geH- (#geH-) gel- (#gel-) ǵenh₁- (#ǵenh₁-) gerbʰ- (#gerbʰ-) gerh₂- (#gerh₂-) ǵerh₂- (#ǵerh₂-) ǵews- (#ǵews-) ǵʰewH- (#ǵʰewH-) gʰebʰ- (#gʰebʰ-) gʰed- (#gʰed-) ǵʰeh₁- (#ǵʰeh₁-) gʰeh₁bʰ- (#gʰeh₁bʰ-) gʰel- (#gʰel-) ǵʰelh₃- (#ǵʰelh₃-) ǵʰengʰ- (#ǵʰengʰ-) ǵʰer- (#ǵʰer-) gʰerdʰ- (#gʰerdʰ-) ǵʰers- (#ǵʰers-) ǵʰes- (#ǵʰes-) ǵʰew- (#ǵʰew-) ǵʰewd- (#ǵʰewd-) ǵʰey- (#ǵʰey-) gʰreh₁- (#gʰreh₁-) gʰrendʰ- (#gʰrendʰ-) glew- (#glew-) glewbʰ- (#glewbʰ-) gley- (#gley-) gleybʰ- (#gleybʰ-) ǵneh₃- (#ǵneh₃-) gʷeh₂- (#gʷeh₂-) gʷelH- (#gʷelH-) gʷelh₂- (#gʷelh₂-) gʷem- (#gʷem-) gʷen- (#gʷen-) gʷerH- (#gʷerH-) gʷerh₃- (#gʷerh₃-) gʷeyh₃- (#gʷeyh₃-) gʷʰedʰ- (#gʷʰedʰ-) gʷʰen- (#gʷʰen-) gʷʰer- (#gʷʰer-) gʷreh₂- (#gʷreh₂-)

G edit

geH- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*geH(y)-

Root edit

*g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂- or *g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

to sing
to cry

Reconstruction notes edit

Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic show the presence of an *-i- at several different locations in the root.

Lithuanian giedóti and Sanskrit गीत (gītá) would point to *g⁽ʷ⁾eyH- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾iH-.
Sanskrit गायति (gā́yati) points to *g⁽ʷ⁾eHy- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾Hi-.
Sanskrit गाथ (gāthá), Avestan 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā) (< *g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-), Sanskrit जगौ (jagau) point to *g⁽ʷ⁾eH-.

The LIV suggests the reanalysis of a *ye- present as part of the root itself with later metathesis of *g⁽ʷ⁾Hi- to *g⁽ʷ⁾iH- and then normalization to *g⁽ʷ⁾eyH- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾iH-.^[2]

Derived terms edit

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*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-
  Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement.^[5]
  - Latvian: dziêdu (“to sing”)
  - Old Lithuanian: giemi
    - Lithuanian: gíedu
  - Proto-Slavic: *gajati
    - Old East Slavic: гаяти (gajati)
      - Russian: га́ять (gájatʹ)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati
    - Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)
      - Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)
    - Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)
*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHsi
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHsi
    - Sanskrit: गासि (gā́si)
*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰáH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰáH
    - Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gāthā́) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)
*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram
  - Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)
*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás
    - Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gē(i)- : gō(i)- : gī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 355
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g⁽ʷ⁾eH(i̯)-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 183
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gaH³”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gajati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 161
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “giedoti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner

gel- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to be cold, to freeze

Derived terms edit

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*gol- (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)
*gol-tó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)
*gol-i-
- Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)
*gel-u-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Baltic:
    - Lithuanian: gelumà
    - →? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä
      - Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)
      - Proto-Permic: *kɨn
        Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)
        
        Udmurt: кын (kyn)
      - Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *golotь
    - Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)
- Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz
  - Dutch: koude
  - English: cold
  - German: kalt

ǵenh₁- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to produce, to beget, to give birth

Derived terms edit

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*ǵénh₁-ti (root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
    - Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jánati ^[3]
    - Eastern Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬰𐬂 (zå, “to give birth”)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)
        Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)
        
        Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)
      - Sogdo-Bactrian:
        Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)
        
        Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)
        
        Sogdian: (/⁠zan-⁠/)
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)
        
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)
        
        Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)
        
        Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)
    - Southeastern Iranian:
      - Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)
        
        Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-
      - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        Caspian:
        Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)
        
        Parthian: (/⁠zāy-, zāyad⁠/, “to give birth to; be born”) ^[4]
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)
        
        Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)
        
        Zazaki: zayene, za-
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠zādan, zāy-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/⁠zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)
        
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-) ^[5]
        
        Classical Persian: زادن (zādan), زاییدن (zâyidan), زای (zây-); زایانیدن (zâyânidan, “to be born”)
        Dari: زادن (zādan)
        
        Iranian Persian: زادن (zādan)
        
        Tajik: зодан (zodan)
- Illyrian: *Gentius
  - Albanian: Gent
  - Albanian: Gjin
  - Albanian: gjind
*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
    - Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
      - Assamese: জগা (zoga)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
    - Avestan: zaiiāite
      - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiiaiti)
*ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai
  - Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)
*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti)
    - Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
  - Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
- Proto-Italic: *gignō
  - Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
  - Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)
*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
*ǵónh₁-o-s
*ǵonh₁-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
  - Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
*ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
  - Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)
*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
*ǵn̥h₁-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: genius
*ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
*ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
- Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
*ǵenh₁-dʰl-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)
*pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
- Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) ^[6]
  - Eastern Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
  - Northeastern Iranian:
    - Sogdo-Bacterian:
      - Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
      - Sogdian: (/⁠fsāndē⁠/, “child”) (from *frazantaka) ^[7]
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)
  - Southeastern Iranian:
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
      - Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
      - Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
        Bartangi-Oroshori:
        Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
        
        Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
        
        Roshani-Khufi:
        Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
        
        Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
  - Northwestern Iranian:
    - Parthian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
      Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)
  - Southwestern Iranian:
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)
      
      Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)
      - Classical Persian: فرزند (farzand)
        Dari: فرزند (farzand)
        
        Iranian Persian: فرزند (farzand)
        
        Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
        
        → Pashto: فرزند (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
  - Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)
    - Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
    - Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
    - Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
    - Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
    - Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
      - Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
    - Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
    - Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
      - Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
      - Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
        ⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
    - Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
    - Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
    - Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
    - Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
    - Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
    - Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
    - Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
    - Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
    - Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

References edit

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112

gerbʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to carve

Derived terms edit

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*gérbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *kerbaną (see there for further descendants)
*gr̥bʰ-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *grəpʰō (see there for further descendants)
*gr̥bʰ-tó-s
*gérbʰ-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *grəpmə
  - Ancient Greek: γράμμα (grámma)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *žerbъ (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *žerbьjь (see there for further descendants)

gerh₂- edit

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gerH-,^[1] *ǵerh₂-^[2]

Etymology edit

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to cry hoarsely
crane

Usage notes edit

The widespread use of this root to mean "crane" is probably derived from its meaning "to cry hoarsely", based on the crane's characteristic cry. The crane lives all over Eurasia, and was obviously known by Proto-Indo-Europeans. The word, however, does not exist in Indo-Iranian, which may be due to a lot of names for animals and birds being borrowed from aboriginal languages of Asia in that branch.^[3]

