[geological eras (list, starting at given number of years bp)] Archeozoic[5,000,000,000], Proterozoic[1,500,000,000], Paleozoic[600,000,000], Mesozoic[220,000,000], Cenozoic[70,000,000].

[geological periods (list)] Precambrian, Cambrian[600,000,000], Ordovician[500,000,000], Silurian[440,000,000], Devonian[400,000,000], Mississippian[350,000,000], Pennsylvanian[300,000,000], Permian[270,000,000], Triassic[220,000,000], Jurassic[180,000,000], Cretaceous[135,000,000]; Tertiary[70,000,000], Paleogene[70,000,000], Neocene[25,0000,000]; Quaternary[1,000,000].

[geological epochs (list, starting at 70,000,000 years bp)] Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent.

Adv. since the world was made, since the year one, since the days of Methuselah.

Phr. vetera extollimus recentium incuriosi [Lat][Tacitus].

125. Morning

[Noon.]

N. morning, morn, forenoon, a.m., prime, dawn, daybreak; dayspring^†, foreday^†, sunup; peep of day, break of day; aurora; first blush of the morning, first flush of the morning, prime of the morning; twilight, crepuscule, sunrise; cockcrow, cockcrowing^†; the small hours, the wee hours of the morning.

spring; vernal equinox, first point of Aries.

noon; midday, noonday; noontide, meridian, prime; nooning, noontime. summer, midsummer.

Adj. matin, matutinal^†; vernal.

Adv. at sunrise &c. n.; with the sun, with the lark, "when the morning dawns".

Phr. "at shut of evening flowers" [Paradise Lost]; entre chien et loup[Fr]; "flames in the forehead of the morning sky" [Milton]; "the breezy call of incense-breathing morn" [Gray].

126. Evening

[Midnight.]

N. evening, eve; decline of day, fall of day, close of day; candlelight, candlelighting^†; eventide, nightfall, curfew, dusk, twilight, eleventh hour; sunset, sundown; going down of the sun, cock- shut, dewy eve, gloaming, bedtime.

afternoon, postmeridian, p.m.

autumn; fall, fall of the leaf; autumnal equinox; Indian summer, St. Luke's summer, St. Martin's summer.

midnight; dead of night, witching hour, witching hour of night, witching time of night; winter; killing time.

Adj. vespertine, autumnal, nocturnal.

Phr. "midnight, the outpost of advancing day" [Longfellow]; "sable- vested Night" [Milton]; "this gorgeous arch with golden worlds inlay'd" [Young].

127. Youth

N. youth; juvenility, juvenescence^†; juniority^†; infancy; babyhood, childhood, boyhood, girlhood, youthhood^†; incunabula; minority, nonage, teens, tender age, bloom.

cradle, nursery, leading strings, pupilage, puberty, pucelage^†.

prime of life, flower of life, springtide of life^†, seedtime of life, golden season of life; heyday of youth, school days; rising generation.

Adj. young, youthful, juvenile, green, callow, budding, sappy, puisne, beardless, under age, in one's teens; in statu pupillari[Lat]; younger, junior; hebetic^†, unfledged.

Phr. "youth on the prow and pleasure at the helm" [Gray]; " youth . . . the glad season of life" [Carlyle].

128. Age

N. age; oldness^† &c. adj.; old age, advanced age, golden years; senility, senescence; years, anility^†, gray hairs, climacteric, grand climacteric, declining years, decrepitude, hoary age, caducity^†, superannuation; second childhood, second childishness; dotage; vale of years, decline of life, "sear and yellow leaf" [Macbeth]; threescore years and ten; green old age, ripe age; longevity; time of life.

seniority, eldership; elders &c. (veteran) 130; firstling; doyen, father; primogeniture.

[Science of old age.] geriatrics, nostology|.

V. be aged &c. adj.; grow old, get old &c. adj.; age; decline, wane, dodder; senesce.

Adj. aged; old &c. 124; elderly, geriatric, senile; matronly, anile|; in years; ripe, mellow, run to seed, declining, waning, past one's prime; gray, gray-headed; hoar, hoary; venerable, time-worn, antiquated, passe, effete, decrepit, superannuated; advanced in life, advanced in years; stricken in years; wrinkled, marked withthe crow's foot; having one foot in the grave; doting &c. (imbecile) 499; like the last of pea time.

older, elder, eldest; senior; firstborn.

turned of, years old; of a certain age, no chicken, old as Methuselah; ancestral, patriarchal, &c. (ancient) 124; gerontic.

Phr. "give me a staff of honor for my age" [Titus Andronicus]; bis pueri senes [Lat]; peu de gens savent elre vieux[Fr]; plenus annis abiit plenus honoribus [Lat][Pliny the Younger]; "old age is creeping on apace" [Byron]; "slow-consuming age"' [Gray]; "the hoary head is a crown of glory" [Proverbs xvi, 31]; "the silver livery of advised age" [II Henry VI]; to grow old gracefully; "to vanish in the chinks that Time has made" [Rogers].

