User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr

ped- (#ped-) peh₂- (#peh₂-) peh₂ǵ- (#peh₂ǵ-) peh₂ḱ- (#peh₂ḱ-) peh₂w- (#peh₂w-) peh₃- (#peh₃-) peḱ- (#peḱ-) pekʷ- (#pekʷ-) pel- (#pel-) pelH- (#pelH-) pelth₂- (#pelth₂-) pent- (#pent-) per- (#per-) perd- (#perd-) perḱ- (#perḱ-) pesd- (#pesd-) peth₂- (#peth₂-) peyǵ- (#peyǵ-) peyḱ- (#peyḱ-) peys- (#peys-) peysḱ- (#peysḱ-) pleh₁- (#pleh₁-) pleh₂- (#pleh₂-) pleḱ- (#pleḱ-) plew- (#plew-) plewd- (#plewd-) plewk- (#plewk-) pnew- (#pnew-) preh₂- (#preh₂-) preḱ- (#preḱ-) prews- (#prews-) preyH- (#preyH-) prk- (#prk-) reh₁d- (#reh₁d-) reh₁t- (#reh₁t-) reyǵ- (#reyǵ-)

ped-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to walk, to step
2. to stumble, to fall

Derived terms

• *péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)
• *pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti
      • Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)
• *pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da
      • Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)
• *pod-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati
      • Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)
• *ped-e-ti (innovative root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)
• *pṓd-s (“foot”)
• *ped-om (“step”)
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /⁠pēdan⁠/)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom
    • (possibly) Old Irish: ed (“space, interval”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fetą
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám
      • Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)
        • Hindi: पद (pad, “step”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: (op)pidum
• *ped-eh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pédā
    • Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)
• *pēd-ó-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ
    • Latgalian: pāda
    • Latvian: pēda
    • Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)
• *ped-to-
  • Proto-Italic: *pessom
    • Latin: pessum
• *ped-yós
  • Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos
    • Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)
• *ped-yōs
  • Proto-Italic: *pedjōs
    • Latin: pēior
• *ped-tm̥mo-
  • Proto-Italic: *pessəmos
    • Latin: pessimus
• *ped-uro-
  • Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)
• *ped-tís (or *ped-h₂t-í-s, with -h₂t- from the root *h₂et- (“to go, to wander”))
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *fatōną
• Proto-Italic:
  • Latin: expediō
  • Latin: impediō
  • Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)

peh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to protect, to ward
2. to shepherd

Usage notes

Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

Derived terms

• *peh₂(y)-
  • Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
    • Albanian: pashë
• *péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti
      • Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)
    • Proto-Iranian: *páHti
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)
      • Northern Kurdish: pa (as in pavan (“guardian”), panêrr (“warden”))
• *péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)
• *ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
  • Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
    • Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
    • Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
    • Tocharian: paskenträ
• *poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)
• *ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
• *poh₂-mn̥
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
• *poh₂-i-mn̥
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)
    • → Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”)
      • Finnish: paimen
      • Ingrian: paimen
      • Karelian:
        • North Karelian: paimen
        • South Karelian: paimen
      • Livonian: paint
      • Ludian: paimen
      • Veps: paimen
      • Votic: paimõn
  • Hellenic:
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)
    • Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)
• *poh₂-yus
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ
      • Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)
• *ph₂tḗr (“father”)
• *peh₂-tew-
  • Iranian: *pātew-
    • Persian پاده (pâda, “flock”)
    • Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis
  • Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
    • Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
    • Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
    • Kurdish:
      • Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
      • Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
  • Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
    • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /⁠apadāna⁠/)
  • Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
    • Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)
    • Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)
      • Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

• *peh₂-lo-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: पाल (pāla)
• *peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras
    • Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)
      • Middle Persian: pʾs (pās, “guard, watch”)
        • Persian: پاس (pâs)
      • Manichaean Middle Persian: pʾhr (pāhr, “watch-post”)
        • Persian: پهر (pahr)
      • → Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah)
      • → Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)
  • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti
• *peh₂-dʰlom
  • Italic:
    • Latin: pābulum
• *peh₂-dʰrom
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
• *Péh₂-usōn
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
      • Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
      • Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)
• *péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā
      • Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *páHtā
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-
    • (?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
    • Proto-Iranian: *paH-
      • Kurdish:
        • Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
      • Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /⁠pā-⁠/)
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /⁠pādan⁠/)
          • Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: panis
    • Latin: penes, penetrō
    • Latin: penus, Penātes
    • Umbrian: puni

peh₂ǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *peh₂ḱ-

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to attach, fix, fasten

Derived terms

• peh₂ǵ-neu-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)
• *ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)
  • Italic:
    • ⇒ Latin: prōpāgō
• *ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Italic: *pangō
    • Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ph₂ǵ-tós
  • Italic:
    • Latin: pactus
• *ph₂ǵ-eh₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)
• *peh₂ǵ-mn̥
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)
  • Italic:
    • ⇒ Latin: prōpagmen
• *ph₂ǵ-o-
  • Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)
• *peh₂ǵ-os
  • Proto-Italic: *pāgos
    • Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)
• *péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)
  • Hellenic:
    • ⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)
• *p(e)h₂ǵ-sleh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *pākslā
    • Latin: pāla
• *p(e)h₂ǵ-slo-
  • Proto-Italic: *pākslos
    • Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)
• *p(e)h₂ǵ-slo-lo-
  • Proto-Italic: *pākslolos
    • Latin: paxillus
• *peh₂ǵ-sno-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)
• *ph₂ǵ-y(e)h₂-lo-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)
      • → Latin: pessulus
• *peh₂ǵ-dʰlo-
  • Italic:
    • ⇒ Latin: repāgulum
• (possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian:
    • Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja
      • Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)
  • Celtic:
    • Welsh: aelod (“a member”)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)
    • ⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)

peh₂ḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *peh₂ǵ-

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to join, to attach
2. agreement, settlement