Derived terms edit

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*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei^[4]^[5]
  - Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)
*gerh₂-ōw-s
*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés

Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: hungëroj
  - Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj
- Balto-Slavic:
  - >? Lithuanian: gùrti
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)
    - ⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Middle Persian: *grī
      - → Old Armenian: գրէ (grē) ~ գրեայ (greay, “crane”)^[6]

Extensions

*greh₂-k-^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *grakō
  - ⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”)^[8] (see there for further descendants)
*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-
- >? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)
- Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz
    - Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati
    - Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2272: “*gerH-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grūs, -uis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274
^ Proto-Indo-European Roots Database
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “groti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grajati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 185–186
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “grē or greay”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 228
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grakati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 186
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grāculus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

ǵerh₂- edit

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to grow old, to mature^[2]

Derived terms edit

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*ǵérh₂-e-ti (root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árati
    - Sanskrit: जरति (járati)
*ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)
*ǵerh₂-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)
- Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (za^urura, “old age”)
*ǵr̥h₂-yéw-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s
  - Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)
- Proto-Albanian: *grāwā
  - Albanian: grua (woman, wife)
*ǵ(e)rh₂-yó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)
    - → Latin: Grāius
*ǵr̥h₂-i-ḱó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
    - → Latin: Graecus (see there for further descendants)
*ǵērh₂-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)
*ǵérh₂-ont-s
*ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s
- Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-
  - Tocharian B: śrāy
*ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHama
  - Proto-Iranian: *járHama
    - Middle Persian: (“old age”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /⁠zarmān⁠/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /⁠zarmānīh⁠/)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /⁠zarmān⁠/)
      - Persian: زرمان (zarmân), زرم (zarm)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHama
  - Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)
*ǵorh₂-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)
*ǵorh₂-wó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (za^uruuā, “old age”)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)
  - Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /⁠zarw⁠/)
    
    Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)
  - Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ, “old age”)
  - Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)
  - Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /⁠zarwān⁠/, “old age”)
*ǵorh₂-tó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)
  - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)
  - → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /⁠zard⁠/, “infirm; old age”)
    - Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)
  - Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; oldwoman”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /⁠zirt(a)⁠/)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /⁠zirt(a), zert(a)⁠/)
  - Pashto: زړه (zaŗa, “old”), زوړ (zoŗ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)
*ǵorh₂-is-to-s
- Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)
  - Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)
Unsorted formations:
- Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)
- Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)
- Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)
- Sanskrit: ज्रयति (jrayati, “to grow old, overpower”)
- Proto-Albanian: *grāwā^[3]
  - Albanian: grua, grue
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
    - Armenian: ծեր (cer)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Watkins, Calvert (Ed.) (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, New York. →ISBN.
^ Starostin, Sergei (1998). The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project.
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grua ~ grue”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 125

ǵews- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

to taste, try

Derived terms edit

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*ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)^[6]
*ǵows-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati
    - Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)
*ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay
    - Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte)
*ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)^[2]^[6]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay
  - Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)
*ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa
    - Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)
*ǵéws-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas
    - Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)
    - Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)
*ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”)^[7] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ
    - Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)
*ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s^[8]
*ǵus-tó-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *juštáh
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)
    - Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /⁠dauštā⁠/, “friend”)
      - Persian: دوست (dust, “friend”)
*ǵows-teh₂
- Proto-Celtic gowsta:^[9]
  - Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"
    - Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS

References edit

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑eu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 166-167
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 399
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 255
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*keusan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 286
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kusti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kustu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
^ Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

ǵʰewH- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *gewH-.

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]^[3]

to call on, invoke

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰéwH-e-ti (thematic root present)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwati
    - Vedic Sanskrit: हवते (hávate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jawHati (“to call on, invoke”)^[4]
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti)
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ɣwy-)
    - Ossetian:
      - Digor: аргъаун (arǧawn), аргъуд (arǧud)
      - Iron: а́ргъауын (árǧawyn), а́ргъуыд (árǧwyd)
*ǵʰwé-ye-ti (ye-present, metathesized from older *ǵʰéw-ye-ti)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰwáyati (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰéw-ǵʰuH-e-ti (reduplicated)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwȷ́ʰuHyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwźʰuHyati
    - Sanskrit: जोहूयते (jóhūyate, “to call on, invoke”)
*ǵʰuH-e-ti (zero-grade root present)^[5]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: zavêt (“to cast a spell”)
  - Lithuanian: žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *zъvati (“to call”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰuH-eh₂^[6]
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: kuwā-, kwā- (“call, invite”)
*ǵʰuH-tus^[2]
- Celtic: *gutus (“voice”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *dzulā^[7]
  - Albanian: zulë
    - Albanian: zulmë
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to praise oneself, boast”)

References edit

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 472
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “zulë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 526

gʰebʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to give
to take

Notes edit

Formerly taken as equivalent to *gʰeh₁bʰ- until the advent of the laryngeal theory.^[1] A reconstruction *gʰHebʰ- may also be possible, but it is not favored.
Some scholars maintain the traditional reconstruction of *gʰabʰ-, arguing that the two should not be arbitrarily separated.^[2]

Derived terms edit

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*gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)^[3]^[4]
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)
- Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)
*gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)^[3]
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - ⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)
- Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)
*gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)
- ⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gábʰastiṣ
      - Sanskrit: गभस्ति (gábhasti)
>? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és (“head”), *gʰébʰ-ōl
Unsorted formations:
- >? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)
- >? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)
- >? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, § 1.4.1.1. Material, pages 92–93, s.v. “habēre”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gabati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 159–160
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 193
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*geban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173

gʰed- edit

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰedʰ- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰed-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

to find
to hold
to seize
to take

Derived terms edit

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*gʰed- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *getaną (see there for further descendants)
*gʰ-né-d- ~ *gʰ-n̥-d- (nasal-infix present)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: χανδάνω (khandánō) (< *χαδάνω (*khadánō))^[3]
- Italic:
  - Latin: *hendō
    - ⇒ Latin: praehendō (see there for further descendants)
*gʰod-eh₂
- Proto-Italic: *praiɣodā
  - Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)
*gʰed-es-eh₂
- Proto-Italic: *hedezā
  - Latin: hedera (see there for further descendants)
*gʰod-o-m
- Proto-Germanic: *gatą (see there for further descendants)
*gʰod-weh₂-
- Proto-Germanic: *gatwǭ (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 454A.1

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 437

ǵʰeh₁- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g(Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Alternative reconstruction *gʰeh₁^[1]

to come, to reach; to go, to walk

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰh₁-nós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰHnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰHnás
    - Sanskrit: हीन (hīna)
      - → Bengali: হীন (hin)
      - → Hindi: हीन (hīn)
      - → Kannada: ಹೀನ (hīna)
      - → Punjabi: ਹੀਣ (hīṇ)
      - → Tamil: ஈனம் (īṉam), ஹீனம் (hīṉam)
*ǵʰeh₁ro-
*ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κιχάνω (kikhánō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰaHti
    - Sanskrit: जहाति (jáhāti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jájaHti
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zazāⁱti)
*ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāHst
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰāHst
    - Sanskrit: अहासीत् (áhāsīt)
*ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént (root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰaHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰaHt
    - Sanskrit: अहात् (áhāt)
*ǵʰh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *gāną (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: ngah