129. Infant

N. infant, babe, baby, babe in arms; nurseling, suckling, yearling, weanling; papoose, bambino; kid; vagitus.

child, bairn, little one, brat, chit, pickaninny, urchin; bantling, bratling^†; elf. youth, boy, lad, stripling, youngster, youngun, younker^†, callant^†, whipster^†, whippersnapper, whiffet ^†[U.S.], schoolboy, hobbledehoy, hopeful, cadet, minor, master. scion; sap, seedling; tendril, olive branch, nestling, chicken, larva, chrysalis, tadpole, whelp, cub, pullet, fry, callow; codlin ,codling; foetus, calf, colt, pup, foal, kitten; lamb, lambkin^†; aurelia^†, caterpillar, cocoon, nymph, nympha^†, orphan, pupa, staddle^†.

girl; lass, lassie; wench, miss, damsel, demoiselle; maid, maiden; virgin; hoyden.

Adj. infantine^†, infantile; puerile; boyish, girlish, childish, babyish, kittenish; baby; newborn, unfledged, new-fledged, callow.

in the cradle, in swaddling clothes, in long clothes, in arms, in leading strings; at the breast; in one's teens.

130. Veteran

N. veteran, old man, seer, patriarch, graybeard; grandfather, grandsire; grandam; gaffer, gammer; crone; pantaloon; sexagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian; old stager; dotard &c. 501.

preadamite^†, Methuselah, Nestor, old Parr; elders; forefathers &c. (paternity) 166.

Phr. "superfluous lags the veteran on the stage" [Johnson].

131. Adolescence

N. adolescence, pubescence, majority; adultism; adultness &c. adj.; manhood, virility, maturity full age, ripe age; flower of age; prime of life, meridian of life, spring of life. man &c. 373; woman &c. 374; adult, no chicken.

V. come of age, come to man's estate, come to years of discretion; attain majority, assume the toga virilis[Lat]; have cut one's eyeteeth, have sown one's mild oats.

Adj. adolescent, pubescent, of age; of full age, of ripe age; out of one's teens, grown up, mature, full grown, in one's prime, middle-aged, manly, virile, adult; womanly, matronly; marriageable, nubile.

3. Time with reference to an Effect or Purpose

5. Time with Reference to an Effect or Purpose

132. Earliness

N. {ant. 133} earliness &c. adj.; morning &c. 125.

punctuality; promptitude &c. (activity) 682; haste &c. (velocity) 274; suddenness &c. (instantaneity) 113.

prematurity, precocity, precipitation, anticipation; a stitch in time.

V. be early &c. adj., be beforehand &c. adv.; keep time, take time by the forelock, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start; steal a march upon; gain time, draw on futurity; bespeak, secure, engage, preengage^†.

accelerate; expedite &c. (quicken) 274; make haste &c. (hurry) 684.

Adj. early, prime, forward; prompt &c. (active) 682; summary.

premature, precipitate, precocious; prevenient^†, anticipatory; rath^†.

sudden &c. (instantaneous) 113; unexpected &c. 508; near, near at hand; immediate.

Adv. early, soon, anon, betimes, rath^†; eft, eftsoons; ere long, before long, shortly; .

beforehand; prematurely &c. adj.; precipitately &c. (hastily) 684; too soon; before its time, before one's time; in anticipation; unexpectedly &c. 508.

suddenly &c. (instantaneously) 113; before one can say "Jack Robinson", at short notice, extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion [Bacon]; at once; on the spot, on the instant; at sight; offhand, out of hand; a' vue d'oeil[Fr]; straight, straightway, straightforth^†; forthwith, incontinently, summarily, immediately, briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, before the ink is dry, almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, in no long time, by and by, in a while, directly.

Phr. no sooner said than done, immediately, if not sooner; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre[Fr].

132a. Punctuality

N. punctuality, promptness, immediateness.V. be prompt, be on time, be

in time; arrive on time; be in the nick of time.Adj. timely,

seasonable, in time, punctual, prompt.Adv. on time, punctually, at the deadline, precisely, exactly; right on time, to the minute; in time; in good time, in military time, in pudding time|, in due time; time enough;

with no time to spare, by a hair's breadth.Phr. touch and go, not a minute too soon, in the nick of time, just under the wire, get on board before the train leaves the station.

133. Lateness

N. {ant. 132} lateness &c. adj.; tardiness &c. (slowness) 275.

delay, delation; cunctation, procrastination; deferring, deferral &c. v.; postponement, adjournment, prorogation, retardation, respite, pause, reprieve, stay of execution; protraction, prolongation; Fabian policy, medecine expectante[Fr], chancery suit, federal case; leeway; high time; moratorium, holdover.

V. be late &c. adj.; tarry, wait, stay, bide, take time; dawdle &c. (be inactive) 683; linger, loiter; bide one's time, take one's time; gain time; hang fire; stand over, lie over.

put off, defer, delay, lay over, suspend; table [parliamentary]; shift off, stave off; waive, retard, remand, postpone, adjourn; procrastinate; dally; prolong, protract; spin out, draw out, lengthen out, stretch out; prorogue; keep back; tide over; push to the last, drive to the last; let the matter stand over; reserve &c. (store) 636; temporize; consult one's pillow, sleep on it.

lose an opportunity &c. 135; be kept waiting, dance attendance; kick one's heels, cool one's heels; faire antichambre[Fr]^†; wait impatiently; await &c. (expect) 507; sit up, sit up at night.

Adj. late, tardy, slow, behindhand, serotine^†, belated, postliminious^†, posthumous, backward, unpunctual, untimely; delayed, postponed; dilatory &c. (slow) 275; delayed &c. v.; in abeyance.