Derived terms

• *ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)
  • Proto-Italic: *pakō
    • Latin: pacō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pacere) (see there for further descendants)
• *ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)
• *poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHćáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHśáyati
      • Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśáyati)
• *péh₂ḱ-s
  • Proto-Italic: *pāks
    • Latin: pāx
• *ph₂ḱ-ró-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *pakros
    • Umbrian: pacer
• *ph₂ḱ-tó-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: pactum (“settlement”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ

peh₂w-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. few, little
2. smallness

Derived terms

• *peh₂u-kos
  • Proto-Italic: *paukos
    • Latin: paucus (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated) (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus (see there for further descendants)
• *péh₂u-ros
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros
    • Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)
      • Greek: φαύλος (fávlos)
  • Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos
    • Latin: parvus (see there for further descendants), paullus/paulus
• *péh₂w-ids
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits
    • Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)
    • Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)
      • Greek: παιδί (paidí), -παις (-pais)
• *peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)
  • Proto-Italic: *pawoparos
    • Latin: pauper (see there for further descendants)
• *ph₂w-er-os
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros
    • Proto-Brythonic: *uwer
      • Middle Welsh: wyr
        • Welsh: ŵyr
  • Proto-Italic: *puweros
    • Latin: puer (see there for further descendants)
• *ph₂w-os
  • Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian:
    • Proto-Albanian:
      • Albanian: palo
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr) (probably an expressive formation)
      • Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas, *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)
    • ⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)
    • ⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)
    • Sudovian: paud (“bird”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtica (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”) (see there for further descendants)

peh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to drink

   Synonym: *h₁egʷʰ-

Alternative reconstructions

• *peh₃(y)-

Derived terms

• *péh₃-t ~ *ph₃-ént (root aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: अपात् (ápāt)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πῶθι (pôthi, 2sg.impv.)
• *pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)
• *pe-póh₃-e ~ *pe-ph₃-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: पपौ (papáu)
• *péh₃-mn̥
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə
    • Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)
• *péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pótis
    • Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ
      • Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)
• *ph₃-tó-s (“(having been) drunk; having drunk”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *potós
    • Ancient Greek: ποτός (potós, “drunk; that which drinks; drink, for drinking”)
  • Proto-Italic: *pōtos
    • Latin: pōtus
      • → Italian: poto
      • ⇒ Latin: pōtō (see there for further descendants)
• *péh₃-tlo-m
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom
    • Old Irish: ól (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram
      • Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *pōtlom
    • Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)
• *peh₃-ter-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: पातृ (pā́tṛ or pātṛ́, “drinker”)

• *pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)
  • Proto-Albanian: *pīja
    • Old Albanian: pii
      • Albanian: pi
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)
  • *pih₃-n-
    • Proto-Albanian:
      • Albanian: pinë
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)
        • Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)
        • Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)
        • Greek: πίνω (píno)
    • Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)
  • *pih₃-wo-m
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *poh₃y-éye-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: पाययति (pāyáyati)
  • *ph₃i-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás (with laryngeal metathesis)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: पीत (pītá, “(having been) drunk; having drunk, imbibed; saturated”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: [script needed] (pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi, “to swallow”) (possibly from s-extension *peh₃-s-)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Old Prussian: poieti
  • Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)
• Proto-Hellenic: *pótos
  • Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: पा (pā, “to drink”)

peḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

2. to pluck (wool, hair)

Derived terms

• *péḱ-ti
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πέκω (pékō, “to comb”)
• *peḱ-te-ti (perhaps by metathesis from *petḱ- < *pe-pḱ- or the same seen in *pléḱ-te-ti)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fehtaną (“to comb, detangle, struggle”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πεκτέω (pektéō, “to shear”)
  • Proto-Italic: *pektō
    • Latin: pectō (“to comb”)
• *poḱ-os-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fahaz (“sheep”)
• *poḱ-o-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πόκος (pókos)
• *poḱ-ti-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fahtiz (“fleece”)
    • Old English: feht
    • Old Frisian: fecht
    • Middle Dutch: vacht
      • Dutch: vacht
• *p(e)ḱ-tén-s
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κτείς (kteís)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: pecten
• *poḱ-s-om
  • Proto-Germanic: *fahsą
• *poḱ-s-mn̥
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páćšma (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: pešù, pèšti (“to pluck, tear (of hair)”), iterative pašýti (“to brawl”)

Root

*PIE roots pr

Benviste (1969: 47-61) proposed that the primary meaning was "movable property, wealth", with a secondary meaning of "livestock" simply because this was how wealth was measured by the Proto-Indo-Europeans (and many descendant cultures). In corroboration, Kim McCone (1991:43-44) highlights wealth- and/or status-oriented terms such as Old Irish (am)bue, Homeric Greek -boios, and Sanskrit -guh.