References edit

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑ʰeh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 173

gʰeh₁bʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰebʰ-

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gʰabʰ-^[1]
*gʰeHb⁽ʰ⁾-^[2]^[3]

Root edit

*gʰeh₁bʰ- or *ǵʰeh₁bʰ-^[4]^[5]

to grab, take

Reconstruction notes edit

The surface ablaut a ~ ē is somewhat unusual, but Italo-Celtic *a can result from “syllabic” *H̥, thus *h₁ ~ *eh₁ appears to be the best match. The instances of full-grade ē may be analogical, however, so the laryngeal cannot be reconstructed with certainty.^[5] Zero grades shown below use *h̥₁, but note that the existence of syllabic laryngeals in synchronic PIE is disputed.
See *gʰebʰ-, which is often taken to be the same root, for more possible descendants; see Schrijver's arguments for a rejection of this.^[4]

Derived terms edit

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*gʰéh₁bʰ- ~ *gʰh̥₁bʰ- (aorist)
- Proto-Italic: *hēpai
  - Oscan:
    hipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), hipust (3.sg.fut.perf.)
    
    pruhipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), pruhipust (“to prevent”, 3.sg.fut.perf.)
*gʰh̥₁bʰ-éh₁ye-ti (*-éh₁ye-stative)
- Proto-Italic: *habēō or *haβēō
  - Latin: habeō (see there for further descendants)
  - Umbrian:
    𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (habia, 3.sg.pres.subj.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖 (habetu), habitu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (habetutu), habituto (3.pl.ipv.II), habiest (3.sg.fut.), habus (3.sg.fut.perf.). habuerent (3.pl.fut.perf.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄 (habe), habe (“to have, hold”, 3.sg.pr.act/pass.)
    
    (+ negation and ař-) 𐌍𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌀𐌔 (neiřhabas, pres.subj.)
    
    (+ pre-) 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehabia), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehubia, “to furnish, achieve”, 3.sg.pres.subj.)
    
    (suffixless imperatives) 𐌇𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌖 (hahtu), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hatu), hatu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (hatutu), hatuto (“to grab”, 3.pl.ipv.II)
*gʰh̥₁bʰ-yé-ti (*-yé-present)
- Proto-Celtic: *gabyeti
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gabal-
    - Old Breton: gabael
    - Old Cornish: gauael
      - Cornish: gavel
    - Old Welsh: ad-gabael
      - Middle Welsh: caffael, keiff (3.sg.pres.), cauas (pret.)
        Welsh: gafael
  - Continental:
    - Celtiberian: gabizeti (3.sg)
    - Gaulish: gabi (2.sg.impv.), Gabiae
  - Goidelic:
    - Old Irish: gaibid
      - Irish: gabh
      - Scottish Gaelic: gabh
- Proto-Italic: *habiō or *haβiō
  - Oscan: haieist (3.sg.fut.)
*gʰh̥₁bʰ-leh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *gablā (“fork”) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghabh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 407–409
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*⁽g̑⁾ʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 195–196
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gab-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 148–149
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, § 1.4.1.1. Material, pages 92–93, s.v. “habēre”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “habeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 277–278

gʰel- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to call
to chant
to shout

Derived terms edit

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*gʰol-éye-ti (causative)^[1]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *galiti (see there for further descendants)
*gʰól-e-ti (o-grade intensive)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *galaną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galdraz (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galstrą
    - Old High German: galstar
      - Middle High German: galster
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlaz
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlijaną (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzgōlaz
*gʰl̥-néh₂-ti (néh₂-present)
- Proto-Albanian: *galda
  - Albanian: galdoj
- Proto-Germanic: *gullōną (see there for further descendants)
*gʰel-n- (possible back-formed from *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *gellaną (see there for further descendants)
*gʰel-gʰel-^[1]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գեղգեղեմ (gełgełem)
    - Armenian: գեղգեղել (geġgeġel)
- Hittite: [script needed] (galgal-ināi-, “to make a musical sound”)
*gʰōl-i-^[1]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *galьnъ (“cared for, pet”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *galьba (“caress”)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գեղ-օն (geł-ōn)
    - Armenian: գեղոն (geġon)
- Greek:
  - Ancient Greek: χεῖλ-ος (kheîl-os), χῆλος (khêlos); χέλλος (khéllos)
    - Greek: χείλος (cheílos)
- Proto-Slavic: *galъ (see there for further descendants)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*galan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*gʰel-”

ǵʰelh₃- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

to flourish
green, yellow

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelʔtei
  - Latvian: zelt
  - Lithuanian: žélti
*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és
- Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *helos
  - Old Latin: helus
    - Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)
*ǵʰolh₃-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH
  - Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)
    - Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠zahrag⁠/, “gall, bile”)
      - Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)
*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰolh₃-n-éh₂
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃-no-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰelh₃-o-s
- Proto-Celtic: *gelos (“bright, white”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós
  - Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)
  - Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)
*ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *giltas
  - Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)
  - Lithuanian: gel̃tas
  - Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰelh₃-wó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: žel̃vas
- Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰelh₃-i-wó-s
- Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰleh₃- (metathesized)
- *ǵʰleh₃-(e)-ti (root present)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-en-

*ǵʰélh₃en-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źel-
  - Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (“green”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-t-

*ǵʰélh₃t-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: zalts
  - Latvian: zelts
*ǵʰólh₃t-o-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃t-tó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: diell

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

ǵʰengʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to walk
to step

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰengʰ-e-ti (root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰanǰʰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́anźʰati
    - Sanskrit: जंहति (jaṃhati)
*ǵʰongʰ- (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *ganganą (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰengʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źengjetei
  - Lithuanian: žeñgti
*ǵʰongʰ-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *gangiz (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰongʰ-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *gangaz (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰéngʰ-os ~ *ǵʰéngʰ-es-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánǰʰas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánźʰas
    - Vedic Sanskrit: जंहस् (jáṃhas)
*ǵʰéngʰ-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰángʰas (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰéngʰ-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *ginhtiz
  - Middle High German: gīht
*ǵʰongʰ-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *ganhtiz (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

ǵʰer- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to yearn for

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰr̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰəřřō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥yáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥yáti
    - Sanskrit: हृयात् (hṛyāt)
- Proto-Italic: *herjō^[2] (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰr̥-t-ós
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰərtós
  - Ancient Greek: χαρτός (khartós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥tás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰr̥tás
    - Sanskrit: हृत (hṛtá)
*ǵʰr̥-i-t-
- Ancient Greek: χάρις (kháris)
*ǵʰēr-i-^[3]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձիր (jir)
*ǵʰr̥-éh₂
- Ancient Greek: χαρά (khará) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰér-mn̥
- Ancient Greek: χάρμα (khárma)
*ǵʰr̥-meh₂
- Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)
*ǵʰer-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *gernaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: χράω (khráō)
- Ancient Greek: χρηστός (khrēstós)
- Ancient Greek: χρῄζω (khrḗizō)