Adv. late; lateward^†, backward; late in the day; at sunset, at the eleventh hour, at length, at last; ultimately; after time, behind time, after the deadline; too late; too late for &c. 135.

slowly, leisurely, deliberately, at one's leisure; ex post facto; sine die [parl.].

Phr. nonum prematur in annum [Lat][Horace]; "against the sunbeams serotine and lucent" [Longfellow]; ie meglio tardi che mai[It]; deliberando saepe perit occasio [Lat][Syrus].

134. Occasion

N. {ant. 135} timeliness, occasion, opportunity, opening, room; event (eventuality) 151; suitable season, proper season , suitable time, proper time; high time; opportuneness &c. adj.; tempestivity^†.

crisis, turn, juncture, conjuncture; crisis, turning point, given time.

nick of time; golden opportunity, well timed opportunity, fine opportunity, favorable opportunity, opening; clear stage, fair field; mollia tempora[Lat]^†; fata Morgana[Lat]; spare time &c. (leisure) 685.

V. seize &c. (take) 789 an opportunity, use &c. 677 an opportunity, give &c. 784 an opportunity, use an occasion; improve the occasion.

suit the occasion &c. (be expedient) 646.

seize the occasion, strike while the iron is hot, battre le fer sur l'enclume[Fr], make hay while the sun shines, seize the present hour, take time by the forelock, prendre la balle au bond[Fr].

Adj. opportune, timely, well-timed, timeful^†, seasonable.

providential, lucky, fortunate, happy, favorable, propitious, auspicious, critical; suitable &c. 23; obiter dicta.

Adv. opportunely &c. adj.; in proper course, in due course, in proper season, in due season, in proper time, in due time; for the nonce; in the nick of time, in the fullness of time; all in good time; just in time, at the eleventh hour, now or never.

by the way, by the by; en passant[Fr], a propos[Fr]; pro re nata[Lat], pro hac vice[Lat]; par parenthese[Fr], parenthetically, by way of parenthesis, incidentally; while speaking of, while on the subject; extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion; on the spot &c. (early) 132.

Phr. carpe diem[Lat], [Horace]; occasionem cognosce[Lat]; one's hour is come, the time is up; that reminds me, now that you mention it, come to think of it; bien perdu bien connu[Fr]; e sempre l'ora[It]; ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius[Lat]; nosce tempus[Lat]; nunc aut nunquam[Lat].

135. Untimeliness

N. {ant. 134} untimeliness, intempestivity^†, unseasonableness, inexpedience; unsuitable time, improper time; unreasonableness &c. adj; evil hour; contretemps; intrusion; anachronism &c. 115.

bad time, wrong time, inappropriate time, not the right occasion, unsuitable time, inopportune time, poor timing.

V. be ill timed &c. adj.; mistime, intrude, come amiss, break in upon; have other fish to fry; be busy, be occupied.

lose an opportunity, throw away an opportunity, waste an opportunity, neglect &c. 460 an opportunity; allow the opportunity to pass, suffer the opportunity to pass, allow the opportunity to slip, suffer the opportunity to slip, allow the opportunity to go by, suffer the opportunity to go by, allow the opportunity to escape, suffer the opportunity to escape, allow the opportunity to lapse, suffer the opportunity to lapse, allow the occasion to pass, allow the occasion to slip by; waste time &c. (be inactive) 683; let slip through the fingers, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen.

Adj. ill-timed, mistimed; ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred; untimely, unseasonable; out of date, out of season; inopportune, timeless, intrusive, untoward, mal a propos[Fr], unlucky, inauspicious, infelicitous, unbefitting, unpropitious, unfortunate, unfavorable; unsuited &c. 24; inexpedient &c. 647.

unpunctual &c. (late) 133; too late for; premature &c. (early) 132; too soon for; wise after the event, monday morning quarterbacking, twenty- twenty hindsight.

Adv. inopportunely &c. adj.; as ill luck would have it, in an evil hour, the time having gone by, a day after the fair.

Phr. after death the doctor, after meat mustard.

6. Recurrent Time

136. Frequency

N. frequency, oftness^†, oftenness^†, commonness; repetition &c. 104; normality &c. 80; example (conformity) 82; routine, custom (habit) 613.

regularity, uniformity, constancy, clock-work precision; punctuality &c. (exactness) 494; even tenor; system; routine &c. (custom) 613; formula; rule &c. (form, regulation) 697; keynote, standard, model; precedent &c. (prototype) 22; conformity &c. 82.

V. recur &c. 104; do nothing but; keep, keep on.

Adj. frequent, many times, not rare, thickcoming^†, incessant, perpetual, continual, steady, constant, thick; uniform; repeated &c. 104; customary &c. 613 (habit) 613; regular (normal) 80; according to rule &c. (conformable) 82.

common, everyday, usual, ordinary, familiar.

old-hat, boring, well-known, trivial.

Adv. often, oft; ofttimes^†, oftentimes; frequently; repeatedly &c. 104; unseldom^†, not unfrequently^†; in quick succession, in rapid succession; many a time and oft; daily, hourly &c.; every day, every hour, every moment &c.

perpetually, continually, constantly, incessantly, without ceasing, at all times, daily and hourly, night and day, day and night, day after day, morning noon and night, ever anon, invariably (habit) 613 .

most often; commonly &c. (habitually) 613.

sometimes, occasionally, at times, now and then, from time to time, there being times when, toties quoties[Lat]^†, often enough, when the mood strikes, again and again.