1. wealth
3. livestock

Derived terms

• *peḱ-u
• *péḱ-os ~ *péḱ-es-os
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pékos
    • Ancient Greek: πέκος (pékos, “fleece, wool”)
  • Proto-Italic: *pekos
    • Latin: pecus (“cattle”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots pr

2. joyful
3. pretty

Derived terms

• *peḱ- (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fehaną (“to rejoice”)
    • Old English: gefēon (“to be glad”), fægen (“glad”, past participle)
      • English: fain
    • Old High German: gifehan (“to be glad”)
    • Old Norse: feginn (past participle)
      • Icelandic: feginn
      • Faroese: fegin
      • Norwegian: fegen
• *poḱ-éye- (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fagjaną (“to please”)
    • Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fahjan) (in 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullafahjan))
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: púošiu (“adorn”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Celtic:
    • Middle Irish: perhaps āil (“pleasant”)
  • Germanic:
    • Old Norse: fága (“adorn, polish”)
    • Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌸𐍃 (fahēþs, “joy”)

pekʷ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (imperfective)

1. to cook
2. to ripen

Reconstruction

It has been suggested that Hittite and Lydian terms which point to a root *pekʷ- (“to pound, crush, crack (grain)”) may preserve the original meaning of the PIE root, which later shifted in meaning to “to prepare food, cook” by the ancestor of the non-Anatolian branches.

Derived terms

• *pékʷ-e-ti (root present)
• *pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay
      • Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)
• *pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə
    • Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémma)
• *pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis
    • Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsis)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí
      • Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō
    • Latin: coctiō
• *pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés (“one who cooks”)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria, “female baker”) (< *pékʷ-trih₂)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́
      • Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr
    • Latin: coctor
• *pókʷ-o-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos
    • Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /⁠artopókʷos⁠/)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos
    • Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)
• *pokʷ-tó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)
  • (perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós
    • Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos
    • Latin: coctus
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas
    • Proto-Iranian: *páktah
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)
• Unsorted formations:
  • >? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-
    • Hittite:
      • ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)
      • ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /⁠pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-⁠/, “cracked (of grain)”)
      • ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /⁠pakkušš(u)u̯ar⁠/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)
    • ⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 (wcpaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)

pel-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to cover, to wrap
3. skin, hide, cloth

Derived terms

• *pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés
  • *pl-ēn-ih₂, *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēnīˀ, *plēnjāˀ, *plēnāˀ (“membrane”)
      • Latvian: plēne
      • Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėnìs
      • Old Prussian: pleynis
      • Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)
  • *pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)
  • *pel-nó-m
    • Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *pl̥-n-eh₂
    • >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
      • >? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *pel-n-i-s
    • Proto-Italic: *pelnis
      • Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pél-mn̥
  • ⇒? *pel-mo-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə
    • Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
      • Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
• *pél-sḱo-s
  • Proto-Albanian: *plaska
    • Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)
• *pél-trom
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)
    • Middle Irish: lethar
    • →? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

• Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

• *pel-k-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pel-t-
  • ⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)
• *pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)
  • ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
    • ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
      • Lithuanian: plėvė̃
      • Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
      • Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-
  • ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • >? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))
  • ⇒ *pélh₂-t-^?
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • >? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)
        • >? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-^?) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps the same as the above)

2. to fold

Extensions

• *pleḱ-

Derived terms

• *pl-okos
  • Proto-Iranian: *frakah
    • Parthian: (/⁠-frag⁠/, “-fold”)

      Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /⁠dōfrag⁠/, “two-fold”) )

    • Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)

      Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect دوپر (dôper, “two-fold”))

• *pl-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
    • Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))
  • Proto-Italic: *-plos
    • Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)
• *pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
    • >? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)
• *pel-t-
  • Proto-Germanic: *falþaną
• *pl̥-tu-
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltu- (“joint”)
    • Old Irish: alt
      • Irish: alt
      • Scottish Gaelic: alt
• ⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *palā
    • Albanian: palë
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))

Root

*PIE roots pr

2. to beat, push, drive

Extensions

• *pel-d-
  • *pel-d
    • Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)
• *pel-em-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)
• *pel-h₂-

• *pl-eh₂-k-
  • *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō
      • Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)
      • Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)
        • → Greek: πλήττω (plítto)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei
      • Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)
  • *pl-eh₂-k-tro-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
      • Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

• *pl-eh₂-g-
  • *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
    • Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *plāgō
      • Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)
  • *pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *plāngō
      • Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)
  • *pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō
      • Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)
  • *pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂
    • Proto-Albanian: *plāgā
      • Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)
      • Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)
    • Proto-Italic: *plāgā
      • Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

• *pl-eh₁-k-t-
  • *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *plēktō
      • Latin: plēctō