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[4]

to enclose

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰor-o-
- >? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")
*ǵʰor-yo-
- >? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[5]^[6]

bowels, intestines

Alternative reconstructions edit

*ǵʰerH-^[7]^[8]^[9]

Derived terms edit

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots g' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*ǵʰerH-ni-eh₂^[5]
- Latin: hernia (“protruded viscus”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰorH-neh₂^[7]^[8]^[9]^[5]
- Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā^[10]
  - Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źárˀna
  - Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)
  - Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)
  - Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)
- Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)
- Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰr̥H-eh₂^[7]
- Sanskrit: हिर (hirā́, “vein”)
*ǵʰr̥H-os^[7]
- Sanskrit: हिरा (híra, “band”)
- Proto-Iranian: *ĵʰr̥H-oh
  - Pashto: ځير (źir, “thin string”)
  - Classical Persian: زیر (zīr, “string; cord; any tiny thing such as string”)
*ǵʰr̥H-u-^[7]^[8]^[9]
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks (“diviner”)
  - Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌗 (haraspix)
  - Latin: haruspex (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Italic: *hario-
  - Latin: hariolus
- >? Latin: hīra (“intestine”) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 434
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 442
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*garnō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 443
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χορδή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1643-1644
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “žarna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 514
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “haruspex, -icis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 280
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “zorrë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 525-526

gʰerdʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to enclose, to encircle
enclosure, fence, belt

Derived terms edit

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*gʰerdʰ- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *gerdaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)
- (probably) Proto-Slavic: *žьrdь (“pole”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰr̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *gurdijaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰórdʰ-os^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Albanian: *garda
  - Albanian: gardh (“fence”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gárdas (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *gardaz (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌 (“city”)^[5]
*gʰr̥dʰ-ós
- >? Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”)
  - Luwian: [script needed] (gurta)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥dʰás (“house”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*gʰerdʰ-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *gerdō (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰr̥dʰ-el-os
- Proto-Germanic: *gurdilaz (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian:^[7] (possibly)
- Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)

References edit

^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “gardh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 110
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gȏrdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 178
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gardas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 164-165
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*garda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 199
^ Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “gāl”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 80ab
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kerccī”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 210-211

ǵʰers- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]^[3]

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰo-ǵʰérs-t ~ *ǵʰo-ǵʰr̥s-ént (o-reduplicated athematic root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāȷ́ʰaršt (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Italic: *horzēō
  - Latin: horreō

*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type root thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰórs-ōs
- Proto-Italic: *horzōs
  - Latin: horror
*ǵʰers-to-s
- Proto-Italic: *herztos
  - Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰérs-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos
  - Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)^[4]
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Pashto: زيږ (ziģ)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑hers-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 445-446
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑ʰers-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 179
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “horreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 290
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 200

ǵʰes- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

hand
to take, give in exchange

Derived terms edit

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots g' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

Descendants edit

*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és^[3]^[4]^[2] or *ǵʰés-ōr ~ *ǵʰes-r-és^[2]^[5] or *ǵʰs-ḗr ~ *ǵʰs-r-és^[5]
*ǵʰés-lom (“heap, thousand”)^[2]^[6]^[7]
*ǵʰēsreh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *dāsrā
  - Albanian: dorë (hand)
*ǵʰós-tos^[8]^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰástas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *hos-tos
  - Latin: hostus (“the yield of olive from a single pressing”)
*ǵʰos-t-i-yo-^[2]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: pažastìs, pažastė̃, pažastỹs (with pa-, põ, < *h₂pó)
  - Czech: paže
  - Slovak: paže
- Italic:
  - Latin: hostia

References edit

^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*g̑ʰes-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 170-172
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χείρ, χειρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1620-1621
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “keššar / kiššer- / kišr-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 545-547
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “ṣar*”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “mīlle”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 379-380
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χίλιοι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page volume-I of 1633-1634
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hostus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 292

ǵʰew- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

to pour

Extensions edit

*ǵʰew-d-

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰéw-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéyyō
  - Ancient Greek: χείω (kheíō)
*ǵʰu-ǵʰéw-ti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰáwti
    - Sanskrit: जुहोति (juhóti)
*ǵʰe-ǵʰów-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰw-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κέχῠκᾰ (kékhuka)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰā́wa
    - Sanskrit: जुहाव (juhā́va)
*ǵʰu-tó-s (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰéw-ti-s ~ *ǵʰu-téy-s
- Proto-Italic: *foutis
  - Latin: fūtis, fūtilis, effūtiō
*ǵʰéw-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰu-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéumə
  - Ancient Greek: χεῦμᾰ (kheûma), χύμα (khúma)
- Phrygian: ζευμάν (zeumán)
*ǵʰéw-mo-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwmas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwmas
    - Sanskrit: होम (hóma)
*ǵʰu-mo-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: χῡμός (khūmós)
*ǵʰu-lo-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: χῡλός (khūlós)
*ǵʰew-yó-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰawyám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰawyám
    - Sanskrit: हव्य (havyá)
*ǵʰéw-tlo/eh₂- ~ *ǵʰu-tlo/eh₂-^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtraH (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰu-tlo-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutlon
  - Ancient Greek: χύτλον (khútlon)
*ǵʰéw-tro-m, *ǵʰú-tro-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰútra (pl.)
  - Ancient Greek: χύτρα (khútra)
    - Greek: χύτρα (chýtra)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtram (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰéw-tōr ~ *ǵʰu-tr-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtā (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰew-r-ih₂ or *ǵʰew-wr̥-ih₂?
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰewəřřa?
  - Ancient Greek: (ῑ̓ο)χέαιρα ((īo)khéaira)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *j́ūla
  - Albanian: dyllë
- Proto-Albanian: *guònmi
  - Albanian: gumoj
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձեւ (jew) < *ǵʰew-os or *ǵʰew-o-
  - Old Armenian: ձոյլ (joyl) < *ǵʰew-lo-
  - Old Armenian: ձոր (jor) < *ǵʰoworo- < *ǵʰowero-
  - (?) Old Armenian: զուտ (zut) < *ǵʰu-d-o-
  - (?) Old Armenian: ձագար (jagar)
- Proto-Tocharian: *eñcäuwo (possibly) ^[4] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *käutk-^[5] (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑ʰeu̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 447-448
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑ʰeu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 179
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 36, 881
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “eñcuwo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 84-85
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kutk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 194

ǵʰewd- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Extended from *ǵʰew-.