137. Infrequency

N. infrequency, rareness, rarity; fewness &c. 103; seldomness^†; uncommonness.

V. be rare &c. adj.

Adj. unfrequent^†, infrequent; rare, rare as a blue diamond; few &c. 103; scarce; almost unheard of, unprecedented, which has not occurred within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, not within one's previous experience; not since Adam^†.

scarce as hen's teeth; one in a million; few and far between.

Adv. seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly; not often, not much, infrequently, unfrequently^†, unoften^†; scarcely, scarcely ever, hardly ever; once in a blue moon.

once; once in a blue moon; once in a million years; once for all, once in a way; pro hac vice[Lat].

Phr. ein mal kein mal[German].

138. Periodicity

Regularity of recurrence.

N. periodicity, intermittence; beat; oscillation &c. 314; pulse, pulsation; rhythm; alternation, alternateness, alternativeness, alternity^†.

bout, round, revolution, rotation, turn, say.

anniversary, jubilee, centenary.

catamenia^†;, courses, menses, menstrual flux.

[Regularity of return] rota, cycle, period, stated time, routine; days of the week; Sunday, Monday &c.; months of the year; January &c.; feast, fast &c.; Christmas, Easter, New Year's day &c.

Allhallows^†, Allhallowmas^†, All Saints' Day; All Souls', All Souls' Day; Ash Wednesday, bicentennial, birthday, bissextile^†, Candlemas^†, Dewali, groundhog day [U.S.], Halloween, Hallowmas^†, Lady day, leap year, Midsummer day, Muharram, woodchuck day [U.S.], St. Swithin's day, natal day; yearbook; yuletide.

punctuality, regularity, steadiness.

V. recur in regular order, recur in regular succession; return, revolve; come again, come in its turn; come round, come round again; beat, pulsate; alternate; intermit.

Adj. periodic, periodical; serial, recurrent, cyclical, rhythmical; recurring &c. v.; intermittent, remittent; alternate, every other.

hourly; diurnal, daily; quotidian, tertian, weekly; hebdomadal|, hebdomadary|; biweekly, fortnightly; bimonthly; catamenial|; monthly, menstrual; yearly, annual; biennial, triennial, &c.; centennial, secular; paschal, lenten, &c.

regular, steady, punctual, regular as clockwork.

Adv. periodically &c. adj.; at regular intervals, at stated times; at fixed established , at established periods; punctually &c. adj. de die in diem[Lat]; from day to day, day by day.

by turns; in turn, in rotation; alternately, every other day, off and on, ride and tie, round and round.

139. Irregularity

N. irregularity, uncertainty, unpunctuality; fitfulness &c. adj.; capriciousness, ecrhythmus|.

Adj. irregular, uncertain, unpunctual, capricious, desultory, fitful, flickering; rambling, rhapsodical; spasmodic; immethodical^†, unmethodical, variable.

Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits and starts &c. (discontinuously) 70.

Section VII. Change

1. Simple Change

140. Change

[Difference at different times.]

N. change, alteration, mutation, permutation, variation, modification, modulation, inflexion, mood, qualification, innovation, metastasis, deviation, turn, evolution, revolution; diversion; break.

transformation, transfiguration; metamorphosis; transmutation; deoxidization[Chem]; transubstantiation; mutagenesis[Genet], transanimation^†, transmigration, metempsychosis|; avatar; alterative.

conversion &c. (gradual change) 144; revolution &c. (sudden or radical change) 146 inversion &c. (reversal) 218; displacement &c. 185; transference &c. 270.

changeableness &c. 149; tergiversation &c. (change of mind) 607.

V. change, alter, vary, wax and wane; modulate, diversify, qualify, tamper with; turn, shift, veer, tack, chop, shuffle, swerve, warp, deviate, turn aside, evert, intervert^†; pass to, take a turn, turn the corner, resume.

work a change, modify, vamp, superinduce; transform, transfigure, transmute, transmogrify, transume^†; metamorphose, ring the changes.

innovate, introduce new blood, shuffle the cards; give a turn to, give a color to; influence, turn the scale; shift the scene, turn over a new leaf.

recast &c. 146; reverse &c. 218; disturb &c. 61; convert into &c. 144.

Adj. changed &c. v.; newfangled; changeable &c. 149; transitional; modifiable; alterative.

Adv. mutatis mutandis[Lat].

Int. quantum mutatus[Lat]!

Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; nous avons change tout cela [Fr][Moliere]; tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis[Lat]^†; non sum qualis eram [Lat][Horace]; casaque tourner[Fr]; corpora lente augescent cito extinguuntur [Lat]^†[Tacitus]; in statu quo ante bellum[Lat]; "still ending and beginning still" [Cowper]; vox audita perit littera scripta manet[Lat].

141. Permanence

[Absence of change.]

N. stability &c. 150; quiescence &c. 265; obstinacy &c. 606.

permanence, persistence, endurance; durability; standing, status quo; maintenance, preservation, conservation; conservation; law of the Medes and Persians; standing dish.

V. let alone, let be, let it be; persist, remain, stay, tarry, rest; stet [copy editing]; hold, hold on; last, endure, bide, abide, aby^†, dwell, maintain, keep; stand, stand still, stand fast; subsist, live, outlive, survive; hold one's ground, keep one's ground, hold one's footing, keep one's footing; hold good.