Derived terms

• *pol-ye-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *poljō
    • Latin: poliō
• *pol-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *polāō
    • Latin: (inter)polō
• *pl̥-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō
    • Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)
• *pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti
  • Proto-Italic: *pelnō
    • Latin: pellō
• *pl̥-tós
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
    • Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)
  • Proto-Italic: *poltos
    • ⇒ Latin: pultō
• Unsorted formations:
  • Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)

2. flour, dust

Derived terms

• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)
    • Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: puls
    • Latin: pulvis
    • Latin: pollen
  • Proto-Slavic: *pylъ
    • Polish: pył
    • Polish: pyłek
    • Polish: pylić
    • Polish: pylenie
    • Polish: pylnik

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)

Further reading

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

pelH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pelh₁- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pelh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *pel-
• *pelh₁-

Etymology

Derksen takes the original meaning of the root as "to burn, singe", whence secondary senses including "ashes" (the result of burning) and "gray" (the color of ash).

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. pale, gray

Derived terms

• *polH-nó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *polnos
    • Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)
• *pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás
      • Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pl̥H-kó-s
  • Proto-Albanian: *plaka
    • Albanian: plak (old man)
• *polH-wos
  • Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)
  • ? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)
• *polH-men-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palmōns
    • Proto-Slavic: *pòlmy (flame)
• *pelH-en
  • Lithuanian: pelenaĩ (ashes)
  • Latvian: pelni (ashes)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: pelēks
    • Lithuanian: pelekas, pìlkas
    • Old Prussian: pelē
    • Slavic:
      • East Slavic:
        • Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: palleō; pallidus
  • Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

pelth₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perfective)

1. flat

   Synonym: *pleh₂-

Derived terms

• *pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (perfective)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰat
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰat
      • Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná)
• *pléth₂-eti ~ *pléth₂-onti (thematic imperfective)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: plė̃sti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati
      • Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)
    • Proto-Iranian: *práθatī
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)
• *ploth₂-éyeti (causative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati
      • Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)
• *pl(e)th₂-mṓ
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn
    • Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (platamṓn)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán
      • Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)
• *pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)
• *pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)
• *plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos
    • Old Irish: leithe
• *pl̥th₂-enós
• *pl̥th₂-ó-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”) (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)
    • Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plátē)

      Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plátā)

  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás
      • Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: plokščia

pent-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to pass
2. path

Derived terms

• *pént-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *finþaną (“to find”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pónt-oh₁-s (“path, road”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pn̥t-tós
  • Proto-Germanic: *funsaz
• *pōntH- (probably spurious)
  • Celtic:
    • Old Irish: áitt (“place”)
      • Irish: áit
      • Scottish Gaelic: àite
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic: *fanþijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-West Germanic: *fanþijō (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fandōną (see there for further descendants)

per-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

2. before, in front
3. first

Derived terms

• *pér-i (locative)
  • Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
    • Albanian: për
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per
    • Lithuanian: per, per-, par-
    • Latvian: par, par-
    • Old Prussian: per
    • Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
      • Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pári
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
        • → Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)
      • Kurdish:
        • Northern Kurdish: ber (“in front”)
        • Central Kurdish: بەر (ber, “in front”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: per (see there for further descendants)
• *per-nóy
  • Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
• *pér-o-
  • Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
    • Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
      • Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pára
      • ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
      • → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
• ⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
• *por-so-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: porrō
• *pr̥-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)
  • Proto-Italic: *por-
    • Latin: por-
• *pr-eh₂-
• *pr-és
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
• *pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti
    • Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims
    • Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs
    • Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ
      • Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)
      • Czech: proti
      • Polish: przeciw
      • Macedonian: против (protiv)
      • Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)
      • Russian: про́тив (prótiv)
      • Serbo-Croatian:
        • Cyrillic script: про̏тив
        • Latin script: prȍtiv
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
      • Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pati-
      • Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)
  • ⇒ *pr-e-ti-om
    • Proto-Italic: *pretjom
      • Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-éy (dative)
• *pr-ey-wo-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: prīvus
• *pr-i-is
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
    • Gaulish: ris
    • Old Irish: ré
      • Irish: roimh
      • Scottish Gaelic: ro
• *pr-i-is-ḱo-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: prīscus
• *pr-i-is-m̥mos
  • Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)
    • Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-i-n-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-is-to-
  • Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-i-yōs
  • Proto-Italic: *priōs
    • Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)
• *pr̥H-e/o-s
  • Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
    • Albanian: përpara
      • Albanian: para
• *pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
• *pŕ̥-to-
  • Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥-tero-
  • Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
    • Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-u-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *pre

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

2. to go through
3. to carry forth, fare

Derived terms

• *pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
    • Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
• *per-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)
• *por-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)
    • ? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
      • Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
• *por-ti (o-grade root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: pere
• *pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
      • Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)
• *pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *portāō
    • Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
    • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
• *pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
    • Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
• *pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
• *pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
• *por-dʰmo-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
• *pōr-i-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pór-mo-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
    • Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
• *por-os
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
      • Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)
• *por-teh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *portā
    • Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
    • Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
• *por-ti-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
    • Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
  • Proto-Albanian: *priś
    • Albanian: prish
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to previous root, as "go forth" > "try"/"risk")