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to pour

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰewd- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *geutaną (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰu-ne-d- ~ *ǵʰu-n-d- (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Italic: *hundō (see there for further descendants)

ǵʰey- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology 1 edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

winter

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-mén-s
*ǵʰéy-ōm ~ *ǵʰi-m-és

References edit

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 286.5

Etymology 2 edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

to drive, propel

Derived terms edit

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*ǵʰéy-t ~ *ǵʰy-ént (athematic aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰayt ~ *Háȷ́ʰyant
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háźʰayt ~ *Háźʰyant
    - Sanskrit: अहेम (áhema, 1pl.act.), अह्यन् (ahyan)
*ǵʰi-néw-ti ~ *ǵʰi-nw-énti (new-present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰináwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰináwti
    - Sanskrit: हिनोति (hinóti)
*ǵʰoy-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰāyáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *jāyáyati
    - Avestan: *zāyayaiti
      - ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌 (frazaiiaiiāmi, 1sg.caus.act.)
*ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-méns
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma
    - Sanskrit: हेमन् (hemán)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jáyma
    - Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (zaēman)
*ǵʰéy-o-s

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 424-425
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝhei̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN

gʰreh₁- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*ǵʰreh₁-^[1]

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[2]

to grow (of plants?)

Derived terms edit

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*gʰroh₁-(y)e-ti (o-grade present)
- Proto-Germanic: *grōaną (see there for further descendants)
*gʰroh₁-ni-s
- Proto-Germanic: *grōniz (see there for further descendants)
*gʰreh₁-no-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grēˀnas
  - Proto-Slavic: *grěnъ (see there for further descendants)
*gʰreh₁-wo-
- Proto-Germanic: *grēwaz (see there for further descendants)
*gʰr̥h₁-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: rāvus, grāvastellus (or from *ǵerh₂-?) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰréh₁-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-mén-s or perhaps *gʰréh₁-s-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-s-mén-s
- Proto-Italic: *grāmen or *grazmen
  - Latin: grāmen
*gʰreh₁-tó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *grēdaz
  - Old English: grǣd
Unsorted formations:
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kariyant-, “grass”)
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Persian: روییدن (ru'idan, “to grow”)
- Proto-Germanic: *grasą (cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-)
- Proto-Germanic: *grōsō
  - Proto-West Germanic: *grōsu
    - Old Saxon: *grōsa
      - Middle Low German: grôse
    - Old Dutch: *gruosa
      - Middle Dutch: groese
    - Old High German: *gruosa
      - Middle High German: gruose
  - → Proto-Finnic: *rooho (“grass”) (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: herba

References edit

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

gʰrendʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology 1 edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

beam, plank

Derived terms edit

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*gʰrendʰ-is
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)
  - Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)
- Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ *grindilaz
    - Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)
*gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ
  - Old Prussian: *grandā^[5]
    - ⇒ grandico
- Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā
  - Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰrondʰ-il-os
- Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)
*gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*grunda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 273-274
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “grinda”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grę̄dà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 187-188
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997) “grandico”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[8] (in Lithuanian), Vilnius

Etymology 2 edit

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to grind, rub
granule, particle, grain (of sand)
lump, mass

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gʰrenHdʰ- (laryngeal based on Balto-Slavic accent)
*gʷʰren(H)dʰ- (labiovelar based on Latin frendō)^[2]^[3]
*gʰrend- (based on the Balto-Slavic and Ancient Greek χόνδρος (khóndros) (< *gʰrónd-ro-s?))^[4]^[5]

Reconstruction notes edit

Given the variety of conflicting reconstructions and fairly wide semantic range, existence of this root is uncertain.

Derived terms edit

*gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
- Proto-Albanian:
  - >? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)^[6]
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-
  - Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
- Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - >? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrendʰ-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrendʰ-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą
  - Proto-West Germanic: *grind
    - Old Dutch: *grint n
      - Middle Dutch: grint
        Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)
    - Old High German: grint m
      - Middle High German: grint
        German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)

*gʰróndʰ-o-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Germanic: *grandą n
  - Proto-West Germanic: *grand
    - Old Saxon:
      - Middle Low German:
        Low German: grand (“rough sand”)
  - Old Norse: *grand
    - Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)

*gʰrondʰ-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ^[8]
  - Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

References edit

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gręsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χόνδρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1643
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[9], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 251
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[10], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒranðō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[11], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140

glew- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gleH-u-^[1]

Etymology edit

An extension of *gel- (“to ball up, clump”); compare *gley-.

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to ball up, clump together
swelling, lump

Extensions edit

*glew-t-
- ⇒ *gléwt-s (root noun)
  - Proto-Italic: *glouts
    - Latin: glūs
- ⇒
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic:
      - Slovene: glûta (“lump, swelling”)
- ⇒ *glowt-ó-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *gloutós
    - >? Ancient Greek: γλουτός (gloutós, “rump”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms edit

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*gléw-ō
- Proto-Germanic: *klewô (“clod, lump, mass”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ग्लौ (gláu-, “swelling, tumor”)^[1]
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: gluo

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “gláu-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[12] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 511

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “362–364”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 362–364

glewbʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

to split

Derived terms edit

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*gléwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *kleubaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *glouβō^[2] (see there for further descendants)
*glúbʰ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *glúpʰō
  - Ancient Greek: γλύφω (glúphō)
*glowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *klaubijaną (see there for further descendants)
*glewbʰ-m-eh₂
- Proto-Italic: *glouβ(s)mā^[2]
  - Latin: glūma (“husk, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
*gléwbʰ-ti-s ~ *glubʰ-téy-s
- Proto-Germanic: *kluftiz (see there for further descendants)
*glubʰ-on-
- Proto-Germanic: *klubô
  - Proto-West Germanic: *klubō
    - Old High German: chlobo
      - Middle High German: klobe
        Cimbrian: khlóop
        
        German: Klobe, Kloben
    - Middle Dutch: clove
      - Dutch: kloof
        Afrikaans: kloof
        → English: kloof
        → Papiamentu: kloof (dated)
- Old Norse: klofi (“fork of a river”)

Unsorted derivations:

Old English: clufu
- Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
  - English: clove
  - Scots: clow
Old Norse: klof (“fissure”)
- Icelandic: klof (“crotch”)
- Middle Irish: *clob (“tongs”)
  - Irish: tlú, clobhadh (obsolete)
  - Manx: cloughyn pl
  - Scottish Gaelic: clobha

References edit

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[13], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “glūbō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 266

gley- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to smear, putty
to stick, glue

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gleh₁y-^[2]
*gley-^[3]^[4]