Adj. stable &c. 150; persisting &c. v.; permanent; established; unchanged &c. (change &c. 140); renewed; intact, inviolate; persistent; monotonous, uncheckered^†; unfailing.

undestroyed, unrepealed, unsuppressed^†; conservative, qualis ab incepto[Lat]; prescriptive &c. (old) 124; stationary &c. 265.

Adv. in statu quo[Lat]; for good, finally; at a stand, at a standstill; uti possidetis[Lat]; without a shadow of turning.

Phr. esto perpetua[Lat]; nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]^†; j'y suis et j'y ereste[Fr].

142. Cessation

[Change from action to rest.]

N. cessation, discontinuance, desistance, desinence^†.

intermission, remission; suspense, suspension; interruption; stop; stopping &c. v.; closure, stoppage, halt; arrival &c. 292. pause, rest, lull, respite, truce, drop; interregnum, abeyance; cloture [U.S. congress].

dead stop, dead stand, dead lock; finis, cerrado[Sp]; blowout, burnout, meltdown, disintegration; comma, colon, semicolon, period, full stop; end &c. 67; death &c. 360.

V. cease, discontinue, desist, stay, halt; break off, leave off; hold, stop, pull up, stop short; stick, hang fire; halt; pause, rest; burn out, blow out, melt down.

have done with, give over, surcease, shut up shop; give up &c. (relinquish) 624.

hold one's hand, stay one's hand; rest on one's oars repose on one's laurels.

come to a stand, come to a standstill; come to a deadlock, come to a full stop; arrive &c. 292; go out, die away; wear away, wear off; pass away &c. (be past) 122; be at an end; disintegrate, self-destruct.

intromit, interrupt, suspend, interpel^†; intermit, remit; put an end to, put a stop to, put a period to; derail; turn off, switch off, power down, deactivate, disconnect; bring to a stand, bring to a standstill; stop, cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent; pull the check- string, pull the plug on.

Int. hold! stop! enough! avast! have done! a truce to! soft! leave off! tenez[Fr]!

Phr. "I pause for a reply" [Julius Caesar].

143. Continuance

N. continuance, continuation; run; perpetuation, prolongation; persistence &c. (perseverance) 604a; repetition &c. 104.

V. continue, persist; go on, jog on, keep on, run on, hold on; abide, keep, pursue, stick to its course, take its course, maintain its course; carry on, keep up.

sustain, uphold, hold up, keep on foot; follow up, perpetuate; maintain; preserve &c. 604a; harp upon &c. (repeat) 104.

keep going, keep alive, keep the pot boiling, keep up the ball, keep up the good work; die in harness, die with one's boots on; hold on the even tenor of one's way, pursue the even tenor of one's way.

let be; stare super antiquas vias[Lat]^†; quieta non movere[Lat]; let things take their course; stare decisis [Lat][Jurisprudence].

Adj. continuing &c. v.; uninterrupted, unintermitting^†, unvarying, unshifting^†; unreversed^†, unstopped, unrevoked, unvaried; sustained; undying &c. (perpetual) 112; inconvertible.

Int. keep it up! go to it! right away! right on! attaboy!

Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]^†; vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat][Horace]; labitur et albetur [Lat]^†[Horace].

144. Conversion

N. conversion, reduction, transmutation, resolution, assimilation; evolution, sea change; change of state; assumption; naturalization; transportation; development [biol.], developing [photography].

[conversion of currency] conversion of currency, exchange of currency; exchange rate; bureau de change.

chemistry, alchemy; progress, growth, lapse, flux.

passage; transit, transition; transmigration, shifting &c. v.; phase; conjugation; convertibility.

crucible, alembic, caldron, retort.

convert, pervert, renegade, apostate.

V. be converted into; become, get, wax; come to, turn to, turn into, evolve into, develop into; turn out, lapse, shift; run into, fall into, pass into, slide into, glide into, grow into, ripen into, open into, resolve itself into, settle into, merge into, emerge as; melt, grow, come round to, mature, mellow; assume the form of, assume the shape of, assume the state of, assume the nature of, assume the character of; illapse|; begin a new phase, assume a new phase, undergo a change.

convert into, resolve into; make, render; mold, form &c. 240; remodel, new model, refound^†, reform, reorganize; assimilate to, bring to, reduce to.

Adj. converted into &c. v.; convertible, resolvable into; transitional; naturalized.

Adv. gradually, &c. (slowly) 275 in transitu &c. (transference) 270[Lat].

145. Reversion

N. reversion, return; revulsion.

turning point, turn of the tide; status quo ante bellum; calm before a storm. alternation &c. (periodicity) 138; inversion &c. 219; recoil &c. 277; retreat, regression, retrogression &c. 283; restoration &c. 660; relapse, recidivism &c. 661; atavism; vicinism^†;

V. revert, turn back, regress; relapse &c. 661; recoil &c. 277; retreat &c. 283; restore &c. 660; undo, unmake; turn the tide, roll back the tide, turn the scale, tip the scale.

Adj. reverting &c. v.; regressive, revulsive, reactionary; retrorse^†.

Adv. a rebours[Fr].

146. Revolution

[Sudden or violent change.]

N. revolution, bouleversement, subversion, break up; destruction &c. 162; sudden change, radical change, sweeping organic change; change of state, phase change; quantum leap, quantum jump; clean sweep, coup d'etat[Fr], counter revolution.

jump, leap, plunge, jerk, start, transilience|; explosion; spasm, convulsion, throe, revulsion; storm, earthquake, cataclysm.

legerdemain &c. (trick) 545.