2. to try, dare, risk

Derived terms

• *per-ih₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
    • Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)
• *per-ih₂-ye-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
• *per-ih₂-to-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: perītus
• *per-ih₂-tlom
  • Proto-Italic: *perītlom
    • Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
• *per-h₃-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots pr (or *perH-)

2. to sell

Derived terms

• *per-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)
• *por-neh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
    • Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
      • Greek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
        • Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)

Unsorted formations:

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)
  • Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
• Proto-Italic:
  • Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)
  • ? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 810
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 816‒818

perd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (imperfective)

1. to fart loudly, pass gas, break wind

Synonyms

• *pesd-

Derived terms

• *pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)
• *pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥d-kéh₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā
    • Proto-Brythonic: *rex
      • Welsh: rhech
• *pr̥d-u-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)

perḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. colored
2. speckled

Derived terms

• *perḱ-ó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *erx
      • Middle Welsh: erch
        • Welsh: (obsolete) erch
    • Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
      • Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
        • Irish: earc (“lizard”)
        • Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *perkós
    • Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)
        • → Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)
• *pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás
      • Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)
• *pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s
  • ⇒ *porḱw-ó-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx
    • Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokás)
    • Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “roe deer”)
• *pr̥ḱ-nó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade)
    • Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)
    • Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)
  • Proto-Albanian: *prikna
    • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā
      • Albanian: *prënjë
        • ⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)
  • ⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ
        • Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)
      • Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš
        • Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)
        • Mazanderani: برجی (barji)
• *pr̥ḱ-ró-s
  • Proto-Italic: *porkros
    • >? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer, but disputed)
      • Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to open, rip up
2. to dig

Derived terms

• *perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és
  • Proto-Germanic: *ferhô
    • Old Norse: *feri
      • Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)
• *pórḱ-ono-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas
      • Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)
• *pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)
• *pr̥ḱ-eh₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā
      • Middle Irish: etarche
  • Proto-Italic: *porkā
    • Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)
• >? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és
  • Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)

pesd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably imitative.

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to fart softly, pass gas, break wind

   Synonym: *perd-

Derived terms

• *pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Italic: *pezdō
    • Latin: pēdō
      • Portuguese: peido
      • Galician: peido
• *psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei
    • Latvian: bezdêt
    • Lithuanian: bezdė́ti
    • Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō
    • Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)
• *pésd-is
  • Proto-Germanic: *festiz
    • Middle High German: vist
      • German: Fist (“fart”)
    • Dutch: veest
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis
    • Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

See also

• *(s)peys-

Further reading

• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “fart”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 194
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “blow”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 72

peth₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *pet-

Etymology

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to spread out
2. to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)

Derived terms

• *péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
• *pe-póth₂-e (stative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta
      • Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)
• *pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *píptō
    • Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō) — Aeolic
      • Greek: πέφτω (péfto)
• *pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)
  • Proto-Italic: *patnō
    • Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)
• *pot(h₂)-éye-ti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati
    • Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati
      • Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)
• *péth₂-lom (“leaf”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon
    • Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétalon) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram
      • Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pátram
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)
• *péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *peta
    • Albanian: pjetë
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā
    • Old Irish: éis
      • Irish: éis
  • Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

peyǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. inactive, reluctant

Derived terms

Only Italic descendants are known with certainty.

• *piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)
  • Proto-Italic: *pigēō
    • Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)
• *piǵ-rós
  • Proto-Italic: *pigros
    • Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)
• *pig-ús
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • >? Lithuanian: pigùs (“cheap”)
• *piǵ-wós
  • Proto-Italic: *pigwos
    • Latin: piguus (“lazy”)
• *poyǵ-no-
  • Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)

See also

• *peyḱ-

peyḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

2. to hew, cut out
3. to stitch, embroider, sting
4. (by extension) to paint, mark, color

Alternative forms

• *peyg- (“to paint”) (for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms)

Descendants

• *péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)
• *pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *finhaną
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pináćti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pinácti
      • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /⁠api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ⁠/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)
    • Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))
    • Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))
• *péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati
    • Proto-Iranian: *páycati
      • ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)
      • Middle Persian:

        Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /⁠pēsād⁠/, 3sg.subj.)

      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipaycati
        • Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-š-y-m /⁠niyapaišyam⁠/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.)
• *péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)
    • Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)
    • Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)
• *piḱ-ró-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras
    • Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós
    • Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”)
      • Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)
  • >? Lusitanian:
    • → Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)
• *piḱ-tó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićtás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás
      • Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pictáh
      • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
        • Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)
          • Middle Persian:

            Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /⁠nibištag⁠/, “written”)

        • Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)
          • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
        • Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠ispist⁠/)
          • Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)
  • Proto-Italic: *piktos
    • Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)
• *póyḱ-os
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas
    • Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
      • → English: poikilo- / poecilo-
      • Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
    • ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /⁠poikil-ōnukʰa⁠/)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas
      • Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *páycah
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)
      • → Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
        • Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)
    • Russian: пегий (pegij)
  • >? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas
    • Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *picángah
    • → Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
      • → Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • >? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)
• Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:
  • →? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)

See also

• *pewǵ-

Root

*PIE roots pr

2. hostile, angry
3. enemy, evil

Alternative forms

• *peyk- (Baltic)

