User:AmazingJus/chinaofmiddle
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Middle Chinese, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
edit- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
editNo. | English | Old Chinese 上古漢語 |
IPA pronunciation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | I | 吾 | ŋuo, ŋˠa |
2 | you (singular) | 汝 | ȵɨʌX replace ȵ with n̠ʲ, invalid IPA characters (ȵX) |
3 | he | 伊 | ʔiɪ |
4 | we | 我 | ŋɑX invalid IPA characters (X) |
5 | you (plural) | 汝 | ȵɨʌX replace ȵ with n̠ʲ, invalid IPA characters (ȵX) |
6 | they | 彼, 之 | pˠiᴇX, t͡ɕɨ obsolete or nonstandard characters (ᴇ), invalid IPA characters (ᴇX) |
7 | this | 此, 斯 | t͡sʰiᴇX, siᴇ obsolete or nonstandard characters (ᴇᴇ), invalid IPA characters (ᴇXᴇ) |
8 | that | 彼 | pa[j]ʔ invalid IPA characters ([]) |
9 | here | [[]] | |
10 | there | [[]] | |
11 | who | 孰 | duk |
12 | what | 何 | gga[j] replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (gg[]) |
13 | where | 何處 | ggaj t-ʔhaʔ replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (gg) |
14 | when | 迨 | Ł(h)ǝ̄ʔ replace ǝ with ə, invalid IPA characters (Łǝ) |
15 | how | 如何 | na ggaj replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (gg) |
16 | not | 不 | pəʔ |
17 | all | 凡 | brom |
18 | many | 多 | tāj |
19 | some | [[]] | |
20 | few | 少 | tewʔ |
21 | other | 他, 它 | slāj |
22 | one | 一 | ʔit |
23 | two | 二 | ni[jtk]-s invalid IPA characters ([]) |
24 | three | 三 | s-hhləm |
25 | four | 四 | s-hlij-s |
26 | five | 五 | ŋŋaʔ |
27 | big | 大 | N-ttat-s replace N with ɴ, invalid IPA characters (N) |
28 | long | 長 | N-traŋ replace N with ɴ, invalid IPA characters (N) |
29 | wide | 廣 | kkwaŋʔ |
30 | thick | 敦 | ttu[l] invalid IPA characters ([]) |
31 | heavy | 重 | N-troŋʔ replace N with ɴ, invalid IPA characters (N) |
32 | small | 小 | s-tewʔ |
33 | short | 短 | ttunʔ |
34 | narrow | 狹 | N-kkrep replace N with ɴ, invalid IPA characters (N) |
35 | thin | 細 | ssəj-s |
36 | woman | 女 | nraʔ |
37 | man (male) | 男 | nnəm |
38 | man (human) | 人 | nin/ŋ invalid IPA characters (/) |
39 | child | 子 | tsəʔ |
40 | wife | 妻 | s-hhləj |
41 | husband | 夫 | pa |
42 | mother | 母 | mmoʔ |
43 | father | 父 | baʔ |
44 | animal | [[]] | |
45 | fish | 魚 | ŋa |
46 | bird | 鳥 | ttiwʔ |
47 | dog | 犬 | kkhwirʔ |
48 | louse | 蝨 | srik |
49 | snake | 蛇 | m-laj |
50 | worm | 蚓 | linʔ |
51 | tree | 木 | mhōk |
52 | forest | 林 | Cə-ləm invalid IPA characters (C) |
53 | stick | 杖 | draŋʔ |
54 | fruit | 實 | m-lit |
55 | seed | 種 | toŋʔ |
56 | leaf | 葉 | lap |
57 | root | 根 | kkən |
58 | bark (of a tree) | [[]] | |
59 | flower | 華 | GGwhra replace G with ɢ, invalid IPA characters (GG) |
60 | grass | 草 | ttshuʔ |
61 | rope | 繩 | mləŋ |
62 | skin | 皮 | m-paj |
63 | meat | 肌 | k(r)ij |
64 | blood | 血 | hhmik |
65 | bone | 骨 | kkut |
66 | fat (noun) | 脂 | kij |
67 | egg | 卵 | Cə-llorʔ invalid IPA characters (C) |
68 | horn | 角 | krōk |
69 | tail | 尾 | məjʔ |
70 | feather | 羽 | waʔ |
71 | hair | 毛 | mmaw |
72 | head | 首 | hluʔ |
73 | ear | 耳 | nəŋʔ |
74 | eye | 目 | miwk |
75 | nose | 鼻 | m-Pit(-s) obsolete or nonstandard characters (P), invalid IPA characters (P) |
76 | mouth | 口 | kkhoʔ |
77 | tooth | 牙 | m-ʔhra |
78 | tongue | 舌 | m-lat |
79 | fingernail | 指 | |
80 | foot | 足 | tsok |
81 | leg | 腿 | hhnujʔ |
82 | knee | 膝 | sit |
83 | hand | 手 | hnuʔ |
84 | wing | 翼 | lək |
85 | belly | 肚 | m-ttaʔ |
86 | guts | 腸 | |
87 | neck | 頸 | kkreŋʔ |
88 | back | 背 | ppək-s |
89 | breast | 乳 | noʔ |
90 | heart | 心 | sǝm replace ǝ with ə, invalid IPA characters (ǝ) |
91 | liver | 肝 | kkar |
92 | to drink | 飲 | ʔəmʔ |
93 | to eat | 食 | m-lək |
94 | to bite | 噬 | det-s |
95 | to suck | 噆 | ttsəp |
96 | to spit | 吐 | tthaʔ |
97 | to vomit | 嘔 | qqoʔ |
98 | to blow | 呼 | qqwha |
99 | to breathe | 息 | sək |