V. revolutionize; new model, remodel, recast; strike out something new, break with the past; change the face of, unsex.

Adj. unrecognizable; revolutionary.

147. Substitution

[Change of one thing for another.]

N. substitution, commutation; supplanting &c. v.; metaphor, metonymy &c. (figure of speech) 521.

[Thing substituted] substitute, ersatz, makeshift, temporary expedient, replacement, succedaneum; shift, pis aller[Fr], stopgap, jury rigging, jury mast, locum tenens, warming pan, dummy, scapegoat; double; changeling; quid pro quo, alternative.

representative &c. (deputy) 759; palimpsest.

price, purchase money, consideration, equivalent.

V. substitute, put in the place of, change for; make way for, give place to; supply the place of, take the place of; supplant, supersede, replace, cut out, serve as a substitute; step into stand in the shoes of; jury rig, make a shift with, put up with; borrow from Peter to pay Paul, take money out of one pocket and put it in another, cannibalize; commute, redeem, compound for.

Adj. substituted &c.; ersatz; phony; vicarious, subdititious^†.

Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr].

148. Interchange

[Double or mutual change.]

N. interchange, exchange; commutation, permutation, intermutation; reciprocation, transposition, rearrangement; shuffling; alternation, reciprocity; castling [at chess]; hocus-pocus.

interchangeableness^†, interchangeability.

recombination; combination 48[ref], 84..

barter &c. 794; tit for tat &c. (retaliation) 718; cross fire, battledore and shuttlecock; quid pro quo.

V. interchange, exchange, counterchange^†; bandy, transpose, shuffle, change bands, swap, permute, reciprocate, commute; give and take, return the compliment; play at puss in the corner, play at battledore and shuttlecock; retaliate &c. 718; requite.

rearrange, recombine.

Adj. interchanged &c. v.; reciprocal, mutual, commutative, interchangeable, intercurrent^†.

combinatorial[Math, Statistics].

recombinant[Biology, Genetics].

Adv. in exchange, vice versa, mutatis mutandis[Lat], backwards and forwards, by turns, turn and turn about; each in his turn, everyone in his turn.

Adj. substituted &c. v.; vicarious, subdititious^†.

Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr].

2. Complex Change

149. Changeableness

N. changeableness &c. adj.; mutability, inconstancy; versatility, mobility; instability, unstable equilibrium; vacillation &c. (irresolution) 605; fluctuation, vicissitude; alternation &c. (oscillation) 314. restlessness &x. adj. fidgets, disquiet; disquietude, inquietude; unrest; agitation &c. 315.

moon, Proteus, chameleon, quicksilver, shifting sands, weathercock, harlequin, Cynthia of the minute, April showers^†; wheel of Fortune; transientness &c. 111^†.

V. fluctuate, vary, waver, flounder, flicker, flitter, flit, flutter, shift, shuffle, shake, totter, tremble, vacillate, wamble^†, turn and turn about, ring the changes; sway to and fro, shift to and fro; change and change about; waffle, blow with the wind (irresolute) 605; oscillate &c. 314; vibrate between, two extremes, oscillate between, two extremes; alternate; have as man phases as the moon.

Adj. changeable, changeful; changing &c. 140; mutable, variable, checkered, ever changing; protean, proteiform|; versatile.

unstaid^†, inconstant; unsteady, unstable, unfixed, unsettled; fluctuating &c. v.; restless; agitated &c. 315; erratic, fickle; irresolute &c. 605; capricious &c. 608; touch and go; inconsonant, fitful, spasmodic; vibratory; vagrant, wayward; desultory; afloat; alternating; alterable, plastic, mobile; transient &c. 111; wavering.

Adv. seesaw &c. (oscillation) 314; off and on. Phr. "a rolling stone gathers no moss"; pictra mossa non fa muschis[It]; honores mutant mores[Lat]; varium et mutabile semper femina [Lat][Vergil].

150. Stability

N. stability; immutability &c. adj.; unchangeability, &c. adj.; unchangeableness|!; constancy; stable equilibrium, immobility, soundness, vitality, stabiliment^†, stiffness, ankylosis^†, solidity, aplomb.

establishment, fixture; rock, pillar, tower, foundation, leopard's spots, Ethiopia's skin.

permanence &c. 141; obstinacy &c. 606.

V. be firm &c. adj.; stick fast; stand firm, keep firm, remain firm; weather the storm, stay the course, stick to the course, keep the faith, don't give in, don't buckle under.

settle, establish, stablish^†, ascertain, fix, set, stabilitate^†; retain, keep hold; make good, make sure; fasten &c. (join) 43; set on its legs, float; perpetuate.

settle down; strike roots, put down roots, take root; take up one's abode &c. 184; build one's house on a rock.

Adj. unchangeable, immutable; unaltered, unalterable; not to be changed, constant; permanent &c. 141; invariable, undeviating; stable, durable; perennial &c. (diuturnal) 110^†.

fixed, steadfast, firm, fast, steady, balanced; confirmed, valid; fiducial^†; immovable, irremovable, riveted, rooted; settled, established &c. v.; vested; incontrovertible, stereotyped, indeclinable.

tethered, anchored, moored, at anchor, on a rock, rock solid, firm as a rock; firmly seated, firmly established &c. v.; deep-rooted, ineradicable; inveterate; obstinate &c. 606.

transfixed, stuck fast, aground, high and dry, stranded.

