنِّنْگ (kāṭ kanniṅg) |
| 115 | to split | کَپ کَنِّنْگ (kap kanniṅg) |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | |
| 122 | to come | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | دیر |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | خل |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | خیسن |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | کَرِی (karī) |
| 177 | night | نَن |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name | پِن |