Derived terms edit

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*gléyH-ti (athematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀtei
  - Lithuanian: gliejù, gliēti (“to smear, putty”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHiti
  - Proto-Iranian: *gráHitī
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γrcy-, “to roll; to smear with clay”)
*gli-né-H-ti ~ *gli-n-H-énti (nasal infix present)^[3]^[1]^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *glinati (“to glue”)
- Proto-Germanic: *klinaną (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)
*gléyH-neh₂^[5]^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀnāˀ (“clay”) (see there for further descendants)
*gléyH-n̥ ~ *gliH-én-s^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γλῑ́νη (glī́nē)
*gleyH-wéh₂^[9]^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀwāˀ (“slime, fungus”)
  - Latvian: glīve
  - Lithuanian: gleīvės
  - Proto-Slavic: *glìva (“fungus”) (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Finnic: *liiva (“slime”)
- Proto-Germanic: *klīwō^[9]
  - Old High German: klīwa, klīa, klīga
    - Middle High German: klīwe, klīe
      - German: Kleie (“bran”)
*gléyH-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHyas
  - Proto-Iranian: *gráHyah^[12]
    - Shughni: [script needed] (jiray, “pottery clay”)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (γuroi, “clay, earth, mud”)
*gl̥Hí-h₂
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γλία (glía, “glue”)
*gl̥Hy-ó-s^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *glьjь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)
*gl̥Hi-t-tó-s^[14]
- Proto-Italic: *glittos
  - Latin: glittus (“sticky, cohesive”)
*gl̥Hi-t-us
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glitus
  - Latvian: glits, glîts (“slippery”)
  - Lithuanian: glitùs (“sticky”), (dialectal) glytùs
*gliH-yó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHyás
  - Proto-Iranian: *griHyáh^[15]^[12]
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γг’h, “clay, dirt”)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (grīha-)
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (γг’у, “mud, clay, pottery”)
*glóyH-mo-s^[14]
- Proto-Germanic: *klaimaz (“clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *klaimijaną (“to smear with clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)
*gloyH-ni-s^[16]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀnis
  - Proto-Slavic: *glěnь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)
*glóyH-t-n̥ ~ *gl̥iH-t-én-s (“slime, glue”)^[14]
- Proto-Italic: *gloiten (“clay, mortar”)^[14]
  - Latin: glūten (see there for further descendants)
*glóyH-to-m
- Proto-Germanic: *klaiþą (see there for further descendants)
*gloyH-wó-s (“sticky; sticky substance”)^[4]^[17]^[5]^[18]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀwa
  - Proto-Slavic: *glěvъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γλοιός (gloiós) (< earlier *γλοιϝός (*gloiwós) or *γλοιι̯ός (*gloii̯ós) (for which see below))^[3]^[5]
*gloyH-y-ó-s^[9]
- Proto-Germanic: *klajjaz (“clay”)^[3]^[9] (or from *gloh₁i-wó-s above) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *klaij (“clay”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *gleitja (< *gley-t-y-)
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-gleitja^[19]
    - Albanian: ngjis (“to stick to, glue”)
- Proto-Albanian: *glitja
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-glitja
    - Albanian: ngjit
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Lydian: 𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠 (kλida, “earth”) (probably)
- >? Proto-Armenian:
  - Middle Armenian: կաղջին (kaġǰin)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*glei̯H-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 190
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*glieti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 183: “*gleh₁i-”
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “glei”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 362–364
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fick, August (1890–1909) “glei-”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 276-277: “*γλοιϝός”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gli-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 160
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*glìna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 164
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gléˀināˀ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 164
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klajja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 291-292: “*gloi-(i)o-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*glìva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 182
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gléˀināˀ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 164
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*1grai- : gri-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 283-284
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*glьjь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 168
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “glūten”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 266-267: “*gloiten-”
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “ɣг’у”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 167: “*griya”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*glĕnь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 163
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 122: “*gloiwos ‘clay’”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*glěvъ; *glěvь; *glěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 163
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “ngjis”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN

gleybʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Perhaps an extended form of *gley-.

Root edit

*PIE roots g (imperfective)

to stick

Derived terms edit

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*gléybʰ-e-ti (root present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *klībaną
*glibʰ-éh₁ye-ti^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *klibāną
*gleybʰ-os
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *glibъ

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klīban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 292-293
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klibēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gleibh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 363

ǵneh₃- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g (perfective)^[1]

to recognise, to know

Derived terms edit

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*ǵi-ǵneh₃-ti (reduplicated present stem)
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō
  - Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
*ǵnéh₃-ti (root present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *ծան- (*can-), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam)
    - Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
*ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
*ǵneh₃-dʰl-
- Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis
  - Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-meh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)
*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
    - → Latin: grōma
- Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnéh₃-mō
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
    - → English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
    - Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
    - → Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
    - → Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-ri-
- Proto-Italic: *gnōriā
  - Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-ro-
- Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))
- Italic: *gnāros, *engnāros, *engnārāō, *gnārāō
  - Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-ti-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)
      - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /⁠Zand⁠/, “Zand of Avesta”)
  - Indic:
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)
- Italic: *gnōtiō
  - Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-wo-
- Italic:
  - Latin: gnāvus
*ǵn̥h₃-yo-m
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
  - Old Norse: kyn
    - Icelandic: kyn
  - → Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
    - Finnish: kone (“machine”)
    - Karelian: koneh
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)
  - Old Irish: gnúis
    - Irish: gnúis
    - Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gnis
    - Middle Welsh: gnis
- Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)

References edit

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[14], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 373

gʷeh₂- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root edit

*PIE roots g (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to step
to go
to stand

Derived terms edit

*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei^[3] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt
    - Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)
  - Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)
*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Armenian:^[5]
  - Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
    - Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti
    - Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)
*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáHyaHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáHyaHt
    - Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt)
*gʷéh₂-ye-ti^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*gʷh₂-ye-ti^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *bayeti
  - Old Irish: baïd
*gʷeh₂-t-eh₁ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)
*gʷoh₂-t-éye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)
*gʷh₂-tós
- Proto-Celtic: *batos^[7]
  - Old Irish: at·bath
  - Old Irish: bath (“death”)
  - Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)
*gʷe-gʷ(e)h₂-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)
*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷḗmə
  - Ancient Greek: βῆμα (bêma) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́ma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gā́ma
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: प्रगामन् (pragā́man, “step, gait”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gā́ma
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (gāman)
    - Baluchi: گام (gám)
    - Persian: گام (gâm)
    - Northern Kurdish: gav (“step”)
*gʷoh₂-mós
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós
  - Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)
*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s
- Proto-Armenian:^[5]
  - Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
    - Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)
  - Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas
  - Proto-Slavic: *gazъ^[8] (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 463-464
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯eh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 205
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “goti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βαίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 249-250
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bā-, *ba-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gazъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 113

gʷelH- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing

Reconstruction notes edit

On the basis of Celtic nasal-infix present *balnīti and several Greek derived terms like βέλεμνον (bélemnon, “javelin, dart”) the laryngeal may be reconstructed as *h₁.

Derived terms edit

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*gʷelH-éti (root present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti
  - Proto-Iranian: *gráHti
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)
      - Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)
    - Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)
  - Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)
- Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)
*gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)
- Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷélH-os
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)
*gʷelH-ón-eh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)
*gʷélH-m̥n-o-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)
*gʷelh₁-éh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō
  - Latin: volō (“to fly”)^[1] (possibly)
*gʷl̥H-id-yé-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)
*gʷl̥H-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)
*gʷl̥H-tós
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)
*gʷl̥H-trom
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)
*gʷolH-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)
*gʷolH-mos
- Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)
*gʷόlH-os
- possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas
  - Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)
  - Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)
  - Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)
  - Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)
    - → Latvian: žēl
    - → Russian: жаль (žalʹ)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