Derived terms

• *peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)
• *piḱ-tós
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: pikts
    • Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)
• *póyḱ-os
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos
    • Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)
• *poyḱ-yós
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: pîkt
    • Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas
      • Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)

peys-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to grind, to crush

Derived terms

• *pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *pinsō
    • Latin: pinsō
• *pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei
    • Latvian: pist
    • Lithuanian: pìsti
    • Proto-Slavic: *pьxati (see there for further descendants)
• *peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s
  • Proto-Italic: *peisō
    • Latin: pīsō
• *pis-e-no-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena
    • Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò (see there for further descendants)
• *pis-tó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás
      • Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “crushed, ground”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pištás
      • Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)
  • Proto-Italic: *pistos
    • Latin: pistus
• *pis-tlo-m
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram
    • Proto-Iranian: *pištram
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 n (pištra, “bruise, injury”)
  • Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā
    • Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum
• *póys-o-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša
    • Lithuanian: paišaĩ, paĩšos, piẽšos, puišaĩ, puĩšos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, píešas
• *poys-to-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista
    • Latvian: pìesta, piests
    • Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas
    • Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: पिष् (piṣ)

pleh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₂- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (perfective)

1. to fill

Alternative reconstructions

• *pelh₂-

Derived terms

• *pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

• *pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi
    • Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti
      • Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

• *pléh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō
    • Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati
    • Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)

• *pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)
    • Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)

• *pléh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Italic: *plējō
    • Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

• *plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse
    • Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst
      • Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.)

• *pl̥h₁-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀḗˀtei
    • Latvian: pilēt, pildīt
    • Lithuanian: pìlti

• *pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

• *pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

• *pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

• *pleh₁-ró-s
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)
    • Old Irish: ler
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plērós
    • Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)
  • Proto-Italic: *plēros
    • Latin: plērus

• *pléh₁-ti-s *pl̥h₁-téy-s
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: լիր (lir)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiš
      • Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

• *pleh₁-tó-s

• *pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

• *pl̥h₁-nó-s

• *pléh₁-dʰuh₁-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)
  • Proto-Italic: *plēðūs
    • Latin: plēbs

• *po-ploh₁-s
  • (perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

• *pl̥h₁-go-m
  • Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

• *pélh₁-u-
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus
    • Old Irish: il, hil
      • Irish: il
      • Manx: yl
  • Proto-Germanic: *felu

• *polh₁-ú-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

• *polh₁-yo-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

• *ploh₁-us-s
  • Proto-Italic: *plows
    • Latin: plūs

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)
  • Proto-Iranian: *parH-

Further reading

• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 309
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

pleh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₁- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. flat

   Synonym: *pleth₂-

Derived terms

• *pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys
  • Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís
    • Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /⁠palḫis⁠/)
• *pl̥h₂(e)meh₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā
  • Proto-Germanic: *fulmō
  • Proto-Hellenic: *palámā
    • Ancient Macedonian:
      • →? Albanian: pëllëmbë, pllâmë
    • Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)
  • Proto-Italic: *pəlmā
    • Latin: palma
• *pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos
  • Proto-Italic: *plānos
    • Latin: plānus
• *ploh₂-no-s, *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)
    • Latvian: plāns (“thin”)
    • Latgalian: plõns (“thin”), Latgalian: Plõnis (surname)
    • Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)
    • Old Prussian: plonis
    • Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)
• *pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)
• *pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *plāntā
    • Latin: planta
• *pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom
    • Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr
      • Breton: loer
      • Old Cornish: loder
      • Welsh: llawdr
    • Old Irish: láthar
      • Middle Irish: láither, láthair
        • Irish: láthair
        • Scottish Gaelic: làthair
• *pl̥h₂-u-tós
  • Italic:
    • Latin: plautus
• *pl̥h₂-em
  • Proto-Italic: *palam
    • Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)
    • >? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)
    • Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)
    • Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

pleḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended from *pel- (“to fold”).

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to fold, plait, weave

Derived terms

• *pléḱ-e-ti (root present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plékō
    • Ancient Greek: πλέκω (plékō)
• *pleḱ-eh₂-ye-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *plekāō
    • Latin: plicō (with i from its compounds)
• *pléḱ-te-ti
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pleśtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *plestì (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flehtaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *plektō
    • Latin: plectō
• *pleḱ-tó-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plektós
    • Ancient Greek: πλεκτός (plektós)
• *pleḱ-nó-s or *ploḱ-nó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praćnás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praśnás
      • Sanskrit: प्रश्न (praśná, “basket-work, a plaited basket; turban”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pracnáh
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀 (ər^əzatōfrašna, “having a golden helmet/coat of mail”)
• *pleḱ-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -πλαξ (-plax) (e.g. δίπλαξ (díplax), τρίπλαξ (tríplax))
  • Proto-Italic: *pleks
    • Latin: -plex (e.g. simplex, duplex)
• *ploḱ-s-om
  • Proto-Germanic: *flahsą (see there for further descendants)
• *ploḱ-o
  • Proto-Germanic: *flaką (“something flat”) (perhaps)
    • Old Norse: flaga
      • Danish: flage
      • Icelandic: flaga
      • Norwegian: flak
      • Swedish: flak
  • Proto-Germanic: *flakaz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plokos
    • Ancient Greek: πλόκος (plókos)
    • Ancient Greek: -πλοκος (-plokos) (e.g. πολύπλοκος (polúplokos))
• *plok-o-nos (perhaps)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)
    • Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”)
• *ploḱ-éh₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πλοκή (plokḗ)
• *plók-e- (perhaps)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flahaną (“to flay, strip”)
• plók-eh₂ (perhaps)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flahō (“strip”)
    • Old Norse: flá (“strip of land, meadow”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: plokščias