[movable object rendered unmovable] stuck, jammed; unremovable; quiescent &c. 265; deterioration &c. 659.

indefeasible, irretrievable, intransmutable^†, incommutable^†, irresoluble^†, irrevocable, irreversible, reverseless^†, inextinguishable, irreducible; indissoluble, indissolvable^†; indestructible, undying, imperishable, incorruptible, indelible, indeciduous^†; insusceptible, insusceptible of change.

Int. stet.

Phr. littera scripta manet[Lat].

151. Eventuality

N. eventuality, event, occurrence, incident, affair, matter, thing, episode, happening, proceeding, contingency, juncture, experience, fact; matter of fact; naked fact, bare facts, just the facts; phenomenon; advent.

business, concern, transaction, dealing, proceeding; circumstance, particular, casualty, accident, adventure, passage, crisis, pass, emergency, contingency, consequence; opportunity (occasion) 143.

the world, life, things, doings, affairs in general; things in general, affairs in general; the times, state of affairs, order of the day; course of things, tide of things, stream of things, current of things, run of things, march of things, course of events; ups and downs of life, vicissitudes of life; chapter of accidents &c. (chance) 156; situation &c. (circumstances) 8.

V. happen, occur; take place, take effect; come, become of; come off, comeabout^†, come round, come into existence, come forth, come to pass, come on; pass, present itself; fall; fall out, turn out; run, be on foot, fall in; befall, betide, bechance^†; prove, eventuate, draw on; turn up, crop up, spring up, pop up, arise, show up, show its face, appear, come forth, cast up; supervene, survene^†; issue, arrive, ensue, arise, start, hold, take its course; pass off &c. (be past) 122.

meet with; experience, enjoy, encounter, undergo, suffer, pass through, go through, be subjected to, be exposed to; fall to the lot of; be one's chance, be one's fortune, be one's lot; find; ; endure &c. (feel) 821.

Adj. happening &c. v; going on, doing, current; in the wind, in the air, afloat; on foot, afoot, on the tapis^†; at issue, in question; incidental.

eventful, stirring, bustling, full of incident; memorable, momentous, signal.

Adv. eventually; in the event of, in case, just in case; in the course of things; as things, times go; as the world goes, wags; as the tree falls, cat jumps; as it may turn out, happen.

Phr. that's the way the ball bounces, that's the way the cookie crumbles; you never know what may turn up, you never know what the future will bring; the plot thickens; "breasts the blows of circumstance" [Tennyson]; "so runs round of life from hour to hour" "sprinkled along the waste of years" [Tennyson][Keble].

152. Destiny

N. destiny &c. (necessity) 601; future existence, post existence; hereafter; future state, next world, world to come, after life; futurity &c. 121; everlasting life, everlasting death; life beyond the grave, world beyond the grave; prospect &c. (expectation) 507.

V. impend; hang over, lie over; threaten, loom, await, come on, approach, stare one in the face; foreordain, preordain; predestine, doom, have in store for.

Adj. impending &c. v.; destined; about to be, happen; coming, in store, to come, going to happen, instant, at hand, near; near, close at hand; over hanging, hanging over one's head, imminent; brewing, preparing, forthcoming; int he wind, on the cards, in reserve; that will, is to be; in prospect &c. (expected) 507; looming in the distance, horizon, future; unborn, in embryo; int he womb of time, futurity; pregnant &c. (producing) 161.

Adv. in time, the long run; all in good time; eventually &c. 151; whatever may happen &c. (certainly) 474; as chance &c. 156 would have it.

Section VIII. Causation

1. Constancy of Sequence in Events

153. Cause

[Constant antecedent]

N. cause, origin, source, principle, element; occasioner^†, prime mover, primum mobile[Lat]; vera causa[Lat]; author &c. (producer) 164; mainspring; agent; leaven; groundwork, foundation &c. (support) 215.

spring, fountain, well, font; fountainhead, spring head, wellhead; fons et origo[Lat], genesis; descent &c. (paternity) 166; remote cause; influence.

pivot, hinge, turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; proximate cause, causa causans[Lat]; straw that breaks the camel's back.

ground; reason, reason why; why and wherefore, rationale, occasion, derivation; final cause &c. (intention) 620; les dessous des cartes[Fr]; undercurrents.

rudiment. egg, germ, embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus, seed, stem, stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule^†, radicle, semen, sperm.

nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed.

causality, causation; origination; production &c. 161.

V. be the cause &c. n of; originate; give origin to, give rise, to, give occasion to; cause, occasion, sow the seeds of, kindle, suscitate^†; bring on, bring to bring pass, bring about; produce; create &c. 161; set up, set afloat, set on foot; found, broach, institute, lay the foundation of; lie at the root of.

procure, induce, draw down, open the door to, superinduce, evoke, entail, operate; elicit, provoke.

conduce to &c. (tend to) 176; contribute; have a hand in the pie, have a finger in the pie; determine, decide, turn the scale; have a common origin; derive its origin &c. (effect) 154.

Adj. caused &c. v; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial; aboriginal; protogenal^†; radical; embryonic, embryotic^†; in embryo, in ovo[Lat]; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, having a common origin.

Adv. because &c. 155; behind the scenes.

Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat][Ovid]; felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas [Lat][Vergil].

154. Effect

[Constant sequent.]