References edit

http://qamosona.com/G/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545aaf9b9ea5afac5f61ab.xhtml

gʷelh₂- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

acorn

Derived terms edit

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*gʷelh₂-gʷl̥h₂ (reduplication)^[4]
- Proto-Albanian: *gāgul
  - Albanian: gogël
*gʷelh₂-ond⁽ʰ⁾-is^[2]^[3]^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gelandis
  - Proto-Slavic: *želǫdь (see there for further descendants)
*gʷl̥h₂-nd⁽ʰ⁾-is^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *glānts < *gʷlānds
  - Latin: glāns (see there for further descendants)
*gʷl̥h₂-eh₁^[2]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīlˀē
  - Latvian: zīle
  - Lithuanian: gìlė̃, gỹlė̃
  - Old Prussian: gile
*gʷĺ̥h₂-nos or *gʷl̥h₂-enos^[2]^[3]^[7]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կաղին (kałin)
    - Armenian: կաղին (kaġin)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́lanos
  - Ancient Greek: βᾰ́λᾰνος (bálanos)
*dyew-gʷl̥h₂-eno- (“divine acorn”)^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Armenian: *tukułin ← *tukałin
  - Old Armenian:
    - Armenian: տկողին (tkoġin, “hazelnut”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Διὸς βάλᾰνος (Diòs bálanos), διοσβάλᾰνος (diosbálanos, “sweet chestnut”)
- Proto-Italic: *djouglānts
  - Latin: iūglāns (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - >? Sanskrit: गुल (gula, “glans penis, clitoris”) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “volō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 687–688
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “glāns”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 263–264
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βάλανος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Demiraj, B. (1997) “gogël”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[15] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997) “gile”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[16] (in Lithuanian), Vilnius
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žȅlǫdь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 556
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 236, 348–349
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2013) “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎^[17], number 10, page 112

gʷem- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Etymology edit

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root edit

*PIE roots g (perfective)

to step^[1]

Derived terms edit

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*gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (root aorist)
*gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[1]
*gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷenjō (see there for further descendants)
*gʷḿ̥s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gás
    - Sanskrit: ग (ga)
*gʷém-e-ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰámati (see there for further descendants)
*gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)
*gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s
*gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ
    - Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷentus
  - Latin: ventus
*gʷm̥-tó-s
*gʷm̥-dʰ-mo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *gat
  - Albanian: gati
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եկ (ek)
    - Armenian: եկ (ek)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)^[3]
    - → Latvian: ģimene
  - Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-
  - Tocharian A: kum-
  - Tocharian B: käm-

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[18], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gymis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 176–177
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “giminė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 176

gʷen- edit

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷen-

gʷerH- edit

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerh₃- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]

to express approval; praise
to elevate

Derived terms edit

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*gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay
    - Sanskrit: जरते (járate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay
    - Persian: پراچی جر (parâči jar-)
*gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *barnati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)
*gʷer-s-
- Proto-Albanian: *griś
  - Albanian: grish
*gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei
  - Latvian: dzir̃u
  - Lithuanian: gìrti
  - Old Prussian: girtwei
  - Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)
- *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-é-ti
  - Armenian:
    - Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)
  - *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-éye-ti
    - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
      - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
        Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)
  - *gʷr̥dʰh₁-ó-s^[7]
    - Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)^[8]
- Proto-Albanian: *grah
  - Albanian: grah

(perhaps) *gʷerH-os^[9]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gẽras
*gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ
    - Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)
- Proto-Italic: *grātis
  - Latin: grātēs
  - Oscan: brateis, 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις, β[ρα]ιτηισ
  - Paelignian: brat, brais
  - Vestinian: brat
*gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Celtic: *brātus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *grātu-
  - Latin: grātuītus
*gʷorH-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
- Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)
*gʷorH-no-^[10]^[12]
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno^[12]
    - Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)
    - Czech: hrany
    - Slovak: hrana
    - Sorbian:
      Upper Sorbian: hrono
      
      Lower Sorbian: grono
*gʷr̥H-tós^[10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás
    - Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷrātos^[10]
  - Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: βρατωμ (in the neuter)
  - Paelignian: bratom (in the neuter)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 478-479
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57–58
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gìrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 178–179
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 566
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 566
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žьrьcь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 567
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2017–2018) “Chapter XI: Celtic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Celtic, page 1256
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “grah”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[19] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 180
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “geras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 271-272
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 74–75
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) chapter 180, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 179

gʷerh₃- edit

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g^[1]^[2]

to swallow, devour, eat

Derived terms edit

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*gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (aorist)^[3]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)

*gʷérh₃-ti ~ *gʷr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *gʷorō^[4]
  - Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (stative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́rHa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́rHa
    - Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

*gʷé-gʷorh₃-s-tor ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-s-n̥tór (s-enlarged e-reduplicated athematic present, middle only)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ágrastar (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)^[2]^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti
    - Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Háti
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (gar^əm)

*gʷi-gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (reduplicate sḱe-present)^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷigʷrṓskō
  - Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”), ἔβρων (ébrōn, aor. act.), ἐβρώθην (ebrṓthēn, aor. pass.) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷerh₃-tló-m^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá^[6]
  - Lithuanian: gerklė̃ (“throat, larynx”), (dialectical) gérklę
  - Proto-Slavic: *žerdlò (“throat, mouth”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)

*gʷérh₃-tro-s^[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *kwerþrą (“bait”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)

*gʷerh₃-wéh₂^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *kwerkō (“throat”)^[7] (see there for further descendants)

*gʷorh₃-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́
  - Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH
    - Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

*gʷórh₃-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros
  - Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

*gʷorh₃-ó-s^[1]^[3]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Armenian: կեր (ker)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás
    - Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

*gʷo-gʷorh₃-tro-m^[3]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

*gʷr̥h₃-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás
    - Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

*gʷr̥h₃-tló-m^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Albanian: *gritlā^[9]
  - >? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *engranti
- Albanian: ngrënë
  - Albanian: hangër

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯er-, g^u̯erə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 404
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯erh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 211-212
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ker-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 359-360
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vorō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 690
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kwerþra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 318
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “gerklė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kwerkō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 317
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gъ̀rdlo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 198: “n. o (a) ‘throat’”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grellë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 122: “IE *g^u̯r̥tlom”

gʷeyh₃- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to live

Derived terms edit

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*gʷéyh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷéyomai
  - Ancient Greek: βείομαι (beíomai), βέομαι (béomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyHati
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰáyHati
    - Persian: زیستن (zistan, “to live”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: śo-
  - Tocharian B: śai-
*gʷoyh₃-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gájīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *gojìti (see there for further descendants)
*gʷoyh₃-ó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gajás
  - Proto-Slavic: *gȍjь (see there for further descendants)
*gʷeyh₃-to-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géiˀta (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *bētom (see there for further descendants)
*gʷih₃-wó-s (“alive, living”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *džita
  - Albanian: nxit
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կեամ (keam)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὑγιής (hugiḗs)
- Italic:
  - Latin: iūgis