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

plew-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to fly, flow, run

Extensions

• *plew-d-
• *plew-k-
• *plew-t-
  • *plewt-yom, *plowt-yom
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja
      • Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši
      • Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

• *plew-eh₂-h₁en-
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)
• *pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō
    • Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *plowō
    • Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-
    • Tocharian A: plu-
    • Tocharian B: plu-
• *plow-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Celtic:
    • Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati
      • Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)
    • Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi)
  • Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)
• *pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)
• *plow-mos
  • Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”) (see there for further descendants)
• *plow-ó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plowos
    • Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)

      Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)

  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás
      • Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: plewe
• *plow-tó-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)
    • Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)
  • Proto-Germanic:
    • Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)
      • Icelandic: fleyður
• *plow-tós
  • Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)
• *plów-yos (“ship”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flawją (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom
    • Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)
  • Proto-Italic: *plowjos
    • Latin: pluvius
• *plu-tó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
    • East Baltic:
      • Latvian: pluts
    • Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *plutós
    • Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás
      • Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)
• *pléw-ih₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī
    • ⇒ Breton: lewier m (“pilot”)
    • Old Cornish: leu (“rudder”)
      • Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
    • Old Irish: luí f (“rudder, tail”)
    • Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)

• Innovative formations:
  • (perhaps) Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)
      • Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)
    • Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)

See also

• *pnew-
• *pleh₃(w)-

plewd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended form of *plew-.

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to fly, flow, run

Derived terms

• *plewd- (root present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latgalian: plyudi (“flood”)
  • Celtic:
    • Old Irish: luaidid
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”)
• *plud-sḱé- (sḱe-present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: plū́sti
• *plewd-o-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleutaz (“fast-running”)
    • Middle Dutch: vliet
    • Old Norse: fljótr
      • Icelandic: fljótur
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleutą (“stream”)
    • Old English: flēot
      • English: fleet
    • Middle Dutch: vliet
• *plud-om
  • Proto-Germanic: *flutą
    • Old English: flot
    • Dutch: vlot (“raft”)
    • Old Norse: flot
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic: *flutōną
  • Italic:
    • Latin: plaustrum

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
• Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

plewk-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended form of *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to fly, flow, run
2. to splash, to flap with hands

Derived terms

• *pléwk-e-ti (thematic present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleuhaną (“to flee”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleuganą (“to fly”) (reanalyzed) (see there for further descendants)
• *plowk-yé-ti (o-grade yé-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flaugijaną (“to fly up”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: plaũkti (“to swim”)
• *pluk-yé-ti (0-grade yé-present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: plúkti (“to strike, to splash”)
    • → Proto-Slavic: *plyčьkati (“to splash, to crawl in water”) (expressive, extended with *-kati)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *plugijaną (“to plug”) (with unexpected "unshifted" *p)
• *plewk-éh₂-ti (éh₂-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleugōną (“to fly”)
• *plewk-sḱ-éy-ti (sḱ-inchoative)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *pľuščiti (“to flap, to press”)
• *plewk-éh₂n ~ *pluk-éh₂n (Germ. ōn-stem)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fleugǭ / *flugǭ (“fly, flying insect”)
• *plówk-os (o-stem nominal) (possibly)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: pláukas (“hair”)
    • Latvian: plaûki (“flakes, fibers”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz (“flea”) (perhaps replacing an extinct reflex of *plúsis by folk etymology) (see there for further descendants)
• *pluk-lós (l-participle)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fuglaz (“fowl”) (from earlier *fluglaz by dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)
• *pluk-nós (n-participle)
  • Proto-Germanic: *flukkaz (“flock”) (see there for further descendants)
• *plú-n-k-sneh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plúnksnāˀ
    • Latvian: plūksnas, plūksnes
    • Lithuanian: plùnksna, plū́ksna
    • Old Prussian: planxdine
• *plew(k)-smeh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *plow(k)smā
    • Latin: plūma (see there for further descendants)
• *plúk-tis (i-stem t-participle)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fluhtiz (“flight”) (see there for further descendants)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Germanic: *fliugika-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fluganą
  • Proto-Germanic: *flugilaz (see there for further descendants)

pnew-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Likely onomatopoeic.

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to breathe, gasp
2. to snort, sneeze

Derived terms

• *pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō
    • Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — Poetic
• *pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną
      • Middle High German: pfnurren
      • Icelandic: hnerra
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)
• *pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe
    • Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)
• *pnéw-mn̥
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian:
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa
      • Albanian: *pnyj
        • Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)

preh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *per- (“before”).