100 | to laugh | 笑 | s-ŋawk-s |
101 | to see | 睹 | ttaʔ |
102 | to hear | 聞 | mun |
103 | to know | 知 | tre |
104 | to think | 恁 | nəmʔ |
105 | to smell | 嗅 | qhuk-s |
106 | to fear | 畏 | quj-s |
107 | to sleep | 寢 | tshimʔ |
108 | to live | 生 | sreŋ |
109 | to die | 死 | sijʔ |
110 | to kill | 殺 | ssret |
111 | to fight | 鬥 | tōks |
112 | to hunt | 獵 | Cə-rap invalid IPA characters (C) |
113 | to hit | 擊 | kkek |
114 | to cut | 斷 | tto[n]ʔ invalid IPA characters ([]) |
115 | to split | 裂 | ret |
116 | to stab | 刺 | tshek-s |
117 | to scratch | 刮 | kkrot |
118 | to dig | 掘 | m-k(h)ut |
119 | to swim | 泳 | wraŋ-s |
120 | to fly | 飛 | pər |
121 | to walk | 行 | ggraŋ replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (gg) |
122 | to come | 來 | mə-rrə(k) |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 臥 | ŋŋoj-s |
124 | to sit | 坐 | ddʒojʔ |
125 | to stand | 立 | kə-rəp |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | 轉 | tronʔ |
127 | to fall | 墮 | llo[j] invalid IPA characters ([]) |
128 | to give | 賦 | pas |
129 | to hold | 執 | t-nəp |
130 | to squeeze | [[]] | |
131 | to rub | 擦 | ćhrāt invalid IPA characters (ć) |
132 | to wash | 洗 | sǝ̄rʔ replace ǝ with ə, invalid IPA characters (ǝ) |
133 | to wipe | 拭 | ƛhǝk obsolete or nonstandard characters (ƛ), replace ǝ with ə and ƛ with t͡ɬ, invalid IPA characters (ƛǝ) |
134 | to pull | 引 | Łinʔ invalid IPA characters (Ł) |
135 | to push | 推 | thūj |
136 | to throw | 投 | ddo |
137 | to tie | 繫 | kkej-s |
138 | to sew | 縫 | boŋ |
139 | to count | 數 | sroʔ |
140 | to say | 曰 | wat |
141 | to sing | 歌 | kāj |
142 | to play | [[]] | |
143 | to float | [[]] | |
144 | to flow | 流 | Cə-lu invalid IPA characters (C) |
145 | to freeze | [[]] | |
146 | to swell | [[]] | |
147 | sun | 日 | njit |
148 | moon | 月 | ŋwat |
149 | star | 星 | sseŋ |
150 | water | 水 | hlujʔ |
151 | rain | 雨 | waʔ |
152 | river | [[]] | |
153 | lake | 湖 | ga replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (g) |
154 | sea | 海 | hhməj? obsolete or nonstandard characters (?), invalid IPA characters (?) |
155 | salt | 滷 | rraʔ |
156 | stone | 石 | dak |
157 | sand | 沙 | ssraj |
158 | dust | 塵 | drən |
159 | earth | 土 | tthaʔ |
160 | cloud | 雲 | wən |
161 | fog | 霧 | mo(k-)s |
162 | sky | 天 | hllin |
163 | wind | 風 | prəm |
164 | snow | [[]] | |
165 | ice | [[]] | |
166 | smoke | 煙 | ʔin |
167 | fire | 火 | hhməjʔ |
168 | ash | 灰 | hmə |
169 | to burn | 焚 | bən |
170 | road | 路 | kə-rrak-s |
171 | mountain | [[]] | |
172 | red | 赤 | t-qhak |
173 | green | 青 | ttsheng replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (g) |
174 | yellow | 黃 | N-kkwaŋ replace N with ɴ, invalid IPA characters (N) |
175 | white | 白 | N-pprak replace N with ɴ, invalid IPA characters (N) |
176 | black | 黑 | hhmək |
177 | night | 夜 | lak-s |
178 | day | 日 | ni[k,t] invalid IPA characters ([,]) |
179 | year | 歲 | s-qwat-s |
180 | warm | 熱 | ŋet |
181 | cold | 寒 | ggan replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (gg) |
182 | full | [[]] | |
183 | new | 新 | siŋ |
184 | old | 老 | rruʔ |
185 | good | 好 | qqhuʔ |
186 | bad | 惡 | qqak |
187 | rotten | 腐 | boʔ |
188 | dirty | 污 | qqwa |
189 | straight | [[]] | |
190 | round | [[]] | |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | 兓 | tsəm |
192 | dull (as a knife) | 敦 | ddu[n]-s invalid IPA characters ([]) |
193 | smooth | [[]] | |
194 | wet | 濕 | qhip |
195 | dry | 乾 | kkar |
196 | correct | 正 | teŋ-s |
197 | near | 近 | gə[n]ʔ replace g with ɡ, invalid IPA characters (g[]) |
198 | far | 遠 | wanʔ |
199 | right | 右 | wəʔ-s |
200 | left | 左 | ttsajʔ |
201 | at | [[]] | |
202 | in | [[]] | |
203 | with | [[]] | |
204 | and | 眔 | lləp |
205 | if | [[]] | |
206 | because | [[]] | |
207 | name | 名 | meŋ |
References
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