References edit

Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 356
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^{The template Template:R:sq:Orel:2000 does not use the parameter(s): head=nxit
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[23], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 97

gʷʰedʰ- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

to request, pray, ask for

Derived terms edit

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*gʷʰédʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
*gʷʰodʰ-éye-ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰādʰáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *gādáyati
*gʷʰ-ne-dʰ- ~ *gʷʰ-n̥-dʰ- (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gend-
  - Lithuanian: gedáuti, gedė́ti, pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù)
  - Proto-Slavic: *žę̄dàti, *žęďati (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰédʰ-ti-s ~ *gʷʰdʰ-téy-s
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷeddis
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Welsh: gweddi
  - Old Irish: geiss (“curse, taboo”)
    - Irish: geis
*gʷʰedʰ-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“request, plea”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰedʰ-yeh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyā
  - Old Irish: guide (“prayer”)
    - Irish: guí
    - Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)
    - Scottish Gaelic: guidhe
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գոթի (gotʻi, “worship, sorcery”) (?)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόθος (póthos), ποθή (pothḗ), ποθέω (pothéō) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-o-), θέσσασθαι (théssasthai) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-)

References edit

Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 488, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 488
Derksen, Rick (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Brill Leiden-Boston, p. 571

gʷʰen- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to strike, slay, kill

Derived terms edit

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*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)
*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)
- Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))^[4]
  - Latin: *fendō^[5]
    - ⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Albanian: *jaga^[6]
  - Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja
    - Albanian: gjuaj
- Armenian:^[7]
  - Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei^[8]
  - Latvian: dzenêt
  - Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti^[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō^[10]
  - Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)
*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti
  - Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /⁠kʷəšké-⁠/)^[11]
- Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-^[12]
  - Tocharian B: käsk-
*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: geguin
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ
    - Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š
    - Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)
*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei^[13]
  - Latvian: ganît
  - Lithuanian: ganýti
  - Proto-Slavic: *gonìti^[14] (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)
*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)
*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰn̥-tr-éh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”)^[15] (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰn̥-tr-íh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)^[15]
*gʷʰón-o-s^[16]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰónos
  - Ancient Greek: φόνος (phónos, “murder”)
    - Greek: φόνος (fónos)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánás
  - Proto-Slavic: *gonъ (“chase, pursuit, hunt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás
    - Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰón-ō
  - Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰon-éh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʷʰón-yeh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰón-is ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és^[17]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)
*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́
    - Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́
    - Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)
    - Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠jaⁿtar⁠/, “one who strikes”)

Descendants edit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯hen-(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 491-493
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-fendō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 210-211
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 218
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “gjúaj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[20] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 191-192
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ǰinǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 559
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “genėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 170-171
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žę̀ti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 561
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 536-537
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kue(n)-^zi / kun- / kuu̯a(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 561-562
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “käsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 189
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ganyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gonìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 177
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*jaθra-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 141–142
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[21], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “gan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 198

gʷʰer- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*PIE roots g

warm, hot

Derived terms edit

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*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja
  - Albanian: ziej, zie
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti
  - ⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō
  - Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)
*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)
- Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti
    - Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti) (root घृ (ghṛ))^[3]
*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti
    - Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)^[4]
*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)^[1]
*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)^[1]
- Proto-Albanian: *grāja
  - Albanian: ngroh
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō
  - Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)
*gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os^[2]
*gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)
    - Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)
  - Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰer-mó-s^[5]^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Albanian: *džerma
  - Albanian: zjarr, zjarm, ζηᾶρμ, (perhaps) zjarrë
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
    - Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós
  - Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)
    - Greek: θερμός (thermós)
- Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)^[7]
*gʷʰor-mó-s^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas
  - Old Prussian: gorme (warm, heat), gormapada^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *formos
  - Latin: formus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás
    - Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá)^[8] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *garmáh
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)
    - Western Iranian:
      - Northwestern Iranian:
        Northern Kurdish: germ
        
        Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)
      - Southwestern Iranian:
        Persian: گرم (garm)
*gʷʰor-nó-s^[9]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: gorn
*gʷʰr̥-nó-s^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas
  - Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás
    - Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá)^[4] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos^[9]
  - Latin: furnus, fornus (see there for further descendants)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 219-220
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θέρομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 542-543
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE roots g”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0379.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE roots g”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 379.
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “zjarm”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[22] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 429
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “formus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θερμός [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 541-542
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE roots g”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 376.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fornus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gъrnъ / *gъrno”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 210

gʷreh₂- edit

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Alternative reconstructions edit

*gʷerh₂-^[1]

Root edit

*PIE roots g (adjectival)

heavy
Antonym: *h₁lengʷʰ-

Derived terms edit

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots g' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*gʷréh₂-u-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂-éw-s
*gʷréh₂-mr̥ ~ *gʷr̥h₂-méns^[2]^[3]
- Proto-Tocharian: *krāmär^[2]
  - Tocharian A: *krāmär
    - ⇒ Tocharian A: krāmärts
  - Tocharian B: krāmär
*gʷréh₂-mō ~ *gʷr̥h₂-m̥nés^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárHmā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárHmā
    - Sanskrit: गरिमन् (gariman), गरिमा (garimā, nom.sg.)
*gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós (+ *semh₂-)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hsmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hsmás
    - Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá, “summer”) (see there for further descendants)

References edit

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯er-, g^u̯erə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 476-477
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krāmär”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 230-231
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kuru”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 312

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gē(i)- : gō(i)- : gī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 355

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g⁽ʷ⁾eH(i̯)-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 183

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gaH³”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gajati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 161

[D2015-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “giedoti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

[6] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[8] Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.

[9] Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.

[10] Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.

[11] Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.

[12] Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112

[13] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2272: “*gerH-”

[EDL-14] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grūs, -uis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274

[15] Proto-Indo-European Roots Database

[16] Derksen, Rick (2015) “groti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190

[17] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grajati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 185–186

[18] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “grē or greay”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 228

[19] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grakati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 186

[20] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grāculus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[AHD-21] Watkins, Calvert (Ed.) (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, New York. →ISBN.

[Babel-22] Starostin, Sergei (1998). The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project.

[23] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grua ~ grue”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 125

[24] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[LIV-25] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑eu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 166-167

[26] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 399

[27] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 255

[28] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[Kroonen-29] 6.0 ^6.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*keusan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 286

[Kroonen_2-30] 7.0 ^7.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kusti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313

[31] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kustu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313

[32] Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

[33] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press

[Matasovic-34] 2.0 ^2.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

[Kroonen-35] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[36] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 472

[Derksen-37] Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN

[38] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[39] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “zulë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 526

[40] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, § 1.4.1.1. Material, pages 92–93, s.v. “habēre”

[41] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gabati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 159–160

[LIV-42] 3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 193

[43] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*geban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173

[44] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[45] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[46] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 454A.1

[47] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑ʰeh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 173

[IEW-48] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghabh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 407–409

[LIV-49] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*⁽g̑⁾ʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 195–196

[EDPC-50] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gab-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 148–149

[RPIELL-51] 4.0 ^4.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, § 1.4.1.1. Material, pages 92–93, s.v. “habēre”

[EDL-52] 5.0 ^5.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “habeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 277–278

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	A user suggests that this Proto-Indo-European user page be moved, merged or split, giving the reason: “perhaps this section should be moved to *ǵʰerH- as it seems this is the preferred reconstruction”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for moves, mergers and splits⁽⁺⁾ for more information and remove this template after the request has been fulfilled.

User:Sobreira/PIE roots g

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