N. effect, consequence; aftergrowth^†, aftercome^†; derivative, derivation; result; resultant, resultance^†; upshot, issue, denouement; end &c. 67; development, outgrowth, fruit, crop, harvest, product, bud.

production, produce, work, handiwork, fabric, performance; creature, creation; offspring, offshoot; firstfruits^†, firstlings; heredity, telegony^†; premices premises^†.

V. be the effect of &c. n. ; be due to,be owing to; originate in, originate from; rise -, arise, take its rise spring from, proceed from, emanate from, come from, grow from, bud from, sprout from, germinate from, issue from, flow from ,result from , follow from, derive its origin from, accrue from; come to, come of, come out of; depend upon, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon.

take the consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind.

Adj. owing to; resulting from &c. v.; derivable from; due to; caused by &c. 153; ; dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; derivative; hereditary; telegonous^†.

Adv. of course, it follows that, naturally, consequently; as a consequence, in consequence; through, all along of, necessarily, eventually.

Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr], "thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the Shrew].

155. Attribution

[Assignment of cause]

N. attribution, theory, etiology, ascription, reference to, rationale; accounting for &c. v,; palaetiology1, imputation, derivation from.

filiation^†, affiliation; pedigree &c. (paternity) 166.

explanation &c. (interpretation) 522; reason why &c. (cause) 153.

V. attribute to, ascribe to, impute to, refer to, lay to, point to, trace to, bring home to; put down to, set down to, blame; charge on, ground on; invest with, assign as cause, lay at, the door of, father upon; account for, derive from, point out the reason &c. 153; theorize; tell how it comes; put the saddle on the right horse.

Adj. attributed &c. v.; attributable &c. v.; referable to, referrible to^†, due to, derivable from; owing to &c. (effect) 154; putative; ecbatic^†.

Adv. hence, thence, therefore, for, since, on account of, because, owing to; on that account; from this cause, from that cause; thanks to, forasmuch as; whence, propter hoc[Lat].

why? wherefore? whence? how comes it, how is it, how happens it? how does it happen?

in some way, in some such way; somehow, somehow or other.

Phr. that is why; hinc illae lachrymae [Lat][Horace].

156. Chance

[Absence of assignable cause.]

N. chance, indetermination, accident, fortune, hazard, hap, haphazard, chance medley, random, luck, raccroc^†, casualty, contingence, adventure, hit; fate &c. (necessity) 601; equal chance; lottery; tombola^†; toss up &c. 621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; hazard of the die, chapter of accidents, fickle finger of fate; cast of the dice, throw of the dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of Fortune; sortes^†, sortes Virgilianae^†.

probability, possibility, odds; long odds, run of luck; accidentalness; main chance, odds on, favorable odds.

contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; situation (circumstance) 8.

statistics, theory of Probabilities, theory of Chances; bookmaking; assurance; speculation, gaming &c. 621.

V. chance, hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's -fate &c. 601; stumble on light upon; take one's chance &c. 621.

Adj. casual, fortuitous, accidental, adventitious, causeless, incidental, contingent, uncaused, undetermined, indeterminate; random, statistical; possible &c. 470; unintentional &c. 621.

Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident; casually; perchance &c. (possibly) 470; for aught one knows; as good would have it, as bad would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck would have it, as chance would have it; as it may be, as it may chance, as it may turn up, as it may happen; as the case may be.

Phr. " grasps the skirts of happy chance " [Tennyson]; " the accident of an accident " [Lord Thurlow]. "There but for the grace of God go I."

2. Connection between Cause and Effect

157. Power

N. power; potency, potentiality; jiva^†; puissance, might, force, energy &c. 171; dint; right hand, right arm; ascendency^†, sway, control; prepotency, prepollence|; almightiness, omnipotence; authority &c. 737; strength &c. 159.

ability; ableness &c. adj^†.; competency; efficacy; efficiency, productivity, expertise (skill) 698 ; validity, cogency; enablement^†; vantage ground; influence &c. 175.

pressure; conductivity; elasticity; gravity, electricity, magnetism, galvanism, voltaic electricity, voltaism, electromagnetism; atomic power, nuclear power, thermonuclear power; fuel cell; hydraulic power, water power, hydroelectric power; solar power, solar energy, solar panels; tidal power; wind power; attraction; vis inertiae[Lat], vis mortua[Lat], vis viva [Latin]; potential energy, dynamic energy; dynamic friction, dynamic suction; live circuit, live rail, live wire.

capability, capacity; quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent ^†[Latin]; faculty, quality, attribute, endowment, virtue, gift, property, qualification, susceptibility.

V. be powerful &c. adj.; gain power &c. n.

belong to, pertain to; lie in one's power, be in one's power; can, be able.

give power, confer power, exercise power &c. n.; empower, enable, invest; indue^†, endue; endow, arm; strengthen &c. 159; compel &c. 744.

Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able; equal to, up to; cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective, effectual, efficacious, adequate, competent; multipotent^†, plenipotent^†, omnipotent; almighty.

forcible &c. adj. (energetic) 171; influential &c. 175; productive &c. 168.

Adv. powerfully &c. adj.; by virtue of, by dint of.

Phr. a toute force[Fr]; <gr dos="" moi="" pou="" sto="" kai="" kino="" ten="" gen="" gr="">[Sp][Grk][Grk][Grk][Grk][Grk]; eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Latin]; fortis cadere cedere non potest [Latin]. </gr>