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. before, in front

Derived terms

• *préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey
  • Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai
    • Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)
    • Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥h₂-ey
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pərai
    • Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hay
      • Sanskrit: पुरे (pure)
• *pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥h₂-ó
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́
      • Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)
• *pr̥h₂-ós
  • Proto-Albanian: *par-
    • Albanian: parë
  • Proto-Albanian:
    • Albanian: pris
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás
      • Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥h₂-oy
  • Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥h₂-wó-s
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հարաւ (haraw) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas
    • Proto-Slavic: *pь̀rvъ
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀmas
    • Lithuanian: pirmas
  • Proto-Germanic: *furwōstaz, *furwistaz
    • Old English: forwost, forwest
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hwás
  • Proto-Tocharian: *pä́rwë
    • Tocharian A: pärwat
    • Tocharian B: pärweṣṣe
• *pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)

preḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to ask

Derived terms

• *proḱ-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
• *préḱ-s
  • Celtic:
    • Brythonic:
      • Welsh: rheg
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ
      • Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)
    • Proto-Iranian: *prā́š
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)
  • Proto-Italic: *preks
    • Latin: prex
      • Italian: prece
      • Portuguese: prece
      • ⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)
• *proḱ-o-
  • Proto-Italic: *prokos
    • Latin: procus
      • Portuguese: proco
      • ⇒ Latin: procō
• Unsorted formations:
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Iranian:
      • Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)
      • Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-
        • Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)
          • Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)
  • Italic:
    • >? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: pärk-
    • Tocharian B: pärk-

prews-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to freeze
2. frost

Derived terms

• *prews- (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *freusaną (see there for further descendants)
• *presw-os (by metathesis)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸreswos (see there for further descendants)
• *prus-tós
  • Proto-Germanic: *frustaz (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *pruś-
    • Albanian: prush
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prušwáH (“ice”)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pruṣwáH
      • Sanskrit: प्रुष्वा (pruṣvā́, prúṣvā)
  • Latin: pruīna
    • Venetian: puìna, poìna
  • Latin: prūna
  • Latin: prūriō (see there for further descendants)

preyH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to please
2. to love

Derived terms

• *pri-né-H-ti ~ *pri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prináHti (see there for further descendants)

• *priH-ye-tor
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHyatay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHyatay
      • Sanskrit: प्रीयते (prī́yate, “to be pleased”)

• *prḗyH-s-t ~ *préyH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práyHšat (3sg.aor.subj.act.)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práyHṣat
      • Sanskrit: प्रेषत् (préṣat, “shall please”)

• *priH-mḗn
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHmā́
    • Proto-Iranian: *friHmā́
      • Ossetian: (“friend, lover”)

        Digor Ossetian: лимӕн (limæn), нимӕл (nimæl)

        Iron Ossetian: лымӕ́н (lymǽn)

• *priH-nó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnás
    • Proto-Iranian: *friHnáh
      • Pashto: ورين (wrin, “open, happy, sincere”)

• *priH-ó-s

prk-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to fear

Derived terms

• *(s)pr̥k-éh₂
  • Proto-Albanian: *frikā
    • Albanian: frikë
• *pr̥k-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: präskā-
    • Tocharian B: präskā-
• *pr̥k-tós
  • Proto-Germanic: *furhtaz (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furhtijaną (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥k-téh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *furhtō (see there for further descendants)

reh₁d-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. to scrape, scratch, gnaw

Derived terms

• *réh₁d-e-ti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rádati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rádati
      • Sanskrit: रदति (rádati)
    • Proto-Iranian: *rádati
      • Middle Persian: [script needed] (randītan, “to scrape, smooth”)
• *roh₁d-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: rōdō (see there for further descendants)
• *rh₁d-dʰ-
  • Proto-Italic: *razdō
    • Latin: rādō (see there for further descendants)
• *roh₁d-trom
  • Italic:
    • Latin: rōstrum (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *rattaz, *rattō (see there for further descendants)
  • Celtic:
    • Brythonic:
      • Welsh: rhathu (“to grate, rasp”)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “854”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 854

reh₁t-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

1. post, beam, pole

Derived terms

• Unsorted formations:
  • Old Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ) (possibly)
    • Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ)
  • Old Armenian: արդն (ardn) (possibly)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: ратище (ratište), ратовище (ratovište)
  • Proto-Germanic: *rōdō, *rōdǭ

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “866”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 866

reyǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

*PIE roots pr

2. to stretch out, reach

Alternative reconstructions

• *reyǵ-
• *reh₃iǵ-

Derived terms

• *Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: réižti
  • Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)
• *Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)
  • Proto-Celtic:
    • Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)
• *Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: rìžtì
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrinȷ́áti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrinȷ́áti
      • Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”) (merger?)
• *Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Root 2

*PIE roots pr

2. to bind

Alternative reconstructions

• *reyǵ-, *reyg-

Derived terms

• *Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)
• *Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)
  • Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną
    • Old High German: *rickēn
      • Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)
• *Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
  • Proto-Italic: *rigēō
    • Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• McCone, Kim (1991) “OIr. -ic ‘reaches’, ithid ‘eats’, rigid ‘stretches, directs, rules’ and the PIE ‘Narten’ present in Celtic”, in Ériu, number 42, Royal Irish Academy